The strength and durability of concrete have undergone continuous improvement. Over the years and these
improved materials are now commonly used. In the present experimental investigation the behaviour of M30
grade concrete with and without confinement for different percentages of replacement of silica fume is studied
under axial compression as per IS mix design. The 150mm x 300mm cylindrical specimens were cast with and
without confinement and investigating the mechanical properties like axial compressive strength and stress –
strain behaviour. It was observed that the confinement of concrete has increased the 28days strength for
different percentages of confinement and that the peak stress and corresponding strain at peak stress increased
with increase in percentages of confinement
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Effect of Coarse Aggregate Size on the Compressive Strength and the Flexural ...IJERA Editor
Concrete structures deflect, crack, and loose stiffness when subjected to external load. Loss of flexural strength of concrete is largely responsible for cracks in structure. In reinforced concrete structures, the mix proportions of the materials of the concrete and aggregate type determine the compressive strength while the composite action of concrete and steel reinforcement supplies the flexural strength. In occasion of loss of stiffness, steel reinforcement no longer supports flexural stresses; concrete in turn is subjected to flexure. The compressive strength and flexural strength therefore play a crucial role. Effect of varying coarse aggregate size on the flexural and compressive strengths of concrete beam was investigated. Concrete cubes and beams were produced in accordance with BS 1881-108 (1983) and ASTM C293 with varying aggregate sizes 9.0mm, 13.2mm, 19mm, 25.0mm and 37.5mm, using a standard mould of internal dimension 150x150x150 for the concrete cubes and a mould of internal dimension of 150 x 150 x 750mm for the reinforced concrete beam. The water cement ratio was kept at 0.65 with a mix proportion of 1:2:4. The specimen produced were all subjected to curing in water for 28days and were all tested to determine the compressive strength and flexural strength using Universal Testing Machine. Compressive strength of cubes is 21.26N/mm2, 23.41N/mm2, 23.66N/mm2, and 24.31N/mm2 for coarse aggregate sizes 13.2mm, 19mm, 25.0mm and 37.5mm respectively. That of flexural strength of test beams is 4.93N/mm2, 4.78N/mm2, 4.53N/mm2, 4.49N/mm2, 4.40N/mm2 respectively. In conclusion, concrete to be used mostly to resist flexural stresses should be made of finer coarse aggregates.
Review Paper Based On the Relation between the Strength of Concrete Cubes and...IJERA Editor
This paper reports the review about comparison of the compressive strength of cubes and cylinders of different grades of concrete. The cubes of standard size of 150x150x150 mm were cured and tested after 7 and 28 days each. The cylinders of standard size 150mm dia. and 300mm height are cured and tested after 7 and 28 days each.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Effect of Coarse Aggregate Size on the Compressive Strength and the Flexural ...IJERA Editor
Concrete structures deflect, crack, and loose stiffness when subjected to external load. Loss of flexural strength of concrete is largely responsible for cracks in structure. In reinforced concrete structures, the mix proportions of the materials of the concrete and aggregate type determine the compressive strength while the composite action of concrete and steel reinforcement supplies the flexural strength. In occasion of loss of stiffness, steel reinforcement no longer supports flexural stresses; concrete in turn is subjected to flexure. The compressive strength and flexural strength therefore play a crucial role. Effect of varying coarse aggregate size on the flexural and compressive strengths of concrete beam was investigated. Concrete cubes and beams were produced in accordance with BS 1881-108 (1983) and ASTM C293 with varying aggregate sizes 9.0mm, 13.2mm, 19mm, 25.0mm and 37.5mm, using a standard mould of internal dimension 150x150x150 for the concrete cubes and a mould of internal dimension of 150 x 150 x 750mm for the reinforced concrete beam. The water cement ratio was kept at 0.65 with a mix proportion of 1:2:4. The specimen produced were all subjected to curing in water for 28days and were all tested to determine the compressive strength and flexural strength using Universal Testing Machine. Compressive strength of cubes is 21.26N/mm2, 23.41N/mm2, 23.66N/mm2, and 24.31N/mm2 for coarse aggregate sizes 13.2mm, 19mm, 25.0mm and 37.5mm respectively. That of flexural strength of test beams is 4.93N/mm2, 4.78N/mm2, 4.53N/mm2, 4.49N/mm2, 4.40N/mm2 respectively. In conclusion, concrete to be used mostly to resist flexural stresses should be made of finer coarse aggregates.
