Understanding the encoding of memory and its retrieval is a complex task. The neurobiological correlates of memory have been summarised in this presentation for easy understanding of students.
این پاورپوینت در کارگاه تخصصی توانبخشی حافظه توسط دکتر فائزه دهقان ارائه شده است. برای دریافت اطلاعات بیشتر در مورد این کارگاه به وب سایت فروردین مراجعه فرمایید.
https://farvardin-group.com
Understanding the encoding of memory and its retrieval is a complex task. The neurobiological correlates of memory have been summarised in this presentation for easy understanding of students.
این پاورپوینت در کارگاه تخصصی توانبخشی حافظه توسط دکتر فائزه دهقان ارائه شده است. برای دریافت اطلاعات بیشتر در مورد این کارگاه به وب سایت فروردین مراجعه فرمایید.
https://farvardin-group.com
7MemoryRevised by Pauline Davey Zeece, University of N.docxsodhi3
7
Memory
Revised by Pauline Davey Zeece, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Chapter Overview
Studying memory
Building memories: Encoding
Memory storage
Retrieval: Getting information out
Forgetting
Memory construction errors
Improving memory
Memory
Persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
Information-processing model
Compares human memory to a computer’s operation
4
Stages in Information-Processing Model
Encoding
Getting information into the memory system
Storage
Retaining encoded information over time
Retrieval
Getting information out of memory storage
Information-Processing Model: Stages in Forming Memories
Recording to-be-remembered information as a fleeting sensory memory
Processing information into short-term memory, where it is encoded through rehearsal
Moving information into long-term memory for later retrieval
Sensory memory: Immediate and very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
Short-term memory: Activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten
Long-term memory: Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
6
Modified Three-Stage Processing Model of Memory
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s classic three-step model helps us to think about how memories are processed, but today’s researchers recognize other ways long-term memories form.
For example, some information slips into long-term memory via a “back door,” without our consciously attending to it (automatic processing).
And so much active processing occurs in the short-term memory stage that many now prefer to call that stage working memory.
7
Working Memory
Newer understanding of short-term memory
Includes the conscious and active processing of:
Incoming information
Information retrieved from long-term memory
Working memory is more efficient when individuals focus on one task at a time, without distractions.
8
Want to try to see how good your working memory is?
In Class Demonstration
Two-Track Memory System
Implicit (nondeclarative) memory
Retention of learned skills, or classically conditioned associations, without conscious awareness
Formed via automatic processing
Explicit (declarative) memory
Retention of facts and personal events that can be consciously retrieved
Formed via effortful processing
Building Memories
Automatic processing and implicit memories
Implicit memories include automatic skills and classically conditioned associations.
Effortful processing and explicit memories
Explicit memories become automatic with experience and practice.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY.
Your two-track mind processes information efficiently via parallel processing, which involves processing of many aspects of a problem at the same time.
This method is the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions.
13
Sensory.
7MemoryRevised by Pauline Davey Zeece, University of N.docxblondellchancy
7
Memory
Revised by Pauline Davey Zeece, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Chapter Overview
Studying memory
Building memories: Encoding
Memory storage
Retrieval: Getting information out
Forgetting
Memory construction errors
Improving memory
Memory
Persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
Information-processing model
Compares human memory to a computer’s operation
4
Stages in Information-Processing Model
Encoding
Getting information into the memory system
Storage
Retaining encoded information over time
Retrieval
Getting information out of memory storage
Information-Processing Model: Stages in Forming Memories
Recording to-be-remembered information as a fleeting sensory memory
Processing information into short-term memory, where it is encoded through rehearsal
Moving information into long-term memory for later retrieval
Sensory memory: Immediate and very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
Short-term memory: Activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten
Long-term memory: Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
6
Modified Three-Stage Processing Model of Memory
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s classic three-step model helps us to think about how memories are processed, but today’s researchers recognize other ways long-term memories form.
For example, some information slips into long-term memory via a “back door,” without our consciously attending to it (automatic processing).
And so much active processing occurs in the short-term memory stage that many now prefer to call that stage working memory.
7
Working Memory
Newer understanding of short-term memory
Includes the conscious and active processing of:
Incoming information
Information retrieved from long-term memory
Working memory is more efficient when individuals focus on one task at a time, without distractions.
8
Want to try to see how good your working memory is?
