A helpful powerpoint presentation that covers the entire chapter 15 of class 12 NCERT in the form of short bullet points. Extremely informative with pictures and extra information from outside the book to give a more in-depth understanding of the chapter
A constitution is written [class VIII the making of national movement]Nihal Ahmed
This is the detailed summary of topic 'The Constitution Is Written' in the chapter "THE MAKING OF NATIONAL MOVEMENT" of class VIII history. It can be used for project and reference.
The "Minto-Morley Reforms" is a term that blends together two distinct legislative efforts in British India during the early 20th century. While the Minto Reforms of 1909 and the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1919 share similar goals of political reform and representation, they emerged in different historical contexts and had varying impacts on the Indian political landscape. This comprehensive exploration will delve into the intricacies of both sets of reforms, analyzing their origins, provisions, significance, and reception.
**The Context:**
At the turn of the 20th century, India was a crucial colony within the British Empire, comprising diverse cultures, languages, and religions. The British colonial rule faced mounting challenges from Indian nationalists advocating for greater self-governance and representation. The Indian National Congress (INC), founded in 1885, became a prominent platform for articulating Indian aspirations for political reform.
Against this backdrop, Lord Minto, the Viceroy of India from 1905 to 1910, proposed a series of reforms aimed at assuaging Indian demands while maintaining British control. His efforts culminated in the Minto Reforms of 1909.
**The Minto Reforms (1909):**
The Minto Reforms, also known as the Indian Councils Act of 1909, marked a significant departure from previous policies of strict British control. The reforms introduced a limited degree of Indian participation in the legislative process, albeit within a framework that still favored British interests.
* **Expansion of Legislative Councils:** The most notable provision of the Minto Reforms was the expansion of the Imperial Legislative Council and the introduction of legislative councils in the provinces. While these councils remained predominantly advisory in nature, with limited legislative powers, they provided a platform for Indian elites to voice their concerns and influence policy decisions.
* **Separate Electorates:** Another key aspect of the Minto Reforms was the introduction of separate electorates for Muslims, a move intended to address the growing demands of Muslim representation within the Indian political landscape. This provision laid the foundation for communal politics in India, which would have far-reaching implications in the years to come.
* **Limited Franchise:** Despite the expansion of legislative councils, the franchise remained limited, with only a small percentage of the population eligible to vote. This restriction underscored the cautious approach of the British authorities towards democratization in India.
While the Minto Reforms represented a significant step towards Indian political participation, they fell short of meeting nationalist aspirations for full self-government. Nevertheless, they laid the groundwork for further reforms and set the stage for future negotiations between Indian leaders and British authorities.
**The Morley-Minto Reforms (1919):**
The Morley-Minto Reforms, named after Secretary of State fo
A helpful powerpoint presentation that covers the entire chapter 15 of class 12 NCERT in the form of short bullet points. Extremely informative with pictures and extra information from outside the book to give a more in-depth understanding of the chapter
A constitution is written [class VIII the making of national movement]Nihal Ahmed
This is the detailed summary of topic 'The Constitution Is Written' in the chapter "THE MAKING OF NATIONAL MOVEMENT" of class VIII history. It can be used for project and reference.
The "Minto-Morley Reforms" is a term that blends together two distinct legislative efforts in British India during the early 20th century. While the Minto Reforms of 1909 and the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1919 share similar goals of political reform and representation, they emerged in different historical contexts and had varying impacts on the Indian political landscape. This comprehensive exploration will delve into the intricacies of both sets of reforms, analyzing their origins, provisions, significance, and reception.
**The Context:**
At the turn of the 20th century, India was a crucial colony within the British Empire, comprising diverse cultures, languages, and religions. The British colonial rule faced mounting challenges from Indian nationalists advocating for greater self-governance and representation. The Indian National Congress (INC), founded in 1885, became a prominent platform for articulating Indian aspirations for political reform.
Against this backdrop, Lord Minto, the Viceroy of India from 1905 to 1910, proposed a series of reforms aimed at assuaging Indian demands while maintaining British control. His efforts culminated in the Minto Reforms of 1909.