Review Paper Based On the Relation between the Strength of Concrete Cubes and...IJERA Editor
This paper reports the review about comparison of the compressive strength of cubes and cylinders of different grades of concrete. The cubes of standard size of 150x150x150 mm were cured and tested after 7 and 28 days each. The cylinders of standard size 150mm dia. and 300mm height are cured and tested after 7 and 28 days each.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of Copper Slag as a Fine Aggregate on Properties of ConcreteAM Publications
In this work, an extensive study using copper slag has been carried out to investigate strength, workability and durability. Copper slag is an industrial by-product material produced from the process of manufacturing copper. For, 2.2 tonnes of copper slag is generated at every ton of copper production in the world of copper industry, it has approximately 26.6 million tons of copper slag are generated. Copper slag as a substitute for conventional fine aggregate with partial or full replacement using M25 grade concrete The main objective is to encourage the use of these seemingly waste products as a construction material. In this paper , the effect of using copper slag as a fine aggregate on properties of cement mortars and concrete various mortars & concrete mixtures were prepared with different proportions of copper slag ranging from (0CS+100S)%, (10CS+90S)%, (20CS+80S)%,(30CS+70S)%, (40CS+60S)%, (50CS+50S)%, (60CS+40S)%, (70CS+30S)%, (80CS+20S)%, (90CS+10S)%, (100+0S)%. Form the above test result we concluded that the 50% CS+50% S gives optimum proportional of CS that can be used as a replacement substitute material for fine aggregate in concrete. The design M25 grade concrete for 50% replacement of CS shows the HPC characteristics. The design M25 grade concrete for 30% replacement of CS shows the HPC characteristics. We can fully replace (100%CS) by fine aggregate in concrete, because of above all test result more than control mix. We can use any proportion of CS replacement as pre our requirement for creating concrete, because we concluded that the all result of replacement of CS is more than control mix.
Strength of Concrete Structure Partial Replacement of Sand by Copper Slagijtsrd
The main measure of the structural quality of concrete is its compressive strength. This property of concrete is commonly considered in structural design. Depending on the mix and time and quality of the curing, the compressive strength of concrete can be obtained up to 95 MPa or more. Commercial production of concrete with ordinarily aggregate is usually in the 20 to 80 MPa range with the most common ranges for cast in place buildings from 20 to 40 Mpa. On the other hand, precast and pre stressed applications often expect the strengths of 25 55 MPa. Although concrete is not normally designed to resist direct tension, the knowledge of tensile strength is used to estimate the load under which cracking will develop. This is imputable to its influence on the formation of cracks and its propagation to the tension side of the reinforced concrete flexural member. Shear, torsion, and other actions also produce tensile stresses to the particular section of concrete members. In most cases, member behavior changes upon cracking. So the tension strength of concrete is also considered in the proportioning concrete member. This strength is of interest in designing of highway and airfield slabs as shear strength and resistance to cracking are very important to sustain such loading. The tensile strength of concrete is relatively low, about 10 to 15 of the compressive, occasionally 20 . Priyatam Kumar | H. L. Yadav "Strength of Concrete Structure Partial Replacement of Sand by Copper Slag" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26694.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/26694/strength-of-concrete-structure-partial-replacement-of-sand-by-copper-slag/priyatam-kumar
UTILIZATION OF COPPER SLAG AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE IN CONC...AM Publications
Today’s world is facing challenging and unsolved environmental problem such as global warming, forest destruction and lack of resources. In order to solve these environmental problems, resources recycling have to be done in environmentally safer methods. As there is a vast scarcity the production of aggregates for concrete the recycled materials have great demand. The present study mainly focuses on investigating the effect of using copper slag as a replacement of fine aggregate on the strength properties. In this report, M25 grade concrete was used and tests were conducted for various proportions of copper slag replacement with sand of 40%, 80% and 100% in concrete. In the first case along with replacement of copper slag with sand there is an attempt is made to replace the cement with 50% flyash similarly in second case for 30% replacement of cement with flyash replacement and in the third case with no replacement of cement with flyash. The obtained results were compared with those of nominal concrete made with ordinary Portland cement and sand. Further split tensile strength and flexural strength studies were also performed to check its durability aspects.
Serviceability behavior of Reinforcement Concrete beams with polypropylene an...IJERA Editor
Serviceability Limit States (SLS) may lead to the design of concrete elements internally reinforced with Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP).In many types of concrete structure loss the serviceability due to wide cracks, number of cracks or large deflection is not uncommon behaviour in concrete structures or concrete beams.The flexural ductility affects the serviceability deflection of RC beams once flexural cracking take place.Imprvement will be focused on the use of polypropilene fibres , which is the subject of thispaper. The performance of concrete with fibers is judged by the flexural toughness obtained by load-deflection curves. The flexural toughness of concrete is depend on different types of fibersin use.Its tougness will be reperesent in the behaviour of RC memebres at failure. Sometimes, it is difficult to use the flexural toughness to judge the behavior of concrete structures under service load. The result of cracking on concrete beam due to the applied load and the method of loading to monitor and check the performance of concrete with different types of fiber arediscussed in this paper. The reductionin the dimension of cracks and the effect of energy disipations of polypropilene fibres will be the main aim of this research work.
