Dyspepsia refers to pain or discomfort centered in the upper abdomen. It is a common symptom with various potential causes. The document discusses the definitions, epidemiology, evaluation, and management approaches for different types of dyspepsia including functional dyspepsia and its subtypes of epigastric pain syndrome and postprandial distress syndrome. Testing and treatment are targeted based on alarm features and potential underlying causes, with a focus on lifestyle changes, antisecretory drugs, H. pylori treatment, prokinetics, and other pharmacological and psychological interventions.
Peritonitis is inflammation of the peritoneum lining the abdominal cavity. It is commonly caused by bacterial infection entering the cavity from a perforation or rupture. Clinical presentation includes sudden onset of severe abdominal pain, fever, and tenderness. Investigation involves blood tests, imaging, and diagnostic procedures. Treatment depends on the severity and includes antibiotics, source control surgery if indicated, and intensive post-operative care. Outcomes are predicted by factors like the patient's age, underlying health conditions, severity of infection, and whether the source of infection is cleared.
This document outlines a presentation on the pathophysiology and management of acute abdomen. It begins with definitions of acute abdomen and types of abdominal pain. Pathophysiological mechanisms including luminal obstruction, inflammation, peritonitis, ischemia and non-specific pain are described. Common causes like appendicitis, cholecystitis, bowel obstruction and perforated viscus are listed. Immediately life-threatening diagnoses of perforated viscus, bowel ischemia, ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm and ruptured ectopic pregnancy are highlighted. Clinical assessment techniques and investigations are outlined. Management principles focusing on ABCs, fluid resuscitation and need for surgery in some cases are emphasized in the take-home message.
Small bowel obstruction can occur due to various intraluminal, extramural, or intramural causes that obstruct the lumen. The clinical manifestations include abdominal pain, vomiting, distension, and constipation. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam, abdominal x-rays showing dilated small bowel loops and air-fluid levels. Management depends on the severity and includes supportive care, surgery for complete or strangulated obstructions, or potentially conservative management for some inflammatory causes.
This document provides an overview of abdominal pain, including:
1. It describes the anatomy of the abdominal wall and peritoneum, including the parietal and visceral layers.
2. It defines pain and lists common stimulants of pain including mechanical trauma, heat/cold, chemicals, and radiation.
3. It distinguishes between visceral and somatic pain, noting that visceral pain is diffuse and poorly localized while somatic pain is sharp and well-localized.
4. Causes of abdominal pain are categorized as abdominal, extra-abdominal, systemic dysfunction, or functional/abdominal wall pain. Types of pain including referred pain are also described.
This document discusses irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), defining it as a functional bowel disorder characterized by abdominal pain or discomfort along with changes in bowel habits without any detectable structural abnormality. The prevalence of IBS is 10-20% of the population, more common in females. Potential causes include altered gut motility, visceral hypersensitivity, gut-brain interaction disturbances, and environmental and psychological factors. Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria such as recurrent abdominal pain relieved by defecation and changes in stool frequency or form. Treatment focuses on lifestyle modifications, antispasmodics, antidepressants, and probiotics.
This document discusses dyspepsia, defined as epigastric pain, burning, postprandial fullness, or early satiety. Dyspepsia can be caused by organic diseases like peptic ulcers, GERD, or malignancies. It can also be functional in nature. The evaluation of dyspepsia involves history, physical exam, and testing for H. pylori infection or structural abnormalities. Treatment depends on identified causes, but may include H. pylori eradication therapy, PPIs, or endoscopy.
Dyspepsia refers to pain or discomfort centered in the upper abdomen. It is a common symptom with various potential causes. The document discusses the definitions, epidemiology, evaluation, and management approaches for different types of dyspepsia including functional dyspepsia and its subtypes of epigastric pain syndrome and postprandial distress syndrome. Testing and treatment are targeted based on alarm features and potential underlying causes, with a focus on lifestyle changes, antisecretory drugs, H. pylori treatment, prokinetics, and other pharmacological and psychological interventions.
