Liberalization is a very broad term that usually refers to fewer government regulations and restrictions in the economy.
Privatization means transfer of ownership and/or management of an enterprise from the public sector to the private sector .It also means the withdrawal of the state from an industry or sector partially or fully.
Globalization implies integration of the economy of the country with the rest of the world economy and opening up of the economy for foreign direct investment by liberalizing the rules and regulations and by creating favorable socio-economic and political climate for global business.
Liberalization is a very broad term that usually refers to fewer government regulations and restrictions in the economy.
Privatization means transfer of ownership and/or management of an enterprise from the public sector to the private sector .It also means the withdrawal of the state from an industry or sector partially or fully.
Globalization implies integration of the economy of the country with the rest of the world economy and opening up of the economy for foreign direct investment by liberalizing the rules and regulations and by creating favorable socio-economic and political climate for global business.
This presentation explains the conditions which led to the introduction of 1991 economic reforms of India, the key features of the reforms and the impact it created on Indian economy.
Disinvestment refers to the action of an organization the government in selling or liquidating an asset or subsidiary. It is also referred to as ‘divestment’ or ‘divestiture.’ In simple words, disinvestment is the withdrawal of capital from a country or corporation. Some of the salient features of disinvestment are:
1. Disinvestment involves the sale of only part of equity holdings held by the Government to private investors.
2. The disinvestment process leads only to dilution of ownership and not a transfer of full ownership. While, privatization refers to the transfer of ownership from government to private investors.
3. Disinvestment is called as ‘Partial Privatization’.
The presentations describes the 1991 Liberalization Privatization Globalization(LPG) model of Indian economy. Following are the topics discussed in the ppt:
Reasons for implementing LPG
Definitions
Advantages
Disadvantages
Disinvestment Commission
Successful privatizations in India
FDI
MNCs
Effects
This presentation explains the conditions which led to the introduction of 1991 economic reforms of India, the key features of the reforms and the impact it created on Indian economy.
Disinvestment refers to the action of an organization the government in selling or liquidating an asset or subsidiary. It is also referred to as ‘divestment’ or ‘divestiture.’ In simple words, disinvestment is the withdrawal of capital from a country or corporation. Some of the salient features of disinvestment are:
1. Disinvestment involves the sale of only part of equity holdings held by the Government to private investors.
2. The disinvestment process leads only to dilution of ownership and not a transfer of full ownership. While, privatization refers to the transfer of ownership from government to private investors.
3. Disinvestment is called as ‘Partial Privatization’.
The presentations describes the 1991 Liberalization Privatization Globalization(LPG) model of Indian economy. Following are the topics discussed in the ppt:
Reasons for implementing LPG
Definitions
Advantages
Disadvantages
Disinvestment Commission
Successful privatizations in India
FDI
MNCs
Effects
Brothers Gas - The leading distributor of LPG In Dubai. Having LPG as a baseline, we produce and distribute Bulk gases, Cylinder gases, and Aerosol Propellant gases.
Emissions during drilling, production storage and LPG Plant OperationMazhar Ali Soomro
It is all about what emissions are? how emissions affect the environment and what are the factors that cause such emissions.
For any assistance: soomromazharali@yahoo.com
Libralization, Privatization and GlobalizationKuneeka
India made LPG reforms in 1991. LPG reforms are also known as liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation reforms. They have transformed the way India as an economy works and opened the country up to the world for trade and commerce.
Get to know more about with the help of above PDF.
It refers to economic reforms introduced in 1991, In India to enhance the productivity and profitability of the economy and to form the economy globally competitive.
Just sharing my efforts makes me feel happy and self-satisfied. Feel free to use my works as your project work at school.
Contact me at @ashmitg132@gmail.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. Objective of LPG Policy
To pull the
country out of
economic crisis. Accelerating the
rate of growth.
3. Reasons for LPG policy
Fiscal deficit was 5.4% of gross domestic product in
1981-82 which rose up to 8.4% in the year 1990-01.
In 1991 amount of interest liabilities rose further to
36.4% of total government expenditure.
Country was moving towards debt trap. Mounting
“Adverse balance of payment(BOP)”
4. Reasons for LPG policy (Cont..)
Fall in foreign exchange reserve.
Rise in prices.
Poor performance of public sector undertakings.
First Gulf war caused spikes in oil prices which
caused a major balance-of –payment crisis for India.
5. Reasons for LPG policy (Cont..)
India asked for $1.8 billion bailout loan from IMF, in
return demanded reforms.
This New Economic Policy was inaugurated by
former prime minister P.V. Narasimha Rao under
the guidance his FM Manmohan Singh.
7. LIBERALIZATION
Several types of controls on
Indian economy(licensing,
price control , financial
control) .
LPG made a bid
to reduce
restrictions on
economy (based
on market
economy)
This Led to
corruption , undue
delays &
inefficiency.
8. ECONOMIC REFORMS UNDER
LIBERALIZATION
•Tax reforms.
•Efforts to ensure
VAT in all states.
•Foreign exchange
reforms.
•Foreign trade policy
reforms.
•Role of RBI shifted
from “a regulator ” to
“a facilitator”.
•FII were allowed to
invest in India.
•Domestic and
international banks
emerged.
• Abolition of licensing.
• De-reservation of
production areas.
• Expansion of production
quantity .
• Freedom to import
capital goods.
INDUSTRIAL
SECTOR
REFORMS
FINANCIAL
SECTOR
REFORMS
FISCAL
REFORMS
EXTERNAL
SECTOR
REFORMS
9. PRIVATIZATION
Privatization is the general process of involving the
private sector in the ownership or operations of a state
owned enterprise.
PRIVATIZATION
outright sale of govt.
Withdrawal of the govt. enterprises ownership &
mangt. from mixed enterprises.
The ownership of PSUs is being gradually sold off to
pvt. Entrepreneurs.
11. Losses due to Privatization
Weaker
section
suffers.
Self interest
supersede
social interest.
12. GLOBALIZATION
Process associated with increasing openness,
growing economic interdependence and deepening
economic integration in the world economy.
Unrestricted flow of goods and services, technology
and expertise among different countries of the world.
14. Positive impact of LPG
Economic activities has picked up and the growth
rate of GDP has shown an impressive increase.
Stimulated industrial production.
Significant increase in govt. revenues and
subsequent decrease in fiscal deficit.
Greater flow of goods and services checked inflation
rate.
15. Positive impact of LPG (Cont..)
Consumer’s sovereignty has widened. substantial
increase in forex reserves.
Flow of pvt. Foreign investment increased.
India has been recognized as emerging super power.
Monopoly markets has been converted into
competitive market.
16. Negative impacts of LPG
Agriculture is totally neglected.
Concentration of growth processes in urban area.
Might be results into Economic colonism.
Consumerism has been increased.
Lopsided growth process.
Cultural erosion.