1) The document describes a metal detection system that uses microcontrollers and GSM technology. It detects metallic objects and sends an alert SMS message to a security phone number.
2) The system includes metal detectors, a GSM modem, an LCD display, a microcontroller, and a multiplexer to select detector ports. It was designed and tested to detect unwanted metals like guns.
3) If implemented in restricted areas, it could help reduce crime by detecting dangerous objects carried by suspicious persons and alerting security personnel via SMS.
Applications Of Mems In Robotics And Bio Mems Using Psoc With Metal Detector ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: This project deals with accelerometercontrolled robot with wireless image and voice transmission as well as metal Detector. This robot is prototype for the “Path Finder”. This robot is controlled based on PSoCdevice using MEMS accelerometer remote. This can be moved forward and reverse direction using geared motors of 60RPM. Also this robot can take sharp turnings towards left and right directions. A high sensitive induction type metal detector is designed using colpitts oscillator principle and fixed to this robot. Also a wireless camera with voice is interfaced to the kit. When the robot is moving on a surface, the system produces a beep sound when metal is detected. This beep sound will be transmitted to remote place. Simultaneously the images around the robot will be transmitted to remote place. User can monitor the images and metal detection alarms on Television. Keywords: PSoC designer 1.0, keil -c,PSOC device (CY8C29466), AT89S52.
Robotics has been a staple of advanced manufacturing for over half a century. As robots and their peripheral equipment become more sophisticated, reliable and miniaturized, these systems are increasingly being utilized for military and law enforcement purposes. Mobile robotics plays an increasingly important role in military matters, from patrol to dealing with potential explosives. With suitable sensors and cameras to perform different missions, mobile robots are operated remotely for reconnaissance patrol and relay back video images to an operator. With the development of modern technology such as zigbee technology aims to exchange data wirelessly at a short distance using radio wave transmission comprising features to create ease, perception and controllability. This paper presents a modern approach for surveillance at remote and border areas using multifunctional robot based on zigbee technology used in defense and military applications. The robotic vehicle works both as a manually controlled vehicle using zigbee as communication medium. This robotic vehicle has ability to substitute the solider at border areas to provide surveillance. The robotic vehicle works by manually controlling robotic vehicle by using zigbee as communication medium. And this multisensory robot is mainly used to detect bomb, defense soldier and it can act as a spy robot.
this is ppt based on the multi-application military robot which has mainly three applications1)metal detection
2)temperature detection
3)humidity detection
4)smoke detection
LPC2138 Based Temperature Compensated Ultrasonic Ranging For Blind Personpaperpublications3
Abstract: This paper is intended to provide a theoretical model of object detection and real time assistance via Global Positioning System (GPS).This paper aims at the development of an Electronic Travelling Aid (ETA) kit to help the blind people to find obstacle free path. This ETA is fixed to the stick of the blind people. When the object is detected near to the blinds’ stick it alerts them with the help of vibratory circuit. Ultrasonic sensors are used to evaluate distance of the objects around the blind person to guide the user towards the secure and available path. Output is in the form of vibrations which the blind person can easily recognize. The hardware of entire system contains ARM7 (LPC2138), temperature sensor, ultrasonic sensors and mobile vibrator, Global positioning system (GPS) module and Global System for Mobile (GSM) module. It contains temperature compensation method to reduce the error in measurement of distance using ultrasonic sensors.
Applications Of Mems In Robotics And Bio Mems Using Psoc With Metal Detector ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: This project deals with accelerometercontrolled robot with wireless image and voice transmission as well as metal Detector. This robot is prototype for the “Path Finder”. This robot is controlled based on PSoCdevice using MEMS accelerometer remote. This can be moved forward and reverse direction using geared motors of 60RPM. Also this robot can take sharp turnings towards left and right directions. A high sensitive induction type metal detector is designed using colpitts oscillator principle and fixed to this robot. Also a wireless camera with voice is interfaced to the kit. When the robot is moving on a surface, the system produces a beep sound when metal is detected. This beep sound will be transmitted to remote place. Simultaneously the images around the robot will be transmitted to remote place. User can monitor the images and metal detection alarms on Television. Keywords: PSoC designer 1.0, keil -c,PSOC device (CY8C29466), AT89S52.