Experimental study on mechanical properties of m30 concrete with partial repl...eSAT Journals
Abstract The present investigation revealed the effect of using silica fume and copper slag as a partial replacement of cement and fine aggregate, respectively on the mechanical properties of the concrete. Due to the depletion of natural sand resource worldwide with the increment of industrial waste, simultaneously, partial replacements of fine aggregate with copper slag have been attempted. Therefore, the primary objective of this research work was to conduct the study on M30 concrete whose compressive, tensile and flexural strength was observed. For this study, the fixed amount of silica fume (10%) and the different proportion of copper slag (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) were replaced with cement and fine aggregate, respectively. Keywords: Copper slag, silica fume, by-produc
Tumor Detection Based On Symmetry InformationIJERA Editor
Various subjects that are paired usually are not identically the same, asymmetry is perfectly normal but sometimes asymmetry can benoticeable too much. Structural and functional asymmetry in the human brain and nervous system is reviewed in a historical perspective. Brainasymmetry is one of such examples, which is a difference in size or shape, or both. Asymmetry analysis of brain has great importance because itis not only indicator for brain cancer but also predict future potential risk for the same. In our work, we have concentrated to segment theanatomical regions of brain, isolate the two halves of brain and to investigate each half for the presence of asymmetry of anatomical regions inMRI.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of Copper Slag as a Fine Aggregate on Properties of ConcreteAM Publications
In this work, an extensive study using copper slag has been carried out to investigate strength, workability and durability. Copper slag is an industrial by-product material produced from the process of manufacturing copper. For, 2.2 tonnes of copper slag is generated at every ton of copper production in the world of copper industry, it has approximately 26.6 million tons of copper slag are generated. Copper slag as a substitute for conventional fine aggregate with partial or full replacement using M25 grade concrete The main objective is to encourage the use of these seemingly waste products as a construction material. In this paper , the effect of using copper slag as a fine aggregate on properties of cement mortars and concrete various mortars & concrete mixtures were prepared with different proportions of copper slag ranging from (0CS+100S)%, (10CS+90S)%, (20CS+80S)%,(30CS+70S)%, (40CS+60S)%, (50CS+50S)%, (60CS+40S)%, (70CS+30S)%, (80CS+20S)%, (90CS+10S)%, (100+0S)%. Form the above test result we concluded that the 50% CS+50% S gives optimum proportional of CS that can be used as a replacement substitute material for fine aggregate in concrete. The design M25 grade concrete for 50% replacement of CS shows the HPC characteristics. The design M25 grade concrete for 30% replacement of CS shows the HPC characteristics. We can fully replace (100%CS) by fine aggregate in concrete, because of above all test result more than control mix. We can use any proportion of CS replacement as pre our requirement for creating concrete, because we concluded that the all result of replacement of CS is more than control mix.
Strength of Concrete Structure Partial Replacement of Sand by Copper Slagijtsrd
The main measure of the structural quality of concrete is its compressive strength. This property of concrete is commonly considered in structural design. Depending on the mix and time and quality of the curing, the compressive strength of concrete can be obtained up to 95 MPa or more. Commercial production of concrete with ordinarily aggregate is usually in the 20 to 80 MPa range with the most common ranges for cast in place buildings from 20 to 40 Mpa. On the other hand, precast and pre stressed applications often expect the strengths of 25 55 MPa. Although concrete is not normally designed to resist direct tension, the knowledge of tensile strength is used to estimate the load under which cracking will develop. This is imputable to its influence on the formation of cracks and its propagation to the tension side of the reinforced concrete flexural member. Shear, torsion, and other actions also produce tensile stresses to the particular section of concrete members. In most cases, member behavior changes upon cracking. So the tension strength of concrete is also considered in the proportioning concrete member. This strength is of interest in designing of highway and airfield slabs as shear strength and resistance to cracking are very important to sustain such loading. The tensile strength of concrete is relatively low, about 10 to 15 of the compressive, occasionally 20 . Priyatam Kumar | H. L. Yadav "Strength of Concrete Structure Partial Replacement of Sand by Copper Slag" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26694.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/26694/strength-of-concrete-structure-partial-replacement-of-sand-by-copper-slag/priyatam-kumar
UTILIZATION OF COPPER SLAG AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE IN CONC...AM Publications
Today’s world is facing challenging and unsolved environmental problem such as global warming, forest destruction and lack of resources. In order to solve these environmental problems, resources recycling have to be done in environmentally safer methods. As there is a vast scarcity the production of aggregates for concrete the recycled materials have great demand. The present study mainly focuses on investigating the effect of using copper slag as a replacement of fine aggregate on the strength properties. In this report, M25 grade concrete was used and tests were conducted for various proportions of copper slag replacement with sand of 40%, 80% and 100% in concrete. In the first case along with replacement of copper slag with sand there is an attempt is made to replace the cement with 50% flyash similarly in second case for 30% replacement of cement with flyash replacement and in the third case with no replacement of cement with flyash. The obtained results were compared with those of nominal concrete made with ordinary Portland cement and sand. Further split tensile strength and flexural strength studies were also performed to check its durability aspects.