In Class Demonstration
Two-Track Memory System
Implicit (nondeclarative) memory
Retention of learned skills, or classically conditioned associations, without conscious awareness
Formed via automatic processing
Explicit (declarative) memory
Retention of facts and personal events that can be consciously retrieved
Formed via effortful processing
Building Memories
Automatic processing and implicit memories
Implicit memories include automatic skills and classically conditioned associations.
Effortful processing and explicit memories
Explicit memories become automatic with experience and practice.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY.
Your two-track mind processes information efficiently via parallel processing, which involves processing of many aspects of a problem at the same time.
This method is the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions.
13
Sensory ...
These slides contain a presentation about Memory chapter of book Understanding Psychology. It contains slides on memory as well as types of memory such as short term and long term memory and also working memory. This presentation was given in NUML Islamabad.
Types of trauma are discussed, also discussed are the nature of traumatic memories from a neuroscience-based microscopic view as well as a macroscopic view. Details of neuronal firings and spikes as well as action potentials are discussed. Everything is finally tied together to provide ways of treating trauma.
MEMORY
By JOYSRI ROY
M.SC APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY
SEMESTER 1
CALCUTTA UNIVERSITY
Definition
Our ability to encode, store, retain and subsequently recall information and past experiences in the human brain.It is the sum total of what we remember, and gives us the capability to learn and adapt from previous experiences as well as to build relationships.
In more Physiological and neurological term, memory is, at its simplest , a set of encoded neural connections in the brain.
MEMORY PROCESS
1)Encoding
2)Storage
3)Retrieval
NEURO-BIOLOGY OF ENCODING
Process of laying down a memory begin with attention, which is regulated by thalamus and fontal lobe, in which a memorable event causes neurons to fire more frequently making the experience more intense and increasing the likelihood that the event is encoded as a memory. Emotion increases attention in the amygdala. The perceived sensation are decoded in the various sensory areas of the cortex. Then combined in the hippocampus into one single experience. Hippocampus analyzing these inputs and ultimately deciding if they will be committed to long- term memory.
TYPES OF MEMORY
1)Sensory memory
2)Short term memory
3) Long term memory
MODELS OF MEMORY
1) ALLEN D. BADDELEY’S MODEL
2)ATKINSON AND SHIFFRIN’S MODEL (1968)
3)LEVELS OF PROCESSING ( CRAIK AND LOCKHART)
ZEIGARNIK EFFECT
Bluma Zeigarnik , a Russian Psychologist, compared memory for tasks that were successfully completed and those which were not. She interpreted the work and did not allow them to finish it. Interrupted tasks were remembered more frequently than those which were completed.
Dutta and Kanungo gave a new interpretations to this effect.
The intensity of emotiom arousal by the completed tasks or the interrupted task is the critical factor. Any aivity that gives to strong emotion, be it pleasant or unpleasant , is remembered better than ordinary everyday actions
METHODS OF STUDYING MEMORY
1)FREE RECALL
2)RECOGNITION
3)PRIMIMG
FORGETTING
1)TRACE DECAY THEORY
2)DISPLACEMENT FROM STM
3)LACK OF CONSOLIDATION
4)RETRIEVAL FAILURE
5)INTERFERENCE THEORY
6)AMNESIA
TYPES OF MNEMONIC DEVICES
Memories are stored as microscopic chemical changes at connecting points between neurons in the brain.
Mind mapping, all that needs to be remembered is the central theme. By associating and comparing the branches with existing long term memory, we are able to recall vast branches and twigs.
This is the presentation of the fifth neuroscience event hosted by Ahmed Eljack in February 2018 at Ahfad University for Women.
The event discussed the basic neuroscience of memories in term of categories and processes along with some clinical application. There was a game in the middle of the event about priming which was a nice activity that caught the attention of the audience and made the environment more cheerful
*Eljack's Neuroscience Events are events hosted by Ahmed Eljack in various Sudanese universities to discussed different topics in the ever-growing field of neuroscience.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
1. BHS AP Psychology
Unit 2: Memory (Cognition):
M32 - Physiology of Memory Storage and
retrieval
2. 32-1 Describe the capacity and location of our long-term
memories.
32-2 Describe the roles of the frontal lobes and hippocampus in
memory processing.
32-3 Describe the roles of the cerebellum and basal ganglia
in our memory processing.
32-4 Discuss how emotions affect our memory processing.