Robotics has been a staple of advanced manufacturing for over half a century. As robots and their peripheral equipment become more sophisticated, reliable and miniaturized, these systems are increasingly being utilized for military and law enforcement purposes. Mobile robotics plays an increasingly important role in military matters, from patrol to dealing with potential explosives. With suitable sensors and cameras to perform different missions, mobile robots are operated remotely for reconnaissance patrol and relay back video images to an operator. With the development of modern technology such as zigbee technology aims to exchange data wirelessly at a short distance using radio wave transmission comprising features to create ease, perception and controllability. This paper presents a modern approach for surveillance at remote and border areas using multifunctional robot based on zigbee technology used in defense and military applications. The robotic vehicle works both as a manually controlled vehicle using zigbee as communication medium. This robotic vehicle has ability to substitute the solider at border areas to provide surveillance. The robotic vehicle works by manually controlling robotic vehicle by using zigbee as communication medium. And this multisensory robot is mainly used to detect bomb, defense soldier and it can act as a spy robot.
this is ppt based on the multi-application military robot which has mainly three applications1)metal detection
2)temperature detection
3)humidity detection
4)smoke detection
LPC2138 Based Temperature Compensated Ultrasonic Ranging For Blind Personpaperpublications3
Abstract: This paper is intended to provide a theoretical model of object detection and real time assistance via Global Positioning System (GPS).This paper aims at the development of an Electronic Travelling Aid (ETA) kit to help the blind people to find obstacle free path. This ETA is fixed to the stick of the blind people. When the object is detected near to the blinds’ stick it alerts them with the help of vibratory circuit. Ultrasonic sensors are used to evaluate distance of the objects around the blind person to guide the user towards the secure and available path. Output is in the form of vibrations which the blind person can easily recognize. The hardware of entire system contains ARM7 (LPC2138), temperature sensor, ultrasonic sensors and mobile vibrator, Global positioning system (GPS) module and Global System for Mobile (GSM) module. It contains temperature compensation method to reduce the error in measurement of distance using ultrasonic sensors.
A Smart Handheld Measuring and Testing Electronic Device with Touch ScreenIJTET Journal
Hand in hand instrument replaces the old traditional way of measuring and testing in colleges and helps in easy way of understanding theoretical concepts based on practical knowledge. As there occurs shortage of instruments, long duration of calculation, large occupation of space, low accuracy, inconvenience come about in completing the work. A single Smart device which is a multipurpose handheld instrument overcomes the above difficulties and helps in measuring voltage, current, resistance, frequency, temperature, speed, sound and to observe waveforms for engineering students in the laboratories. In a single ARM Cortex M3 microcontroller all measurements are done and displayed within a fraction of time in the TFT graphical LCD display. The data and waveforms from oscilloscope can be saved and retrieved for future analyzing purpose which is done using a Micro SD memory card. The device is fully operated with touch screen and touch buttons. The device works with help of LPC1313, a powerful 32-bit ARM Cortex-M3 microcontroller from NXP Semiconductors.
One of the most helpful presentation for academic and non academic purpose. This presentation can be presented for 40-45 mins. It contains both technical and non technical details of working of a fingerprint bio-metric scanner.
Bluetooth controlled devices using Arduino microcontroller. how to simply control your home appliances by using arduino . It's pretty simple due to open source platform of Arduino and its IDE.
A Smart Handheld Measuring and Testing Electronic Device with Touch ScreenIJTET Journal
Hand in hand instrument replaces the old traditional way of measuring and testing in colleges and helps in easy way of understanding theoretical concepts based on practical knowledge. As there occurs shortage of instruments, long duration of calculation, large occupation of space, low accuracy, inconvenience come about in completing the work. A single Smart device which is a multipurpose handheld instrument overcomes the above difficulties and helps in measuring voltage, current, resistance, frequency, temperature, speed, sound and to observe waveforms for engineering students in the laboratories. In a single ARM Cortex M3 microcontroller all measurements are done and displayed within a fraction of time in the TFT graphical LCD display. The data and waveforms from oscilloscope can be saved and retrieved for future analyzing purpose which is done using a Micro SD memory card. The device is fully operated with touch screen and touch buttons. The device works with help of LPC1313, a powerful 32-bit ARM Cortex-M3 microcontroller from NXP Semiconductors.