Serviceability behavior of Reinforcement Concrete beams with polypropylene an...IJERA Editor
Serviceability Limit States (SLS) may lead to the design of concrete elements internally reinforced with Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP).In many types of concrete structure loss the serviceability due to wide cracks, number of cracks or large deflection is not uncommon behaviour in concrete structures or concrete beams.The flexural ductility affects the serviceability deflection of RC beams once flexural cracking take place.Imprvement will be focused on the use of polypropilene fibres , which is the subject of thispaper. The performance of concrete with fibers is judged by the flexural toughness obtained by load-deflection curves. The flexural toughness of concrete is depend on different types of fibersin use.Its tougness will be reperesent in the behaviour of RC memebres at failure. Sometimes, it is difficult to use the flexural toughness to judge the behavior of concrete structures under service load. The result of cracking on concrete beam due to the applied load and the method of loading to monitor and check the performance of concrete with different types of fiber arediscussed in this paper. The reductionin the dimension of cracks and the effect of energy disipations of polypropilene fibres will be the main aim of this research work.
Experimental study on mechanical properties of m30 concrete with partial repl...eSAT Journals
Abstract The present investigation revealed the effect of using silica fume and copper slag as a partial replacement of cement and fine aggregate, respectively on the mechanical properties of the concrete. Due to the depletion of natural sand resource worldwide with the increment of industrial waste, simultaneously, partial replacements of fine aggregate with copper slag have been attempted. Therefore, the primary objective of this research work was to conduct the study on M30 concrete whose compressive, tensile and flexural strength was observed. For this study, the fixed amount of silica fume (10%) and the different proportion of copper slag (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) were replaced with cement and fine aggregate, respectively. Keywords: Copper slag, silica fume, by-produc
Tumor Detection Based On Symmetry InformationIJERA Editor
Various subjects that are paired usually are not identically the same, asymmetry is perfectly normal but sometimes asymmetry can benoticeable too much. Structural and functional asymmetry in the human brain and nervous system is reviewed in a historical perspective. Brainasymmetry is one of such examples, which is a difference in size or shape, or both. Asymmetry analysis of brain has great importance because itis not only indicator for brain cancer but also predict future potential risk for the same. In our work, we have concentrated to segment theanatomical regions of brain, isolate the two halves of brain and to investigate each half for the presence of asymmetry of anatomical regions inMRI.
To Minimize the Waiting Time and Waiting Time Cost of Dumpers, Waiting in a Q...IJERA Editor
Waiting line problems arise because there is too much demand on the facilities so that we can say that there is an excess of waiting time or inadequate number of service facilities. At the stone crusher plant mine the dumpers come to load from the loader. The crusher plant has 11 dumpers and these 11 dumpers make 88 trips during 8-hour day. The company has one loader to load all the dumpers, which results in a formation of long waiting line or queue. Due to this queue there is a long waiting time in queue of dumpers and cost associated with waiting time of dumpers. Queuing theory can quite effectively analyze such queuing phenomenon. In this research paper I have applied the queuing theory to the stone crusher plant mine, where the queue of dumpers formed at the loading station. By applying the single channel queuing theory I analyzed the current situation of the stone crusher plant mine and find the problems of the current system. To overcome the above problems I have applied the multi-channel queuing theory to minimize the waiting time in queue of dumpers and very high cost associated with waiting time of dumpers. In the new system not only waiting time in queue of dumpers and very high cost associated with waiting time of dumpers is reduced but also there is an efficient utilization of dumpers and loaders along with provide the profitable situation to the crusher plant.
Voltage Profile Improvement of distribution system Using Particle Swarm Optim...IJERA Editor
Distributed generations (DGs) play an important role in distribution networks. Distributed generation (DG) exists in distribution systems and is installed by either the utility or the customers. Distributed Generators (DGs) are now commonly used in distribution systems to reduce the power disruption in the power system network. Due to the installation of DGs in the system, the total power loss can be reduced and voltage profile of the buses can be improved due to this power quality of the distribution system is improved. Studies show that non-optimal locations and non-optimal sizes of DG units may lead to losses increase, together with bad effect on voltage profile. So, this paper aims at determining optimal DG allocation and sizing. To do so, the optimization technique named Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is used .this Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) approach), capable to establish the optimal DG allocation and sizing on a distribution network. This paper presents optimal placement and estimation of distributed generation (DG) capacity using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) approach in the distribution systems to reduce the real power losses and to gain voltage profile improvement. The proposed (PSO) based approach is tested on an IEEE 30-bus test system.
Reduction of Outage Probability in Fast Rayleigh Fading MIMO Channels Using OFDMIJERA Editor
Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) techniques are used in wireless communications for achieving high spectral efficiency; however, a fast fading spatial channel can increase the outage probability of a MIMO system if not taken care of. This paper investigates the use of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation technique for a MIMO system operating in fast Rayleigh fading channels with the aim of eliminating outage probabilities in the MIMO systems. Simulation results show that the MIMO-OFDM system gives significant reduction in outage probabilities compared to the conventional MIMO system.
