This is a presentation on the topic of cytology of the breast, prepared by Dr Ashish Jawarkar, he is MD in pathology and a teacher at Parul institute of Medical sciences and research Vadodara.
The lymphatic system consists of organs, ducts, and nodes. It transports a watery clear fluid called LYMPH distributes immune cells and other factors throughout the body.
This is a presentation on the topic of cytology of the breast, prepared by Dr Ashish Jawarkar, he is MD in pathology and a teacher at Parul institute of Medical sciences and research Vadodara.
The lymphatic system consists of organs, ducts, and nodes. It transports a watery clear fluid called LYMPH distributes immune cells and other factors throughout the body.
CSF:
Derived through ultrafilteration and secretion through choroid plexus, produced at the rate of 500 ml/day.
Provides physical support, collects wastes, circulates nutrients and lubricates the CNS.
Normal CSF volumes:
In Adults: 90 - 150 ml
In Neonates: 10 - 60 ml
Total CSF volume is replaced every 5-7 hours.
COLLECTION
Lumbar puncture, Cisternal puncture, Lateral cervical puncture, Shunts and cannulas
Opening pressure – 90-180 mm H2O
Approximately 15-20 cc fluid collected
LAB
REQUIRED
Opening CSF pressure
Total cell count
Differential cell count
Glucose
Total protein
OPTIONAL
Cultures, Gram stain, AFB, Fungal and bacterial
antigens, Enzymes, PCR, Cytology, Electrophoresis,
VDRL, D-Dimers
Hemo: Referring to blood cells
Poiesis: “The development or production of”
The word Hemopoiesis refers to the production & development of all the blood cells
CSF:
Derived through ultrafilteration and secretion through choroid plexus, produced at the rate of 500 ml/day.
Provides physical support, collects wastes, circulates nutrients and lubricates the CNS.
Normal CSF volumes:
In Adults: 90 - 150 ml
In Neonates: 10 - 60 ml
Total CSF volume is replaced every 5-7 hours.
COLLECTION
Lumbar puncture, Cisternal puncture, Lateral cervical puncture, Shunts and cannulas
Opening pressure – 90-180 mm H2O
Approximately 15-20 cc fluid collected
LAB
REQUIRED
Opening CSF pressure
Total cell count
Differential cell count
Glucose
Total protein
OPTIONAL
Cultures, Gram stain, AFB, Fungal and bacterial
antigens, Enzymes, PCR, Cytology, Electrophoresis,
VDRL, D-Dimers
Hemo: Referring to blood cells
Poiesis: “The development or production of”
The word Hemopoiesis refers to the production & development of all the blood cells
types of circulatory system, function of lymphatic system, components of lymphatic system, and explaination of these components, formation of lymph and factors contributing ti n the drainage of lymph, types of lymphoid organ, blood supply of lymphoid organ clinical aspect
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stock
Telegram: bmksupplier
signal: +85264872720
threema: TUD4A6YC
You can contact me on Telegram or Threema
Communicate promptly and reply
Free of customs clearance, Double Clearance 100% pass delivery to USA, Canada, Spain, Germany, Netherland, Poland, Italy, Sweden, UK, Czech Republic, Australia, Mexico, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan.Door to door service
Hot Selling Organic intermediates
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
2. Lymph Nodes in 5 main topics
▪ General Features
▪ Microscopic Features
▪ Lymph and Blood Circulation
▪ Functions
▪ Clinical aspects
3. General Features
Secondary lymphoid organs
Check-posts of Lymphatic vessels
Composed of Lymphatic Tissue
Oval shaped-organ or bean-shaped organ
1 cm in normal dimensions
Less than 100 mg in weight
Concentrated in the Cervical, Axillary, Abdominal and
Inguinal regions
Each with a specific area of drainage
11. CORTEX
The outer zone that consists of densely packed by T- lymphocytes
Highly darkly stained region
Several rounded areas called as Lymphatic nodules or follicles are seen
-each nodule has a paler staining Germinal Centre surrounded by a zone
of densely packed B-lymhocytes.
Enclosed by the Capsule with mainly composed of collagen fibres, some elastic fibres
and some smooth muscles. Below it is the Subcapsular Sinus.
Trabeculae or septa extend into the node from the capsule, dividing it into lobules.
Remaining spaces occupied by the reticular fibres forming a reticular framework in the
cortex. Reticular cells are associated called as fibroblasts.
Hilum is the part of the capsule where blood vessels enter and exit the node
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17. MEDULLA
Surrounded by the Cortex.
Lighter staining zone.
Lymphocytes are fewer than the Cortex.
The lymphocytes present are arranged in the form of anastomosing cords
called Medullary Cords.
Several blood vessels can be seen.
18.
19.
20. Lymph and Blood Circulation
Lymphatic Circulation
Apart from the lymphocytes, the reticular fibres and the reticular cells, the
spaces present are modified to form lymph channels through which Lymph
circulates.
The sinuses are lined by endothelium that permit lymphocyte and
macrophage movement.
1. Lymph enters via the Afferent Lymphatic channels through the convex
surface piercing the capsule entering the subscapular sinus.
2. From this sinus, a number of radial cortical sinuses or trabeculae sinuses
runs to the medulla.
3. When these sinuses reach the medulla, they join to form larger Medullary
Sinuses.
4. These medullary sinuses in turn join to form one or more Efferent Lymph
21.
22. Blood circulation
1. Afferent arteries enter the lymph node at the hilum.
2. They pass through the medulla to reach the cortex where they end in
arterioles and capillaries.
3. These capillaries are arranged in loops that drain into venules.
4. Post -capillary venules in lymph nodes are unusually lined by Cuboidal
epithelium in the place of simple squamous epithelium. These are
therefore called as High Endothelial Venules. This special modification is to
enable the passage of lymphocytes between the bloodstream and the
surrounding tissue due to specialised Tissue Receptors.
23.
24. FUNCTIONS
1. Centres of Lymphocyte production, where both the B–
Lymphocytes and T – Lymphocytes are produced here
from pre-existing lymphocytes. These pass into the
lymph and into the blood stream.
2. Bacteria and particulate matter are filtered from the
lymph by the Macrophages via phagocytosis. These are
then categorised as Antigens which are presented to
the Lymphocytes stimulating their proliferation. THUS,
they act as secondary lymphoid organs.
Thus , they play a very crucial role in Immunity.
25. CLINICAL ASPECTS
1. As they play a key role in immunity, they also tend to get infected
and inflamed. This condition is called as Lymphadenitis.
2. Metastasis {Cancerous cells} spread from the localised regions to
areas which they connect. Pathological examination of the lymph
nodes that are inflamed, can give info about the origin of the
cancer.
3. When the source of cancer is in the lymph node, then it is called
as Lymphoma as it is a cancer of the Lymphoid Tissue
In the above three severe cases, lymph removal or
Lymphadenectomy is performed.