One of the most helpful presentation for academic and non academic purpose. This presentation can be presented for 40-45 mins. It contains both technical and non technical details of working of a fingerprint bio-metric scanner.
Bluetooth controlled devices using Arduino microcontroller. how to simply control your home appliances by using arduino . It's pretty simple due to open source platform of Arduino and its IDE.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
In this research, we designed and implemented an advanced metal detector based on the Atmega328p microprocessor; it is used in the security field to prevent the entry of dangerous metal tools or explosives to places that require a high degree of safety such as schools, airports, universities and commercial malls. Where the mechanism of the electronic scheme of the detector was understood, including what it contains of active and passive electronic components, the microprocessor used how to program it and its technical specifications were identified. After that, we converted the electronic diagram into a printed circuit board (PCB) via easyada.com, And then print this circuit on special paper so that we can transfer it on the copper board, and a special solution was used to remove the copper residues from the board, after that holes were created and the electronic elements were soldered, Moving on to the software part, the Arduino Uno chip was used to act as an ISP programmer, through which the Atmaga328p controller was programmed using AVRDUDESS software, tested with a small coil with a diameter of 1.5cm. The detector gave excellent performance in detecting metal pieces such as copper, aluminum, iron and silver, as well as electrical wires in the walls, where the device screen shows the signal strength of the captured metal as well as the numerical symbol of the metal. It also discovered the presence of a sharp tool hidden in the mouth, shoes or inside the clothes, and the device achieved high performance In discovering metal parts and determining their properties, with an accuracy of 80%.
Industrial vehicle is evolved with an idea of precisely controlling the entire processing industry without any defects and leakages.
This idea leads to a development of a mobile vehicle called INDUSTRIAL VEHICLE in the operating field and vehicle is normally placed in the processing industry
Loma Systems offers this guide to metal detection to assist food and packaging companies in establishing an effective
metal detection program that meets regulatory guidelines.
Pyramid Packaging is a value added reseller of Lomo Systems in the Chicagoland area
Cell Phone Operated Robot for Search and Research of an ObjectNikita Kaushal
Slide presented in 2013 10th International Conference on Wireless and Optical Communications Networks, IEEE Conference.
In this robot, an IR sensor detects an object robot’s arms pick up the object and keep in the carriage box this robot move with the help of cell phone by using DTMF technology, from arm the object is tested whether object is metallic or not, the operator get alert through SMS of object and its characteristics by using GSM technology.
Our future battle field system will have more difficulties to maintain security, because of increasing military competitive. Ability to understand, predict and adopt the vast array of inter-networked things is very difficult. Unwanted fire, unauthorized human intervention and other object movement will play major important role for affecting military environment. This project aims to help our future military environment by introducing new technology LoRaWAN in IoT (Internet of Things). LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network) is a state -of- art commercial of the self (COTS) technology. This project consist of sensors, embedded microcontrollers equipped with LoRaWAN, embedded processors equipped with LoRaWAN and cloud technology. By introducing this new technology in our future military environment we can easily find out criminal activities and fire hazards.
Today safety of miners is a major challenge. Miners health is in danger mainly because of the emission of Toxic gases, insufficiency of oxygen and mine disasters. In this project we have designed a continuous monitoring system, which monitors the environmental parameters such as oxygen level and poisonous gases (methane, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide). It also measures the miner’s pulse rate, which is done by using the heart rate sensor. During the accidents, by using this device we get to know that how many miners are alive under the mine. This system uses Zigbee technology for wireless transmission. The parameters are detected continuously by various sensors, if any abnormal condition occurs the miner will get an alert through the buzzer present on the helmet. The values of different sensors are continuously transmitted by wireless transmitter to the remote monitoring unit which is placed outside the mine and received by the receiver module (PC).
A low cost electromagnetic sensor for detecting holes in metallic sheetTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Unwanted hole in metal sheet that use for vehicle body or structure is proved dangerous situation.