32-5 Explain how changes at the synapse level affect our memory
processing.
32-6 Explain how memory is measured.
32-7 Describe how external cues, internal emotions, and order of
appearance influence memory retrieval.
OutlineOutline
3.
4. 32-1: Describe the capacity and
location of our long-term memories.
Memory Storage: Retaining Information in
the Brain: unlimited capacity
Case study: Kim Peek
Memories are NOT stored in one part
of the brain, but in several.
•Not libraries, but interconnected networks
that draw memories/ info from many
different part of the
6. 32-1 Describe the capacity and location of our long-term
memories.
32-2 Describe the roles of the frontal lobes and hippocampus in
memory processing.
32-3 Describe the roles of the cerebellum and basal ganglia
in our memory processing.
32-4 Discuss how emotions affect our memory processing.
32-5 Explain how changes at the synapse level affect our memory
processing.
32-6 Explain how memory is measured.
32-7 Describe how external cues, internal emotions, and order of
appearance influence memory retrieval.
OutlineOutline
7. 32-2:Describe the roles of the frontal
lobes and hippocampus in memory
processing. ((Retaining Information in the Brain):Retaining Information in the Brain):
Explicit-Memory System: The Frontal Lobes and Hippocampus
•Hippocampus
–Part of the limbic system
–Helps process explicit memories from multiple
centers of the brain
–Consolidation during sleep
– Organizes and stores information
Zzz…
8. • Hippocampus: turns STM into LTM
1.)How is the game hungry hippos analogous to the
hippocampus's retrieving and organization of memories
and knowledge?
2.) what changes in memory would we see if the
Hippocampus were damaged? Be specific in terms of
which type of memory and how
9. Frontal lobe and MemoryFrontal lobe and Memory
32-2 cont…32-2 cont…
Frontal Lobe = Working memory
10. Putting it together:
Explicit memory systemExplicit memory system:Various
memory
centers within
the brain store
new input innew input in
LTMLTM
Hippocampus organizes newHippocampus organizes new
memories into various memorymemories into various memory
centers of the braincenters of the brain
STORAGESTORAGE
((FRONTAL LOBEFRONTAL LOBE))WORKINGWORKING
MEMORYMEMORY needs stored memoriesneeds stored memories
from the LTM to process with newfrom the LTM to process with new
stimulus from sensory registersstimulus from sensory registers
RETRIEVAL:RETRIEVAL:
Zzz...
Hippocampus
SelectsLTM’s
Tosendtofrontal
lobe.Retrieval
11. 32-1 Describe the capacity and location of our long-term
memories.
32-2 Describe the roles of the frontal lobes and hippocampus in
memory processing.
32-3 Describe the roles of the cerebellum and basal ganglia
in our memory processing.
32-4 Discuss how emotions affect our memory processing.
32-5 Explain how changes at the synapse level affect our memory
processing.
32-6 Explain how memory is measured.
32-7 Describe how external cues, internal emotions, and order of
appearance influence memory retrieval.
OutlineOutline
12. Memory Storage:Memory Storage:
Implicit-MemoryImplicit-Memory System and automatic processing:System and automatic processing:
TheThe Cerebellum and Basal GangliaCerebellum and Basal Ganglia
32-3 Describe the roles of the
cerebellum and basal ganglia in our
memory processing.
13. 32-332-3 Describe the roles of the cerebellumDescribe the roles of the cerebellum
and basal ganglia in our memory processingand basal ganglia in our memory processing
What is implicit memory and
automatic processingautomatic processing? PTSD
Automaticity is the ability to do things without occupying the mind with the
low-level details required, allowing it to become an automatic response
pattern or habit. It is usually the result of learning, repetition, and practice.
The cerebellum plays a key role in
forming and storing the implicit memories
created by classical conditioning. learned
through repetition and rote
Damage to Cerebellum
=
no new habits or learned
responses
14. 32-332-3 Describe the roles of the cerebellumDescribe the roles of the cerebellum
and basal ganglia in our memory processingand basal ganglia in our memory processing..
•Infantile amnesia
The basal ganglia, deep brain
structures involved in motor
movement, facilitate formation of our
procedural memories for skills
The basal ganglia receive input from the
cortex but do not return the favor of
sending information back to the cortex for
conscious awareness of procedural
learning.
15. 32-1 Describe the capacity and location of our long-term
memories.