Possibilidades de leituras a partir das infovias dos ciberespaços redes 2011Valeria de Oliveira
Entre a cultura do papel e a cultura da tela, incluindo nesta última as infovias dos ciberespaços, busco compreender o conceito de leitor a partir do cotejo entre as habilidades de leitura de normovisuais e deficientes visuais cegos usuários de leitores de telas. A transposição da tecnologia tipográfica para as digitais potencializa a inclusão digital de deficientes visuais que utiliza leitores de telas? Quais os efeitos sociais, cognitivos e discursivos, resultantes de tais mecanismos tecnológicos? Tendo como foco de estudo as habilidades de leitura do deficiente visual cego usuário de leitor de telas e dialogando com Chiavegatto (2009), Santaella (2010, 2004, 2001 e 1983) e Peirce (2003), busco um ponto de convergência entre a teoria dos espaços mentais, as matrizes do pensamento, a semiótica e as possibilidades de leituras desse leitor/navegador ao acessar infovias dos ciberespaços. É necessário ainda que, nesta proposta de estudo, seja definido em que consiste a leitura do Deficiente Visual ao “habitarem” os ciberespaços que ofereçam e-acessibilidade.
IBM Social Media ROI - IT4 Business EventDvir Reznik
Presentation from the latest event I spoke in, talking about the business value of social media. As with my previous deck for YCD/IBM, this one is shorter, with references to Nielsen's latest report on social media usage.
Performance Evaluation of Plate-Fin-And Tube Heat Exchanger with Wavy Fins- A...IJERA Editor
The plate fin-and-tube heat exchangers are widely used in variety of industrial applications, particularly in the heating, air-conditioning and refrigeration, HVAC industries. In most cases the working fluid is liquid on the tube side exchanging heat with a gas, usually air. It is seen that the performance of heat exchangers can be greatly increased with the use of unconventionally shaped flow passages such as plain, perforated offset strip, louvered, wavy, vortex generator and pin. The current study is focused on wavy-fin. The wavy surface can lengthen the path of airflow and cause better airflow mixing. In order to design better heat exchangers and come up with efficient designs, a thorough understanding of the flow of air in these channels is required. Hence this study focuses on the heat transfer and friction characteristics of the air side for wavy fin and tube heat exchanger.
Tese Doutorado: Participaçãp e deliberação - análise do impacto dos usos da n...Dimas Soares Ferreira
Trabalho de pesquisa que analisa profundamente o impacto dos usos das NTICs sobre os processos de participação e deliberação pública no âmbito dos orçamentos participativos digitais e semi-digitais de Belo Horizonte e Recife.
Green Tape for safety glass laminating
Green Tape is to fix pre-laminated glass with EVA FILM, PVB FILM,SGP FILM.
And Green Tape is to perfectly prevent the melt EVA FILM overflowing through laminated glass edges in the oven when heating. Green Tape is high temperature resistance. CNC Green Tape can stand continuously heating more than 180℃ with strong tear resistance.
What is the specifications of Green Tape?
25mm*66M/roll
30mm*66M/roll
35mm*66M/roll
40mm*66M/roll
50mm*66M/roll
......
65mm*66M/roll
980mm*66M/roll
If we use the CNC Green Tape to seal the edges of pre-laminated glass to prevent the exit out of the EVA in the glass laminating oven, will the Green Tape prevent the de-airing vacuuming? do we need to make some holes on the CNC
Green Tape for vacuuming the air out?
It depends. If you don’t make holes on the CNC Green Tape, and you make EVA laminated glass successfully without bubbles, then you don’t need to make holes on the CNC Green Tape, so you can get the cleaner result of the edges of the
final laminated glass. But if you don’t make holes on the Green Tape, but you face bubbles in the corners or edges of the laminated glass, then it’s better you make some holes on the CNC Green Tape to help pre-laminated glass vacuuming.
Does CNC Green Tape leave glues on the glass?
NO! No remains left of CNC Green Tape on glass surface after peeling off. CNC Green Tape can stand continuously heating more than 180℃ with strong tear resistance.
CNC Glass Interlayer
www.cncglass.com www.c-n-c.com
cnc@cncglass.com benext77@gmail.com
Product 1]Super Clear EVA Film for safety laminated glass
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O Plano de Ação Nacional para a Conservação dos Rivulídeos Ameaçados de Extinção – PAN Rivulideos, tem como objetivo Estabelecer mecanismos de proteção aos rivulídeos deste PAN e anular a perda de hábitat das espécies focais em cinco anos.
O PAN é composto por um objetivo geral, 4 (quatro) objetivos específicos e 55 (cinqüenta e cinco) ações, cujo coordenação caberá ao Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Peixes Continentais – CEPTA.
Fonte: http://www.icmbio.gov.br
Visite: http://www.aquaa3.com.br
Experimental study of concrete using corrugated steel fibreAbishaY1
Concrete is one of the most versatile building materials.
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▶ The major disadvantage is that concrete develops micro cracks during curing.
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▶ The addition of fibres in the matrix has many important effects. Most notable among the improved mechanical characteristics of fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) are its superior fracture strength, toughness, impact resistance, flexural strength resistance to fatigue, improving fatigue performance is one of the primary reason for the extensive use of steel fibre reinforced concrete(SFRC) in pavements, bridge decks, offshore structure and machine foundation.