To prevent disaster this hole needs to be found before its installation, or other wise it will be time and
money consuming once its found when already finished installation. Therefore, an inspection using sensor
for metal sheet is recommended to prevent this problem. In this paper, we proposed a new sensor using
radio wave propagation to detect holes in metal sheet. We propose to use RSSI methods to detect hole
based on electromagnetic wave propagation signal strength. Using this method we success to detect
8 mm hole diameter in metal sheet with 1mm thickness. Using this method, we transmit electromagnetic
wave energy at about 20 dBm, and we receive with average -27.53 dBm for iron sheet and -23.13 dBm for
aluminum sheet.
Minesweeper International Competition 3rd Prize - 2016Abdelrahman Sayed
The fifth edition of Minesweepers: Towards a Landmine-free World is organized by Zewail City of Science and Technology in conjunction with Second International Workshop on Recent Advances in Robotics and Sensor Technology for Humanitarian Demining and Counter-IEDs. Latin America regional round will be orgnaized by Universidad Catolica del Norte (Catholic University of the North) in Chile. The competition is organized in collaboration with IEEE RAS Egypt Chapter and Hadath for Innovation and Entrepreneurship. The competition is organized under the auspices of IEEE RAS Special Interest Group on Humanitarian Technology (RAS-SIGHT). It is supported by Canadian Landmine Foundation, Executive Secretariat for the Demining & Development of the North West Coast, Mines Action & Human Rights Foundation and Protection against Armaments & Consequences and African Robotics Network (AFRON).
The ultimate goal of the Minesweepers competition is to put into practice the new strategic mission of IEEE, “…to foster technological innovation and excellence for the benefit of humanity” and to serve as an educational and a research forum to provide efficient, reliable, adaptive and cost-effective solutions for the serious problem of humanitarian demining in many affected countries in the world. The competition also motivates the participants to create new companies and industries geared towards minefield reconnaissance and mapping technologies. Moreover, the applicability of the robotic systems presented in this competition can be extended to a wide range of other applications such as security and surveillance, search and rescue, health monitoring of civil infrastructure, pipeline monitoring, and environment monitoring.
Linked-in: https://www.linkedin.com/in/abdelrahmansayed98/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/abdelrahman.s.s.e
Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/Robosapienco/?ref=bookmarks
A FLUXGATE SENSOR APPLICATION: COIN IDENTIFICATIONsipij
Today, coins are used to operate many electric devices that are open to the public service. Washing machines, play stations, computers, auto brooms, foam machines, beverage machines, telephone chargers, hair dryers and water heaters are some examples of these devices These devices include coin recognition systems. In these systems, there are coils at two different radius, which become electromagnets when the
current is passed through them. The AC current supplied to the coils creates a variable magnetic field, which induces the eddy current on the coil during the passing of money. The magnetic field generated by the Eddy current reduces the current passing through the coil. The amount of change of current in the coil gives information about the coin; the type of metal (element) and the amount of metal (element). In this
study, a new coin identification system (magnetic measurement system) is designed. In this system, the
magnetic anomaly generated by the coin as a result of applying direct current to the coils is tried to be
detected by fluxgate sensor. In this study, sensor voltages are acquired in computer environment by using
developed electronic unit and LabVIEW based software. In the paper, experimental results have been
discussed in detail.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with Parameters
M010118087
1. IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331, Volume 10, Issue 1 Ver. I (Jan – Feb. 2015), PP 80-87
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10118087 www.iosrjournals.org 80 | Page
Microcontroller-Based Metal Detection System with GSM
Technology
1
B.O. Omijeh, 2
G.O.Ajabuego, 3
L.T. Osikibo
1
Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Rivers State University of Science & Technology, Rivers
State, Nigeria
2
Department of Electrical Engineering University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
3
Department of Electrical Engineering, Rivers State University of Science & Technology, Rivers State, Nigeria
Abstract: In this paper, a Metal Detection System with GSM technology has been presented. The system senses
or detects a metallic object and sends an alert message in form of an SMS text to an embedded security GSM
number for further actions. The design methodology employed in this work, consist of the following stages:
Power Supply Unit , Metal Detectors, Modem for SMS and Call (cell phone), Graphical Liquid Crystal Display
(GLCD), Microcontroller and the Multiplexer unit for selecting detector ports. The design specification was
strictly followed with series of experimental tests. The results obtained were quite satisfactory. If design is fully
implemented in restricted areas like Banks, Airports etc, it would help to detect unwanted dangerous metallic
objects like guns or sharp objects carried by suspicious persons; and thereby contributing greatly to the
reduction of crime rate.