32-2 Describe the roles of the frontal lobes and hippocampus in
memory processing.
32-3 Describe the roles of the cerebellum and basal ganglia
in our memory processing.
32-4 Discuss how emotions affect our memory processing.
32-5 Explain how changes at the synapse level affect our memory
processing.
32-6 Explain how memory is measured.
32-7 Describe how external cues, internal emotions, and order of
appearance influence memory retrieval.
OutlineOutline
16. 32-4 Discuss how emotions affect ourDiscuss how emotions affect our
memory processingmemory processing
Memory StorageMemory Storage
The Amygdala, Emotions,The Amygdala, Emotions,
and Memoryand Memory •Amygdala looks like a pea
•Emotions trigger stress hormones telling the
brain that something important just
happened.
•Increase in hormone level signal the
amygdala to send a “memory trace” in the
frontal lobe and basal ganglia
•Flashbulb Memories
With regards to the
memory trace being sent
to the frontal lobe AND
the Basal Ganglia, what
does this mean for
memory?
17. 32-4 Discuss how emotions affectDiscuss how emotions affect
our memory processingour memory processing
Stress Hormones & MemoryStress Hormones & Memory
Heightened emotions (stress-related
or otherwise) make for stronger
memories.
Hormones such as Epinephrine act on
brain centers in the brain
Extreme stress undermines learning andExtreme stress undermines learning and
later recalllater recall designed to override logic for adesigned to override logic for a
more immediate responsemore immediate response
How does this apply to an exam?
18. 32-4 Discuss how emotionsDiscuss how emotions
affect our memory processingaffect our memory processing
• Pollyanna principle: We tend to remember things
pleasant things more efficiently and accurately than
unpleasant things.
Examples?
• Repressed memories are memories that have been
unconsciously blocked due to the memory being
associated with a high level of stress or trauma. The
theory postulates that even though the individual
cannot recall the memory, it may still be affecting them
consciously.
Explain how this is
so?
19. Biological Forgetting Factors
• Damage to the Hippocampus
Difficulty forming new explicit memories… what
about implicit?
Diminished in Alzheimer’s patients
• Neurotransmitters play a role
Acetylcholine
Alzheimer’s patients show low to very low levels
of this
• Decay theory
Memories deteriorate because of the passage of
time
Distractor Studies – information fades from STM
20. 32-1 Describe the capacity and location of our long-term
memories.
32-2 Describe the roles of the frontal lobes and hippocampus in
memory processing.
32-3 Describe the roles of the cerebellum and basal ganglia
in our memory processing.
32-4 Discuss how emotions affect our memory processing.
32-5 Explain how changes at the synapse level affect our memory
processing.
32-6 Explain how memory is measured.
32-7 Describe how external cues, internal emotions, and order of
appearance influence memory retrieval.
OutlineOutline
21. 32-5 Explain how changes at the synapse
level affect our memory processing.
When learning occurs, the slug releases
more of the neurotransmitter
serotonin into certain synapses. Those
synapses then become more efficient at
transmitting signals.
•Aplysia This increased efficiency of
potential neural firing, called
long-term potentiation
(LTP), provides a neural basis
for learning and remembering
associations
22. How are the Memories Stored?
Synaptic Changes Long-TermLong-Term
Potentiation (LTP)Potentiation (LTP)
A long-lasting
change in the
structure or function
of a synapse that
increase the
efficiency of neural
transmission.
36. Self TestingSelf Testing
1. ASK YOURSELF Can you name an instance in
which stress has helped you remember something,
and another instance in which stress has interfered
with remembering something?
2. TEST YOURSELF Your friend tells you that her
father experienced brain damage in an accident. She
wonders if psychology can explain why he can still play
checkers very well but has a hard time holding a
sensible conversation. What can you tell her?
Editor's Notes
Logo Green is R=8 G=138 B=76 Blue is R= 0 G=110 B=184
Border Grey is R=74 G=69 B=64
Damage to either hemisphere
Implicit memory system one way street no conscious realization of the processing of memory repressed memories of stressful events. Frontal lobe infers a conscious effortful processing stressful or emotional events are stored in both the explicit and implicit memory systems.
OBJECTIVE 12| Discuss some ways stress hormones can affect memory.
Both Photos: From N. Toni et al., Nature, 402, Nov. 25 1999. Courtesy of Dominique Muller