This document discusses model-based development and evolution of information systems. It describes conceptual modeling using diagrams to represent enterprise models, problems, requirements, and designs. Models are abstract representations that are less comprehensive than what they model. The document also discusses modeling as a social construction process and how organizations continuously change through internalization, externalization, and social interactions. Finally, it presents different approaches to model-based solutions like model-driven architecture, domain-specific modeling, and business process modeling.

1. Model-based Development and Evolution of Information Systems
This lecture
Krogstie: Model-based development and
evolution of information systems: A quality
approach
Chapter 1 - Introduction
1

2. Model-based Development and Evolution of Information Systems
Conceptual modeling

Models used for enterprise models, problem analysis
requirements and design specification

Primarily diagrammatic (2-dimensional diagrams)

The languages used for modeling have a limited
vocabulary

The languages used are originally meant to be generally
applicable (and not for a specific domain). Some exception
e.g. using so-called domain specific modeling techniques

Paradigmatic example: ER- modeling language
Title
Person
N
Authorship
M
Paper
Language

3. Model-based Development and Evolution of Information Systems
Overall terminology

Information systems



Both the automated part and
information processing performed by humans (alone or supported by
information systems)
Model: can be almost anything

Representation of the past, current, or potential future

More abstract, usually less comprehensive, and normally cheaper to make
than what it models

Important to select which parts to represent

Analysis: Understand a problem (descriptive mod.)

Requirements specification: indicate a solution (prescriptive mod.)

Design specification: Detail a technical solution (prescriptive mod.)

Execute: Deploy and use solution... and iterate!

4. Main elements and context of a modeling activity
G oal of
M o d e llin g
P e rs o n s
A r e a o f in te r e s t
M o d e lin g
ta s k
T o o ls
M e a n s fo r
r e p r e s e n ta tio n

5. Model-based Development and Evolution of Information Systems
The context of a modeling activity

Modeling is a way of representing,
developing and spreading knowledge

Performed as part of the changes done in
an organization

Organizations are under continuous
change

The organization changes through a
process of social construction

6. Social construction in an organization
Local reality
(individual
knowledge)
Internalisation
(Sensemaking)
Externalisation
(Action)
Organisational reality
(objects, institutions,
language, models,
technology)
From Krogstie: Model-based development and evolution of information systems: A quality approach, Springer 2012

7. Model-based Development and Evolution of Information Systems
Nonaka and Takeuchi modes of knowledge
creation

8. Model-based Development and Evolution of Information Systems
Modeling as social construction - issues

Subjective relative to what is focused in
the language (language basis)

Focus on certain concepts (on the expense of others)

The choice of language influence on the way we think

Subjective relative to what is regarded as
relevant

Subjective relative to the terms choosen

The results are highly dependant on
those involved in the process

Problems related to model-monopoly

9. Model-based Development and Evolution of Information Systems
Usage and goal of modeling
Current
state
Future
state
4. Quality
assurance
Model of
current
state
5. Model
deployment
Model of
future
state
3 Computerassisted analysis
1.Sensemaking
2.
Communication
Perception
of current
state
Develop
ment
project
6. Context for
change
2.
Communication
Perception
of current
state
Perception
of future
state
Perception
of future
state
From Krogstie: Model-based development and evolution of information systems: A quality approach, Springer 2012

10. Approaches to model-based solutions

Model-Driven Architecture – MDA/MDD

Domain Specific Modeling – DSL/DSM

Business Process Modeling - BPM

Enterprise Modeling - EM

Active Knowledge Modeling - AKM
(Interactive Modeling)

No silver bullet

11. Model-based Development and Evolution of Information Systems
Execution environment supporting a full range of process types
Socio-economic
relationship
Market
Hierarchy
Low uncertainty
Low goal congruence
Coordination
technologies
Process Models
Project/Team
High uncertainty
High goal congruence
Electronic
Commerce
Workflow
Hardcoded
Predefined
model
Groupware
Evolving
model
Implicit

12. Model-based Development and Evolution of Information Systems
Framework for structuring different use of
modeling
Process
Spectrum
Process
Models
Static
Dynamic
Hardcoded
Predefined
Evolving
Implicit
Model-driven solutions:
Enterprise model
Platform Independent Model
Platform Specific Model
Code
PSM EE
PIM
EE
Enterprise
Model
EE
Operating system, runtime execution environment (EE)
From Krogstie: Model-based development and evolution of information systems: A quality approach, Springer 2012