Key Words: Microcontroller-based, Metal Detection System, GSM Technology.
I. Introduction
Security of lives and property has always been a major concern for a very long time. In the olden days,
voodoo practices were very common in protection while in later times, traps made of sharp and harmful objects
came into use. In recent times, technology has introduced more sophisticated methods of preventing loss of lives
and property such as electronic security systems (alarms). Surveillance is defined as a close watch, especially
one kept over a prisoner (Lorimer et al 1995). The emphasis in the above definition is in the clause „a close
watch.‟ At this point, it is important to note that close watch can be kept on virtually everybody and not just
prisoners. Several techniques can be employed in executing this close watch and these are embedded in the
surveillance technology.
Surveillance Technology is used to scrutinize and sometimes record the actions of others either overtly
(openly) or covertly (secretly). It is not the actual technology but its use that brings a technology into this
category. Hence sociologists have suggested the term “surveillance-capable technology”.
Consider a situation where an intruder enters an environment with a harmful metal hidden somewhere.
A security personnel stationed at the entrance may not find the metal even after searching, due to a number of
reasons such as incomplete search. This may eventually lead to loss of property, and even lives because the
entire environment will be taken unawares.
With a metal detector, the metal will be automatically detected and an alarm will be raised, but in this
case, through a GSM cell phone (Grosvenor, 1998).
There is a power supply unit that supplies power to the metal detectors, microcontroller and the GLCD.
A serial data cable interface will be created to establish communication between the microcontroller and the cell
phone. The GLCD acts as a means of communication between the user and the metal detection system. A
multiplexer under the control of the microcontroller is present and it selects the right metal detector port to be
connected to the counter resource of the microcontroller. The microcontroller coordinates all activities in the
system. The metal detectors are responsible for recognising the presence of metals. The AT commands
compatible modem (cell phone) is used to call or send SMS to a stored phone number when a metal has been
detected.
Metal detectors use electromagnetic induction to detect metal. They are used in de-mining (the
detection of land mines), the detection of weapons such as knives and guns, especially at airports, geophysical
prospecting, archaeology and treasure hunting.
In its simplest form, a metal detector consists of an oscillator producing an alternating current that
passes through a coil producing an alternating magnetic field. If a piece of electrically conductive metal is close
to the coil, eddy currents will be induced in the metal, and this produces an alternating magnetic field of its own.
If another coil is used to measure the magnetic field (acting as a magnetometer), the change in the magnetic
field due to the metallic object can be detected.
2. Microcontroller-Based Metal Detection System with GSM Technology
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10118087 www.iosrjournals.org 81 | Page
II. History
The modern development of the metal detector began in the 1930s. Gerhard Fisher had developed a
system of radio direction-finding, which was to be used for accurate navigation. The system worked extremely
well, but Fisher noticed that there were anomalies in areas where the terrain contained ore-bearing rocks. He
reasoned that if a radio beam could be distorted by metal, then it should be possible to design a machine which
would detect metal using a search coil resonating at a radio frequency. In 1937 he applied for, and was granted,
the first patent for a metal detector. However, it was one Lieutenant Josef Stanislaw Kosacki, a Polish officer
attached to a unit stationed in St Andrews, Fife, Scotland during the early years of World War II, that refined the
design into a practical detector. They were heavy, ran on vacuum tubes, and needed separate battery packs
(Wikipedia, 2008).
A microcontroller is a single chip that contains the processor (the CPU), non-volatile memory for the
program (ROM or flash), volatile memory for input and output (RAM), a clock and an I/O control unit. It is also
called a “computer on a chip”.
There is a power supply unit that supplies power to the metal detectors, microcontroller and the GLCD.
A serial data cable interface will be created to establish communication between the microcontroller and the cell
phone. The GLCD acts as a means of communication between the user and the metal detection system. A
multiplexer under the control of the microcontroller is present and it selects the right metal detector port to be
connected to the counter resource of the microcontroller. The microcontroller coordinates all activities in the
system. The metal detectors are responsible for recognising the presence of metals. The AT commands
compatible modem (cell phone) is used to call or send SMS to a stored phone number when a metal has been
detected.