**The Minto Reforms (1909):**
The Minto Reforms, also known as the Indian Councils Act of 1909, marked a significant departure from previous policies of strict British control. The reforms introduced a limited degree of Indian participation in the legislative process, albeit within a framework that still favored British interests.
* **Expansion of Legislative Councils:** The most notable provision of the Minto Reforms was the expansion of the Imperial Legislative Council and the introduction of legislative councils in the provinces. While these councils remained predominantly advisory in nature, with limited legislative powers, they provided a platform for Indian elites to voice their concerns and influence policy decisions.
* **Separate Electorates:** Another key aspect of the Minto Reforms was the introduction of separate electorates for Muslims, a move intended to address the growing demands of Muslim representation within the Indian political landscape. This provision laid the foundation for communal politics in India, which would have far-reaching implications in the years to come.
* **Limited Franchise:** Despite the expansion of legislative councils, the franchise remained limited, with only a small percentage of the population eligible to vote. This restriction underscored the cautious approach of the British authorities towards democratization in India.
While the Minto Reforms represented a significant step towards Indian political participation, they fell short of meeting nationalist aspirations for full self-government. Nevertheless, they laid the groundwork for further reforms and set the stage for future negotiations between Indian leaders and British authorities.
**The Morley-Minto Reforms (1919):**
The Morley-Minto Reforms, named after Secretary of State fo
ZGB - The Role of Generative AI in Government transformation.pdfSaeed Al Dhaheri
This keynote was presented during the the 7th edition of the UAE Hackathon 2024. It highlights the role of AI and Generative AI in addressing government transformation to achieve zero government bureaucracy
Understanding the Challenges of Street ChildrenSERUDS INDIA
By raising awareness, providing support, advocating for change, and offering assistance to children in need, individuals can play a crucial role in improving the lives of street children and helping them realize their full potential
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-individuals-can-support-street-children-in-india/
#donatefororphan, #donateforhomelesschildren, #childeducation, #ngochildeducation, #donateforeducation, #donationforchildeducation, #sponsorforpoorchild, #sponsororphanage #sponsororphanchild, #donation, #education, #charity, #educationforchild, #seruds, #kurnool, #joyhome
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
This session provides a comprehensive overview of the latest updates to the Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards (commonly known as the Uniform Guidance) outlined in the 2 CFR 200.
With a focus on the 2024 revisions issued by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), participants will gain insight into the key changes affecting federal grant recipients. The session will delve into critical regulatory updates, providing attendees with the knowledge and tools necessary to navigate and comply with the evolving landscape of federal grant management.
Learning Objectives:
- Understand the rationale behind the 2024 updates to the Uniform Guidance outlined in 2 CFR 200, and their implications for federal grant recipients.
- Identify the key changes and revisions introduced by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in the 2024 edition of 2 CFR 200.
- Gain proficiency in applying the updated regulations to ensure compliance with federal grant requirements and avoid potential audit findings.
- Develop strategies for effectively implementing the new guidelines within the grant management processes of their respective organizations, fostering efficiency and accountability in federal grant administration.
Russian anarchist and anti-war movement in the third year of full-scale warAntti Rautiainen
Anarchist group ANA Regensburg hosted my online-presentation on 16th of May 2024, in which I discussed tactics of anti-war activism in Russia, and reasons why the anti-war movement has not been able to make an impact to change the course of events yet. Cases of anarchists repressed for anti-war activities are presented, as well as strategies of support for political prisoners, and modest successes in supporting their struggles.
