The document discusses India's economic policies prior to 1991, which involved a mixed economy with inward-looking and interventionist policies that led to inefficiencies. It then outlines the economic difficulties India faced in the late 1980s and early 1990s that necessitated reforms. The New Economic Policy of 1991 liberalized India's economy through delicensing most industries, allowing private sector investment, disinvestment of public sectors, and liberalizing foreign investment and trade. The policy had three main components: liberalization, privatization, and globalization. It aimed to make India's economy more competitive and open to global markets through structural adjustment supported by the IMF and World Bank.

1. Why New Economic Policy 1991 Was
Needed?
 The independence-era Indian economy (from 1947 to 1991) was based on
a mixed economy combining features of capitalism and socialism
 Resulting in an inward-looking, interventionist policies and import-substituting
economy
 The Indian currency, the rupee, was inconvertible and high tariffs and
import licensing prevented foreign goods reaching the market.
 India also operated a system of central planning for the economy, in which
firms required licenses to invest and develop.
 This model contributed to widespread inefficiencies and corruption, and
the failings of this system were due largely to its poor implementation.

2. Some Other Problems Faced Were
 Economic instability/fiscal deficit.
 Gulf war/crisis
 Shortage of foreign exchange reserves.
 Burden of debt/liquidity crisis.
 Inefficient industrial growth.
 Fall in growth rate.
 Inflationary pressure.
 Poor performance of financial sector
The process of economic reforms was need of the
hour and thus was started by the government of India
in 1991 for taking the country out of economic
difficulty and speeding up the development of the
country.

3. The main characteristics of new Economic
Policy
 Delicensing-
Only six industries were kept under licensing scheme.
 Entry to Private Sector-
The role of public sector was limited only to four industries; rest all the
industries were opened for private sector also.
 Disinvestment-
Disinvestment was carried out in many public sector enterprises.
 Liberalisation of Foreign Policy-
The limit of foreign equity was raised to 100% in many activities, i.e. NRI
and foreign investors were permitted to invest in Indian companies.
 Liberalisation in Technical Area-
Automatic permission was given to Indian companies for signing
technology agreements with foreign companies.

4. Contd.
 Setting up of Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB)-
This board was set up to promote and bring foreign investment in
India.
 Promoting the Small Scale Industries-
Various benefits were offered to small scale industries
 Entry of new private and foreign banks.
 SEBI was made the statutory body

5. Components of New Economic Policy
There are 3 major components of economic policy
1. Liberalization
2.Privatization
3.Globalization

6. Liberalization
Liberalisation refers to end of licence, quota and many more
restrictions and controls which were put on industries before 1991.
Indian companies got liberalisation in the following way:
1. Except the six industries , all other kinds of industrial license were
abolished.
2. No restriction on expansion or contraction of business activities.
3. Freedom in fixing prices.
4. Liberalisation in import and export.
5. Easy and simplifying the procedure to attract foreign capital in
India.
6. Freedom in movement of goods and services

7. Liberalization
7. Freedom in fixing the prices of goods and services.
8. Emphasis to be on controlling and regulating
monopolistic, restrictive and unfair trade practices
9. Need for achieving economies of scale for ensuring
higher productivity and competitive advantage in
the international market, the interference of the
government through the MRTP Act was restricted

8. Privatization
 Privatisation refers to giving greater role to private sector and reducing the
role of public sector.
 To execute policy of privatisation government took the following steps:
1. Disinvestment of public sector
i.e. transfer of public sector enterprise to private sector
2. Setting up of Board of Industrial and Financial Reconstruction
(BIFR).
This board was set up to revive sick units in public sector enterprises
suffering loss.
3. Dilution of Stake of the Government.
If in the process of disinvestments private sector acquires more than 51%
shares then it results in transfer of ownership and management to the
private sector.

9. Globalization
 It refers to integration of various economies of world.
 Till 1991 Indian government was following strict policy in regard to import and
foreign investment in regard to licensing of imports, tariff, restrictions, etc.
 But after new policy government adopted policy of globalisation by taking following
measures:
1. Import Liberalisation. - Government removed many restrictions from import of
capital goods.
2. Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA) was replaced by Foreign Exchange
Management Act (FEMA).
3. Rationalisation of Tariff structure
4. Abolition of Export duty.

10. Contd.
5. Reduction of Import duty.
 As a result of globalisation physical boundaries and
political boundaries remained no barriers for
business enterprise. Whole world became a global
village.