III. Design
Hardware Design
The hardware consists of Metal Detectors, Modem for SMS and Call (cell phone), Graphical Liquid
Crystal Display (GLCD), Microcontroller, Multiplexer for selecting detector ports, Switching devices, Power
Supply Unit (fig 1).
The metal detectors are based on the concept of change of inductance of an inductor which is caused by
mutual inductance with a neighbouring metal or ferromagnetic material. The diagram is shown in fig 2.
The modem is a device that interfaces our metal detection system to a remote using the existing
telecommunication (e.g. GSM) infrastructure. This modem could be any type compatible with the Hayes AT
commands standard.
The GLCD is based on EPSON‟s S1D15G14 colour LCD driver. A cheaply available source of this
LCD is the Nokia 3510i screen. This chip has the ability to realize a stable 12bit colour with onboard LCD
driving voltage generation capability. The LCD can be connected to a microcontroller directly via a serial or
parallel interface. The package we are using uses the serial interface mode. The controller is capable of driving
104 by 82 pixels at 12bits. A single dot of pixel on the screen corresponds to 4 bits on the DDRAM. The block
diagram is shown in fig 3.
This microcontroller is an intelligent manager that coordinates all activities. This includes reading
metal detector, communicating with the modem and a user interface via the menu style buttons. The selection of
the microcontroller was simply based availability. The ideal processor should be able to handle required
throughput of the GLCD, being the most demanding in terms of processing time. This is because of the sheer
amount of data to be clocked in every refresh cycle. The block diagram is shown in fig 4.
The multiplexer under the control of microcontroller selects the right metal detector port to be
connected to the counter resource of the controller. The multiplexer was “realized” from gates combined
together. The realization was done using three NAND gates, three NOT gates and an OR gate. The schematic is
shown in fig 5.
Switching devices are devices used for making or breaking circuits. They are of different types namely;
toggle switch, rotary switch and push button switch. In this project, we used push button switches.
Four push button switches were used and they serve the following purposes:
Menu Button: When this switch is pressed, the menu is displayed on the GLCD. The menus are; call level (call
threshold value), SMS level (SMS threshold value), clear errors, number location SIM.
Zero Button: When this button is pressed, the metal detector coils are zeroed. This is measuring the stable
frequency without any metal change. When there is a change in metal level, there is also a change in frequency.
Up and Down Buttons: These buttons are used for scrolling between the menus.
This project requires three voltage levels namely 12V to power the detector, 3.3Vvolts for the GLCD and 5V for
the digital logic and the microcontroller. The integrity and quality of the power supply to a great deal determine
the stability of components like the microcontroller and a steady image from the GLCD. The voltages are
generated from standard three-terminal fixed and variable voltage regulators. The step down transformer takes
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in an unregulated 220V AC from the wall mains and steps it down to a more manageable 18V. This is in turn
rectified by a regular bridge rectifier and filtered with a 1000uf 25V aluminum oxide electrolytic capacitor. The
12V is generated from a 7812 fixed regulator. 5V is generated from 7805 and the 3.3V from the LM317. The
circuit diagram is shown in fig 6 (Tocci, 2004; Theraja, 2005)
Fig 1: Block Diagram of the Hardware
Fig 2: Metal Detector Schematic
Capacitor, C= 10nF, Number of turns, N=14, Diameter of the coil, D=22cm
Radius of the coil, r = = 11cm, Length of the coil, l=7.4cm = 0.074m
The cross-sectional area of the coil, which is circular, is given by,
, A = π×11² = 380.13cm²=0.038013m²
In accordance with electromagnetic theory, the inductance of an inductor is given by,
L= . Where µ is the permeability of the coil
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, L= = × , ; but =
(Alexander, 2000).
, ,
Fig 3: Block Diagram of GLCD
Fig 4: Pin Diagram of the Microcontroller
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Fig 5: Diagram of Multiplexer with Three Channels
Fig 6: Circuit Diagram of the Power Supply Unit
The DC power supply produces a steady and regulated flow of voltage to all components of the system except
the GSM phone. Fig. 7 shows a block diagram of the component parts and stages of the power supply system.
TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER FILTER REGULATOR
FROM
AC
MAINS
TO
LOAD
Fig 7: Block Diagram of Power Supply Unit
Transformer: The transformer is an electrical device that transforms energy from one circuit to another by
magnetic coupling with no moving parts. A transformer comprises two or more coupled windings or single
tapped winding and in most cases, a magnetic core to concentrate magnetic flux. Transformers are used to
convert between high and low voltages, to change impedance, and to provide electrical isolation between
circuits.
If a time-varying voltage, is applied to the primary winding of turns, a current will flow in it producing a
magneto-motive force ( ). Just as an electromotive force ( ) drives current around an electric circuit,
so drives magnetic flux through a magnetic circuit. The primary produces a varying magnetic flux
in the core, and with an open circuit secondary winding, induces a back electromotive force in opposite to
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. In accordance with Faraday‟s law of induction, the voltage induced across the primary winding is
proportional to the rate of change of flux.
t
p
NpVp
and
t
s
NsVs
. Where,
and are the voltages across the primary and secondary windings.
and are the number of turns in the primary and secondary windings.
and are the derivatives of the flux with respect to time of the primary and secondary
windings.
For the primary and secondary windings to be perfectly coupled, = . Substituting and solving for the
voltages shows that,
Ns
Np
Vs
Vp
.Where, and are voltages across primary and secondary respectively.
and are the number of turns in the primary and secondary respectively.
However, in this project, a 50Hz 220V/18V, step-down transformer is used. Thus, the ratio of the primary
windings to the secondary winding is approximately 12:1.
Rectifier: The rectifier is an electrical device comprising one or more semiconductor devices (such as diodes)
or vacuum tubes arranged for converting alternating current to direct current. When one diode is used to rectify
AC (by blocking the negative or positive portion of the waveform) it is called a rectifier. The difference between
the term diode and the term rectifier is merely one of usage. For example the diode retains its name when used
in DC to block flow of current. Fig.8 shows a typical sinusoidal measuring.
AVV = 0.637 × PV
V = 0.707 × VRMS P
VP
Fig 8: Measuring sinusoidal alternating current
A little algebra can be used to relate root mean square ( ) values to average values:
VpVav 637.0 (1)
VpVrms 707.0 (2)
From 2,
707.0
Vrms
Vp (3)
Substituting the RHS of (3) and (1)
Vrms
Vrms
Vav 9.0
707.0
637.0 (For Full-wave cases)
VrmsVrmsVac 45.0
2
9.0
(For Half-wave cases)
In this work, a full-wave rectifier (bridge rectifier) was used.
Filter: A filter is a circuit used to remove AC components from pulsating DC just after rectification. There are
several filtering techniques used in electronic power supply circuits. In this work, a capacitive filter was used.
Regulator: Various kinds of regulators are used for voltage regulation in electronic power supply circuits. IC
regulator units contain the circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier, control device and overload
protection all in a single IC. IC regulators provide regulation of a fixed positive voltage, fixed negative voltage,
or an adjustably set voltage. For this project, a three terminal IC regulator unit providing regulation of a fixed
positive voltage is used.
Various models of IC voltage regulators exist by virtue of the regulation provided. So, positive voltage
regulators in 7800 series include 7805, 7806, 7808, 7810 and so on. In this project, we used 7805, 7812 and
LM317 since 5V, 12V and 3.3V are required to power the metal detectors, microcontroller and GLCD
respectively.
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Software Design
The software running on the microcontroller was edited compiled and programmed using Mikrobasic
V5.03 integrated development environment. It features a basic-like syntax and a large library for commonly
used peripherals. The programming style is basically a procedural structure with an element of multitasking
used in setting MODEM_DETEC flag (a flag used to signify modem detection). Two user-defined pre-compiled
libraries namely ATLIB.PBAS and NOKIA_3510i_LCD.pbas were used to communicate with the Modem and
GLCD respectively. The code consist basically of four routines namely (Mikro Elektronika ,2007; Anon, 2008)
1. Initialization
2. Metal Find
3. Modem Communicate
4. User Interface
Each of this procedure handle unique aspects as hinted by their names by calling many other set of functions.