Effect of prism height on strength of reinforced hollow concrete block masonryeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Strength Evaluation of Steel-Nylon Hybrid Fibre Reinforced ConcreteIJERA Editor
When fibres like steel, glass, polypropylene, nylon, carbon, aramid, polyester, jute, etc are mixed with concrete known as fibre reinforced concrete. To overcome the deficiencies of concrete; fibres are added to improve the performance of concrete. In this research hybrid reinforced concrete is made by using steel and nylon 6 fibres. The inclusion of both steel and nylon 6 fibres are used in order to combine the benefits of both fibers; structural improvements provided by steel fibers and the resistance to plastic shrinkage improvements provided by nylon fibers. So the aim of this project is to investigate the mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexure strength and split tensile strength) of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete under compression, flexure & tension. The total volume of fibre was taken 0.75 % of total volume of concrete. In this experimental work, four different concrete mix proportions were casted with fibres and one mix without fibres. Four different mix combinations of steel- nylon 6 fibres were 100-00%, 75-25%, 50-50% and 25-75%. Superplasticizer was used in all mixes to make concrete more workable. The results shown that compressive, split tensile and flexural strength of hybrid fibre reinforced concrete increase by increasing quantity of steel and nylon 6 fibres. The increase in compressive and tensile strength due to incorporation of steel fibre is greater than that of using nylon fibre. For the nylon 6 fibres, adding more fibres into the concrete has a limited improvement on splitting tensile strength. Inclusion of nylon 6 fibres along with steel fibres results in considerable improvement in flexural strength as compared to solo steel fibre.
Effect of Nano-Tio2addition on Mechanical Properties of Concrete and Corrosio...IJERA Editor
Concrete science is a multidisciplinary area of research where nanotechnology potentially offers the opportunity to enhance the understanding of concrete behavior, to engineer its properties and to lower production and ecological cost of construction materials. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of nanoTiO2on compressive strength,bond strength and corrosion behavior of reinforcement bars. It has been found that the compressive strength, bond strength and corrosion resistance was increased with increasing nano-TiO2to 1.5wt. % as replacement of cement. Beyond this value, these properties decrease.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
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CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
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Behaviour of M30 Grade concrete with confinement under axial compression
1. C.Vinil Babu Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 9( Version 5), September 2014, pp.75-80
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Behaviour of M30 Grade concrete with confinement under axial compression C.Vinil Babu*, V.K.Visweswara Rao** *(M.Tech Student, Department of Civil Engineering, G.Pulla Reddy Engineering College, Kurnool, A.P)
** (Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, G.Pulla Reddy Engineering College, Kurnool,A.P) ABSTRACT The strength and durability of concrete have undergone continuous improvement. Over the years and these improved materials are now commonly used. In the present experimental investigation the behaviour of M30 grade concrete with and without confinement for different percentages of replacement of silica fume is studied under axial compression as per IS mix design. The 150mm x 300mm cylindrical specimens were cast with and without confinement and investigating the mechanical properties like axial compressive strength and stress – strain behaviour. It was observed that the confinement of concrete has increased the 28days strength for different percentages of confinement and that the peak stress and corresponding strain at peak stress increased with increase in percentages of confinement Keywords – Axial compression strength, confinement, cylinders, Silica fume, stress-strain behaviour,
I. Introduction
It is generally accepted that plain concrete exhibits a brittle failure when it is compressed, which leads to a rapid loss of load-carrying capacity. The concept of using confinement reinforcement is to restrain the concrete from expansion and thus prolongates the failure[4].[5] The strength and durability of concrete has undergone continuous improvement over the years and these improved materials are now commonly used. The strength of concrete is influenced by the methods of concrete with time and region. In the past, a lot of research has focused on using steel spirals and rings to confine concrete (Ahmad and Shah 1982, El-Dash and Ahmad 1995, and Mander et al 1988). The increase in ductility and strength were prominent. With the advent of composite materials, replacement of steel by confinement seems to be a rational method to solve the corrosion problems. In addition, due to the difference in the stress-strain behaviour of steel, the induced confining pressure is also different when subjected to compression. The stress of steel remains virtually constant after its yield point so the induced pressure cannot increase after yielding. On the other hand, confinement concrete possesses linear elastic properties. The stress of the confinement keeps on increasing with strain, and thus a monotonically increasing confining pressure is produced. The maximum confining pressure is obtained when the ultimate strength of the confinement is reached. When further load is applied, failure of the confined concrete often occurs as a result of fracture of the confinement reinforcement.
Today, high strength concrete is used in off- shore platforms, sea structures, high-rise buildings and bridges. One of the advantages of using moderate strength to high strength concrete in columns is to reduce the cross section. It was found that using high strength concrete in multi-storey, high-rise buildings is economical. However, using high strength concrete in building columns in seismic areas poses some problems. The high strength concrete has less ductility compared to ordinary concrete[5]. In order to verify this, an experimental programme was carried out and the results are described in this paper.
II. Materials Used And Properties
2.1. Cement The Ultra-Tech 53 grade Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) which conforms to IS 12269-1987, is used in the present study 2.2. Silica Fume The silica fume Astrra Chemical Ltd. Chennai which complies with ASTMC 1240 and IS15388- 2003 is used in the study. It is in white powder form which contains laterently reactive silicon-dioxide and no chloride or other potentially corrosive substance. 2.3. Aggregates
The fine and coarse aggregates occupy about 60– 75 per cent of the concrete volume (70–85% by mass) and hence strongly influence the properties of fresh as well as hardened concrete, its mixture proportions, and the economy. Aggregates used in concrete should comply with the requirement.