Thumbnail picture is by MediaZona, you may read their report on anti-war arson attacks in Russia here: https://en.zona.media/article/2022/10/13/burn-map
Links:
Autonomous Action
http://Avtonom.org
Anarchist Black Cross Moscow
http://Avtonom.org/abc
Solidarity Zone
https://t.me/solidarity_zone
Memorial
https://memopzk.org/, https://t.me/pzk_memorial
OVD-Info
https://en.ovdinfo.org/antiwar-ovd-info-guide
RosUznik
https://rosuznik.org/
Uznik Online
http://uznikonline.tilda.ws/
Russian Reader
https://therussianreader.com/
ABC Irkutsk
https://abc38.noblogs.org/
Send mail to prisoners from abroad:
http://Prisonmail.online
YouTube: https://youtu.be/c5nSOdU48O8
Spotify: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/libertarianlifecoach/episodes/Russian-anarchist-and-anti-war-movement-in-the-third-year-of-full-scale-war-e2k8ai4
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
2024: The FAR - Federal Acquisition Regulations, Part 37
Hum111 handouts lecture05
1. COMSATS University Islamabad, Virtual Campus
HUM111 Pakistan Studies
Lecture 05 Handouts
Page 1 of 4
Minto-Morley Reforms and Lucknow Pact
Pakistan Movement (Historical Effects of 1909-1940)
Indian Councils Act 19091
(Minto Morley Reforms)
The Indian Councils Act 1909, commonly known as the Morley-Minto Reforms or
Minto-Morley Reforms, was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that
brought about a limited increase in the involvement of Indians in the governance of
British India. The number of members of the legislative council of Governor General and
the Governors of various provinces was increased. Moreover, the powers of Members of
Legislature were increased. They could now, criticize the actions of the executive, ask
questions and even supplementary questions, and express their views by moving
resolutions. Besides, matters of public interest were also discussed in the Legislative
Council.
The following were the main features of the Act of 1909:
▪ The number of the members of the Legislative Council at the Center was
increased from 16 to 60.
▪ The number of the members of the Provincial Legislatives was also increased. It
was fixed as 50 in the provinces of Bengal, Madras and Bombay, and for the rest
of the provinces it was 30.
▪ The member of the Legislative Councils, both at the Center and in the provinces,
were to be of four categories i.e. ex-officio members (Governor General and the
members of their Executive Councils), nominated official members (those
nominated by the Governor General and were government officials), nominated
non-official members (nominated by the Governor General but were not
government officials) and elected members (elected by different categories of
Indian people).
▪ Right of separate electorate was given to the Muslims.
▪ At the Center, official members were to form the majority but in provinces non-
official members would be in majority.
▪ The members of the Legislative Councils were permitted to discuss the budgets,
suggest the amendments and even to vote on them; excluding those items that
were included as non-vote items. They were also entitled to ask supplementary
questions during the legislative proceedings.
▪ The Secretary of State for India was empowered to increase the number of the
Executive Councils of Madras and Bombay from two to four.
▪ Two Indians were nominated to the Council of the Secretary of State for Indian
Affairs.
2. Page 2 of 4
▪ The Governor General was empowered to nominate one Indian member to his
Executive Council.
The Indians were included in the councils, where ultimate decisions were made, of the
India Secretary and Viceroy. Before these reforms, they were excluded from such
assemblies. In fact, a type of consultative body was formed. For the first time, the demand
for a separate electorate was accepted. Constitutional recognition of Separate Electorate
was an excellent achievement for the Muslims. Muslims could now have their
representative members at the Legislative Councils. They were to be elected by Muslims
alone.
The Indians were not satisfied with these reforms. Strict qualifications of property and
education were imposed on the franchise. Consequently, the number of voters was
restricted. Moreover, the system of election was indirect. The members of local bodies
were elected by the people who, in turn, were to elect members of electoral colleges. The
members of electoral colleges were to elect members of Provincial Legislature who, in
turn, were to elect members of Imperial Legislature. To win the support of maximum
factions of the society, the Government wanted to give special representation to the
loyalist classes. In this context, a unique representation was given to landlords, chambers
of commerce and other influential groups. Further, S.P. Sinha, an Indian, was included in
the Viceroy’s Executive Council. However, this act was bitterly criticized by the
Muslims, for they had previously demanded that two Indian members including one
Muslim should be included in the Council. The Government promised to appoint Muslim
the next time. After Sinha’s resignation, Sayed Ali Imam was appointed as a Member of
the Executive council.
Criticism
Demand of responsible government was rejected.
Importance of landlords and industrialists increased which was represented by the
common Indians.
Restricted franchise (Women were not given the right to vote).
Hindu Reaction
The Hindus organized a demonstrative campaign against this act as they were against
separate electorate given to the Muslims. The Congress condemned it and demanded the
withdrawal of separate electorate. However, benefitted as result of the act, the Muslims
warmly welcomed this act mainly due to the provision of separateelectorate for them.