The flow chart for the software design is shown in fig 8.
IV. Testing And Results
A scenario was created with a metallic objects brought close to the operational range of the
microcontroller-based metallic detector. It was strongly observed that the metallic object was detected by the
constructed device and the microcontroller sent a message through a data cable to GSM cell phone representing
a stored security number for necessary action . The data cable acts as an interface between the microcontroller
and the cell phone, there is also an interface between the microcontroller and a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD).
Sending this message to the stored security number was made possible by use of a high level language with the
help of a compiler. The programming language used is known as mikrobasic. Test was repeated several times
and the results obtained were very satisfactory.
Fig 9: Flow Chart for the Main Software
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V. Conclusion
A metal detector controlled by a microcontroller with GSM technology been designed .With minimal
cost, a microcontroller based metal detection system with a GSM modem can be constructed with an efficient
performance. If the GSM phone must be put into another use beside its initial use (especially in domestic cases),
it is recommended that the interface between the microcontroller and GSM phone be wireless .
References
[1]. Alexander, C.K. and Sadiku, M.N.O. (2000): Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, McGraw-Hill Companies, USA, Pg. 212
[2]. Anon, 2008: www.bbc.co.uk/coast/programmes/09-john-o-groats-berwick.shtml, 25/09/2008
[3]. Grosvenor, Edwin S. and Wesson, Morgan (1997): Alexander Graham Bell: The Life and Times of the Man Who Invented the
Telephone, Harry N. Abrahms, Inc., New York, USA, Pg. 107. ISBN 0-8109-4005-1.
[4]. Microchip , 2001: www.microchip.com.
[5]. Mikro Elektronika (2007): Programming PIC Microcontrollers in BASIC, www.mikroelektronika.com
[6]. Lorimer and Lechner (1995): The New Webster’s Dictionary of the English Language, International Edition, Lexicon
Publications Incorporated, New York, USA, Pg. 996.
[7]. Theraja, B.L. and Theraja, A.K. (2005): A Textbook of Electrical Technology, Revised 24th
Edition, S. Chand & Company Ltd.,
New Delhi, India, Pg. 2408-2411
[8]. Tocci, R.J., Widmer, N.S. and Moss, G.L. (2004): Digital Systems Principles and Applications, 9th
Edition, Pearson Education,
Inc., New Jersey, USA, Pg 74-77
[9]. Wikipedia 2008:www.en.wikipedia.org, 25/09/2008
Authors Biography
Bourdillon .O. Omijeh holds a B.Eng degree in Electrical/Electronic Engineering, M.Eng and Ph.D Degrees
in Electronics/Telecommunications Engineering from the University of Port Harcourt & Ambrose Alli
University (A.A.U), Ekpoma respectively. His research areas include: Artificial Intelligence, Robotics,
Embedded Systems Design, Modeling and Simulation of Dynamic systems, Intelligent Metering Systems,
Automated Controls, Telecommunications and ICT. He has over thirty (30) technical papers & publications in
reputable International learned Journals and also, has developed over ten(10) application Software. He is a
member, Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineers (MIEEE), Member, Nigeria Society of Engineers;
and also, a Registered Engineer (COREN). He is currently a Senior Lecturer & pioneer HOD, Department of
Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria; and also, a consultant to companies
& Institutions. He is happily married with Children.
Ajabuego, G.O holds a B.Eng and M.Eng degrees in Electrical/Electronic Engineering. His research areas are
Electrical Service design, Power Electronic, Electromagnetic Fields & Waves, Renewable Energy etc. He has
quality Journal articles and publications. He is a member, Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineers
(MIEEE), Member, Nigeria Society of Engineers; and also, a Registered Engineer (COREN). He is currently a
lecturer with wealth of experience in the department of Electrical Engineering, University of Port Harcourt. He
is happily married with Children.
Osikibo, L.T. holds B.Eng in Electrical/ Electronic Engineering, Rivers State University of Science and
Technology, and MSc in Instrument &Control Engr (UK).His research interest is in Telecommunication,
Instrumentation, Control, Automation, Robotics and Mechatronics. He is currently a lecturer in the Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rivers State University of Science and Technology,
Port Harcourt-Nigeria