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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Aggregates are commonly classified into fine and coarse aggregates. 2.3.1 Fine Aggregates It is generally consisting of natural sand or crushed stone with particle size smaller than about 5 mm (materials passing through 4.75 mm IS sieve). The physical properties like specific gravity, bulk density are tested procured from local market at Kurnool. 2.3.2. Coarse Aggregates It consists of one or a combination of gravels or crushed stone with particle size larger than 5 mm (usually between 10 mm and 40 mm). The crushed coarse aggregate of 20mm maximum size as well as 12mm size are obtained from the local crushing plant at confirming to Zone II, is used in the present study, the physical properties of the coarse aggregate like specific gravity tested. 2.4. Water Water plays an important role in the workability, strength, and durability of concrete. Too much water reduces the concrete strength, whereas too little will make the concrete unworkable. The water used for mixing and curing should be clean and free from injurious amounts of oils, acids, alkalis, salts, sugars, or organic materials, which may affect the concrete or steel . 2.5. Steel The reinforcement size is 2mm diameter is used in the specimen
III. Experimental Programme
In this experimental programme specimens were casted using M30 grade mix design and for replacement of cement as a silica fume were used. It varied from 0% to 15% and then the percentages of steel confinement also varied from 0% to 1.2208% and then to examine stress-strain behaviour of concrete. 3.1Specimen Preparation and Testing Standard size of cylinders of 150mm diameter and 300mm length were cast for studying the compressive strength and stress-strain behavior of concrete. The cylinder specimens were cast without any confinement and with different percentages of confinement in the form of rings. The specimens cast were cured for 28 days and tested as per BIS specifications. The cylinder specimens were tested in 1000kN strain control Universal Testing Machine under 0.002mm/s strain rate.
IV. Discussion And Test Results:
Different percentages of steel confinements and mechanical properties Axial Compression Strength on Cylindrical Specimen
S.no
Confinement (%)
Silica Fume (0%)
Silica Fume (5%)
Silica Fume (10%)
Silica Fume (15%)
1
0
26.879
28.299
32.539
26.879
2
0.7322
29.7082
29.708
35.367
28.294
3
0.9764
30.291
32.538
36.867
29.708
4
1.2208
32.5383
32.538
39.611
29.708
4.1 Stress-Strain Behaviour Of Concrete: Stress-Strain curves and normalized curves of 0% confinement was drawn peak stress to peak strain. That the peak stress of 0% confinement 26.897 N/mm2 and peak strain of 0.001278. And silica fume is also used as replacing material to the cement. Curves also plotted peak stress to peak strain for the different percentages of silica fume. For 5% silica fume peak stress 28.299 and peak strain 0.001778, to 10% silica fume peak stress 32.538N/mm2 peak strain 0.0022. And after replacing of 10% silica fume the strength was gradually decreasing while increasing the silica fume. Graphs are shown below. The stress-strain, normalized curve graphs has drawn for 0.7322% of confinement peak stress 29.708 N/mm2 to peak strain 0.001778.for different percentages of silica fume the stress-strain behaviour also observed 5% silica fume peak stress 32.538N/mm2 peak strain 0.001833 and for 10% silica fume peak stress 35.367 N/mm2 peak strain 0.002233.Strength was decreasing with increasing of silica fume. Graphs are shown below. The stress-strain, Normalized curve graphs are plotted with respect to the stress and strain values .The confinement 0.9764% strength will be varying with and without the silica fume peak stress of 0.9764% confinement without silica fume 30.291 N/mm2 peak strain 0.002178.peak stress of 5% silica fume 32.538 N/mm2 peak strain 0.4778. And to 10% silica fume peak stress 36.867 N/mm2 peak strain 0.005833.Strength was decreased with increase of silica fume graphs are drawn below.