11. Impact of Changes in Economic Policy on
the Business
Increasing Competition:
 Because of all round competition companies which could adopt latest technology and which
were having large number of resources could only survive .
 For example, Weston Company which was a leader in Т. V. market with more than 38% share in
T.V. market lost its control over the market because of all round competition from MNCs.
More Demanding Customers:
 Prior to new economic policy there were very few industries or production units.
 Because of product shortage the market was producer-oriented
 But after new economic policy many more businessmen joined the production line and various
foreign companies also established their production units in India.
 As a result there was surplus of products in every sector. Which further resulted in buyer
market.
 The market became customer- oriented and many new schemes were made by companies to
attract the customer.
Rapidly Changing Technological Environment:
 As world class competition started , to stand this global competition the companies needed to
adopt the world class technology.
 To adopt and implement the world class technology the investment in R & D department was
increased.
 Many pharmaceutical companies increased their investment in R and D department from 2% to
12% and companies started spending a large amount for training the employees.

12. Necessity for Change:
 Prior to 1991 business enterprises could follow stable policies for a long
period of time but after 1991 the business enterprises had to modify their
policies and operations from time to time.
Need for Developing Human Resources:
 Indian enterprises were managed by inadequately trained personnel’s.
 New market conditions required people with higher competence skill and
training. Hence Indian companies felt the need to develop their human
skills.
Market Orientation:
 Earlier firms were following selling concept, i.e., produce first and then go
to market
 but now companies started following marketing concept, i.e., planning
production on the basis of market research, need and want of customer.

13. Loss of Budgetary Support to Public Sector:
Prior to 1991 all the losses of Public sector were used to be made
good by government by sanctioning special funds from budgets.
But today the public sectors have to survive and grow by utilising
their resources efficiently otherwise these enterprises have to face
disinvestment.
Export a Matter of Survival:
The Indian businessman was facing global competition and the new
trade policy made the external trade very liberal.
As a result to earn more foreign exchange many Indian companies
joined the export business and got lot of success in that
For example, the Reliance Company, Videocon, MRF etc. got a great
hold in the export market.

14. Effect of new economic policy (positive)
Increase in GDP growth rate.
Increase in foreign direct investment.
Increase in foreign exchange.
Increase in per capita income
Increase in foreign trade.
Increase mobility of factor of production
Outsourcing

15. Effect of new economic policy (negative)
Growing unemployment
Neglect of agriculture
Growing personal disparities
Infrastructural inadequacies
Wide spread poverty
Demonstration effect (luxury goods)
Indian small scale industries badly affected

16. Structural Adjustment Programmes
Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) are economic
policies for developing countries that have been promoted by
the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) since
the early 1980s by the provision of loans conditional on the
adoption of such policies.
They are designed to encourage the structural adjustment of
an economy by, for example, removing “excess” government
controls and promoting market competition as part of the neo-liberal
agenda followed by the Bank.

17. India, in 1991
In 1991, India faced an unprecedented balance of payments
crisis. For almost a decade the government had borrowed heavily
to support an economic strategy that relied on expansionary
public spending to finance growth. From 1980 to 1991 India's
domestic public debt increased steadily, from 36 percent to 56
percent of the GDP, while its external debt more than tripled to
$70 billion.

18. SAP in INDIA
It took a new government, which came to power in June 1991,
to launch India's first comprehensive economic policy reform
program, which the World Bank supported with a $500
million structural adjustment operation (SAL), approved in
December 1991 and closed in December 1993.
 To help India address its immediate balance of payments
crisis and
 To support a broad set of policy reforms aimed at
liberalizing the Indian economy and opening it up to more
competition both from within and abroad.

19. Implementation
The government devalued the rupee by 23 percent, raised
interest rates, and revised the 1991/92 union budget, making
sharp cuts in subsidies and transfers to public enterprises
It abolished the complex system of industrial and import
licensing, liberalized trade policy, and introduced measures to
strengthen capital markets and institutions.
By 1995, India had moved from a regime in which private
investment was not allowed in major economic sectors to one
whose openness to foreign investment compares favourably
with that of most Asian countries.

20. Results
After declining in the first year of the reforms, GDP growth
resumed to 5 percent in 1993/94 and 6.3 percent in 1994/95
Exports increased almost 12 percent. Most important, there was a
surge of foreign investment, which increased almost sevenfold
over projections.

21. References
http://www.preservearticles.com/201107169222/what-are-the-main-features-http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/economics/the-features-of-new-economic-http://www.who.int/trade/glossary/story084/en/
http://www.investorwords.com/6501/economic_policy.html

22. THANK YOU!