3. Page 3 of 4
Lucknow Pact2
The Lucknow pact is considered as a significant event in the political & constitutional
history of India. It is regarded as an excellent example of Hindu Muslim unity. It was the
first and last pact signed between the Congress and the Muslim league.
Factors Behind the Pact
The relations between the British government and Muslims were tense due to aggressive
and unilateral policies of the British Indian government. The annulment of the partition of
Bengal in 1911 and the British policies in the international system had caused deep
anguish among the Muslims. Thus, the Muslims leaderships decided to change the
strategy of the Muslim league after the annulment of Bengal in 1911.
In December 1912, the Muslim league changed its aim from loyalty to form self-
government suitable to India. However, the League retained the right to modify self-rule
by their needs and requirements. Jinnah arose as a devoted champion of Hindu Muslim
unity; he convinced All India Muslim league to change their policies for the betterment of
India. Muhammad Ali Jinnah in his early career was a member of both the Congress and
the Muslim League and was well known as a man free of any religious prejudice, as well
as a brilliant advocate and debater. In 1915, mainly due to his efforts, both the Muslim
League and the Congress party had their annual meeting in Bombay. At the end of this
meeting, a committee was formed with the intention to sort the shared understanding
between the two communities. The committee prepared a scheme in November 1916.
The planwas approved by both the parties in December 1916 at the respective sessions at
Lucknow.
Jinnah and the Pact
Jinnah (Quaid-e-Azam), in his presidential speech at Lucknow, said: “India’s real
progress can only be achieved by a true understanding and harmonious relations between
the two great communities. About our affairs, we can depend upon nobody but
ourselves.”
The Congress agreed to the right to separate electorate for the Muslims for the first and
last time in the history of the subcontinent. The Hindus conceded that the Muslims would
have one-third representation in the imperial legislative council. A weightage formula
was proposed under which the Muslims would get less representation than their
population in the legislative council in those provinces where they were in the majority
but more in provinces where they were in the minority. Provinces should be given
maximum administrative and financial autonomy. Elections should be conducted by the
general adult franchise. The secretary of the state for India should be given the same
powers as are given to the secretary of state for other colonies. The executive and
Judiciary should remain separate from each other.
4. Page 4 of 4
The Muslim League and the Congress should jointly demand the establishment of
complete self-government in India. The Muslims should be given separate reserved seats
in the legislature with the right of separate electorate. Any resolution affecting a particular
community should require ¾ (75%) majority of the members of that community for its
advancement in any council. All India Muslim League withdrew from the demand that
Muslims were in the majority in the Punjab and Bengal.
Significance (Importance of the Pact)
The Lucknow pact was a great achievement of Hindu and Muslim leaders, who were
successful in offering for the first and last time. It was a mutually acceptable solution of
the Hindu Muslim problem. It appeared to be of particular significance in the history of
India. It was the Quaid-e-Azam, who had always been a staunch supporter of Hindu-
Muslim unity. The scheme provided for a substantial step taken halfway towards the
establishment of self-rule in India which was the central core of the jointly sponsored
scheme of Lucknow Pact. The Congress for the first time accepted the demand of
separate electorate for Muslims. The pact ensured the protection of political rights of
Muslims. Muslim league’s separate status was also accepted. Through this pact, both
parties were able to put a joint demand before the British. It was a give and take a sort of
agreement between both the parties. The Muslims had to pay a big price of losing the
majority in Bengal and Punjab to obtain some concessions. Similarly, it carried great
constitutional significance in the future for many developments. The scheme of
representation of Muslim community in the central and provincial legislatures as
embodied in the Lucknow pact was generally followed in the Montague Chelmsford
reforms 1919.
Khilafat Movement
The Khilafat movement (1919-1924) was an agitation by Indian Muslims allied with
Indian nationalism in the years following World War I. Its purpose was to pressurize the
British government to preserve the authority of the Ottoman Sultan as Caliph of Islam
following the breakup of the Ottoman Empire at the end of the war.
1
http://storyofpakistan.com/minto-morley-reforms
2
https://www.britannica.com/event/Lucknow-Pact