Normalized and stress-strain curves are plotted to the confinement of 1.2208% with respect to their peak stress and peak strain values and also with the different percentages of silica fume varying from 5%to15%. Peak stress without silica fume 32.5383N/mm2 peak strain 0.00311.with 5% silica fume 32.538 N/mm2 peak strain 0.5778 to 10% silica
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fume 39.611 N/mm2 peak strain0.007733. strength decreased with increasing of silica fume. 4.2 Comparison Graphs Of With and Without Confinement and Silica Fume
Fig 1: Stress Vs Strain Curve for cylinder without confinement steel at 28 days
Fig 2: Stress Vs Strain Curve for Cylinder With 0.7322% Steel at 28 Days
Fig 3: Stress vs. Strain Curve for cylinder with 0.9764% steel at 28 days
Fig 4: Stress vs. Strain Curve for cylinder without steel with silica fume 5% at 28 days
Fig 5: Stress vs. Strain Curve for cylinder without steel with silica fume 10% at 28 days
Fig 6: Stress vs. Strain Curve for cylinder without steel with silica fume 15% at 28 days
0
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strain
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SF 10%
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15%SF
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Fig 7: Stress vs. Strain Curve for cylinder with 0.7322% steel with silica fume 5% at 28 days
Fig 8:Stress vs. Strain Curve for cylinder with 0.7322% steel with silica fume 10% at 28 days
FIG 9: Stress vs. Strain Curve for cylinder with 0.7322% steel with silica fume 15% at 28 days
Fig 10: Stress vs. Strain Curve for cylinder with 0.932% steel with silica fume 5% at 28 days
Fig 11: Stress vs. Strain Curve for cylinder with steel with 1.22% at 28 days
Fig 12: Stress vs. Strain Curve for cylinder with 0.932% steel with silica fume 10% at 28 days
Fig 13: Stress vs. Strain Curve for cylinder with 0.932% steel with silica fume 15% at 28 days
Fig 14: Stress vs. Strain Curve for cylinder with 1.22% steel with silica fume
0
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0.001
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0.002
stress-strain behaviour without confinement
O.7322% SF5
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confinement
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SF5% 1.2208
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Fig 15:Stress vs. Strain Curve for cylinder with 1.22% steel With SF 10%
Fig 16:Stress vs. Strain Curve for cylinder with 1.22% steel with silica fume 15% at 28 days
Fig 17: Comparison of Stress vs. Strain graphs of cylinders with different Confinements and different percentages of silica fume at 28 days
Fig 18: Comparison of normalized Stress vs. Strain graphs of cylinders with different confinements at 28 days
V. CONCLUSIONS:
Studies have been carried out on behavior of M30 grade concrete with and without confinement under axial compression. The parameters studied include compressive strength, flexural strength test and comparison of stress-strain calculations of concrete with and without confinement. And also tests are conducted on concrete by partially replacement of cement by silica fume. Based on the study conducted the following conclusions are drawn.
1. Percentage of Confinement increases the strength of concrete also increased the strengths at 28 days.
2. Compression strength also increased by partial replacement of cement with silica fume and also with and without confinement.
3. Cement replacement up to 10% silica fume leads to increase in compressive strength of concrete. Beyond 10 %there is a decrease in compressive strength of concrete.
4. An increase in volume of confinement improves the ductility factor of confined concrete.
5. The ductility i.e. the ratio of the strain at peak stress of confined concrete to the strain at peak stress of corresponding unconfined concrete.
REFERENCES [1]. C.RAJAMALLU,A.BALAJI Rao, Behaviour Of Self Compacting Concrete Under Axial Compression With And Without Confinement (ISSN: 2348-4748,Volume 1,ISSUE 3,March 2014) [2]. NRD Murthy, Ramaseshu D, Rao MVS. “ Constitutive Behaviour Of Fly Ash Concrete With Steel Fibers In Ordinary Grade, IE(Institute Of Engineers) Journal”- Vol,88(2007) 41-46.
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SF10% 1.2208
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40
50
-0.002
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
stress-strain behaviour
0
0.5
1
1.5
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Normalized Stress-strain
0
20
40
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
stress-strain behaviour with confinement
SF15% 1.2208
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[3]. Dr.M.V.Seshagiri Rao “ Self Compacting High Performance Concrete”,JNTUCE, Hyderabad. [4]. H.Y.Leung And C.J.Burgoyne Compressive Behaviour Of Concrete Confined By Aramid Fiber Spirals [5]. Metin Husem and selim pul investigation of stress-strain model for confined high strength concrete [6] T.Suresh Babu ,M.V.Seshagiri Rao And D.Rama Seshu Mechanical Properties And Stress-Strain Behaviour Of Self Compacting Concrete With And Without Glass Fibers Asian Journal Of Civil Engineering VOL.9,NO.5(2008) Pg 457-472 [7]. Marwan N.Youssef,Maria Q.Feng And Ayman S.Stress-Strain Model For Concrete Confined By FRP Composites Engineering Volume 38, Issues 5-6,July-September 2007, And Pages 614-628 [8]. J.B.Mander ,M.J.N.Prisestley And R.Park , Fellow. ASCE Observed Stress-Strain Behaviour Of Confined Concrete [9]. R.Abbasnia ,A.Holakoo ,An Investigation Of Stress-Strain Behaviour Of FRP Confined Concrete Under Cyclic Compressive Loading [10]. T.Shanmugapriya2,Dr.R.N.Uma Experimental Investigation On Silica Fume Aspartial Replacement Of Cement In High Performance Concrete [11]. L.Lam And J.G.Teng Stress-Strain Model For FRP –Confined Concrete Under Cyclic Axial Compression Engineering Structures Volume 31, Issue 2, February 2009, Pages 308-321. [12]. IS12269-1987(Reaffirmed 1999),Specification For 53 Grade Ordinary Portland Cement,1st Reprint, September 1993. [13]. IS 2386-1963, Method Of Tests For Aggregates For Cement. {14]. IS 456-2000, Indian Standard Plain And Reinforced Concrete-Code Of Practice,4th Revision, 1st Reprint, September 2000.