Peritonitis is inflammation of the peritoneum lining the abdominal cavity. It is commonly caused by bacterial infection entering the cavity from a perforation or rupture. Clinical presentation includes sudden onset of severe abdominal pain, fever, and tenderness. Investigation involves blood tests, imaging, and diagnostic procedures. Treatment depends on the severity and includes antibiotics, source control surgery if indicated, and intensive post-operative care. Outcomes are predicted by factors like the patient's age, underlying health conditions, severity of infection, and whether the source of infection is cleared.
This document outlines a presentation on the pathophysiology and management of acute abdomen. It begins with definitions of acute abdomen and types of abdominal pain. Pathophysiological mechanisms including luminal obstruction, inflammation, peritonitis, ischemia and non-specific pain are described. Common causes like appendicitis, cholecystitis, bowel obstruction and perforated viscus are listed. Immediately life-threatening diagnoses of perforated viscus, bowel ischemia, ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm and ruptured ectopic pregnancy are highlighted. Clinical assessment techniques and investigations are outlined. Management principles focusing on ABCs, fluid resuscitation and need for surgery in some cases are emphasized in the take-home message.
Small bowel obstruction can occur due to various intraluminal, extramural, or intramural causes that obstruct the lumen. The clinical manifestations include abdominal pain, vomiting, distension, and constipation. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam, abdominal x-rays showing dilated small bowel loops and air-fluid levels. Management depends on the severity and includes supportive care, surgery for complete or strangulated obstructions, or potentially conservative management for some inflammatory causes.
This document provides an overview of abdominal pain, including:
1. It describes the anatomy of the abdominal wall and peritoneum, including the parietal and visceral layers.
2. It defines pain and lists common stimulants of pain including mechanical trauma, heat/cold, chemicals, and radiation.
3. It distinguishes between visceral and somatic pain, noting that visceral pain is diffuse and poorly localized while somatic pain is sharp and well-localized.
4. Causes of abdominal pain are categorized as abdominal, extra-abdominal, systemic dysfunction, or functional/abdominal wall pain. Types of pain including referred pain are also described.
This document discusses irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), defining it as a functional bowel disorder characterized by abdominal pain or discomfort along with changes in bowel habits without any detectable structural abnormality. The prevalence of IBS is 10-20% of the population, more common in females. Potential causes include altered gut motility, visceral hypersensitivity, gut-brain interaction disturbances, and environmental and psychological factors. Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria such as recurrent abdominal pain relieved by defecation and changes in stool frequency or form. Treatment focuses on lifestyle modifications, antispasmodics, antidepressants, and probiotics.
This document discusses dyspepsia, defined as epigastric pain, burning, postprandial fullness, or early satiety. Dyspepsia can be caused by organic diseases like peptic ulcers, GERD, or malignancies. It can also be functional in nature. The evaluation of dyspepsia involves history, physical exam, and testing for H. pylori infection or structural abnormalities. Treatment depends on identified causes, but may include H. pylori eradication therapy, PPIs, or endoscopy.
Helicobacter pylori plays a key role in both acute and chronic gastritis. It is the main cause of chronic gastritis and is associated with peptic ulcer disease. H. pylori infection leads to inflammation of the stomach lining through the actions of its virulence factors such as urease, adhesins, and toxins. This weakens the mucosal defenses and increases acid production, contributing to ulcer development. Autoimmune gastritis is characterized by antibodies against parietal cells, reduced acid and intrinsic factor secretion, and vitamin B12 deficiency.
Describes the concept of a surgical abdomen, acute abdominal pain, emergency intervention and approach to management, including the controversial use of analgesic and antibiotics in emergency room.
This document discusses acute abdomen and provides information on evaluating and diagnosing various potential causes. It defines acute abdomen and outlines the challenges surgeons face. A full history, physical exam, and further investigations are needed to make an exact diagnosis. Common differential diagnoses include appendicitis, peptic ulcer disease, cholecystitis, bowel obstruction, pancreatitis, diverticulitis, renal colic, pelvic inflammatory disease, and ectopic pregnancy. Key diagnostic tests include bloodwork, imaging like CT scans, and ultrasound.
This document discusses definitions and classifications of diarrhea. It notes that traditional definitions of diarrhea as 3 or more loose stools per day may not apply to Indian populations, where up to 9% of healthy individuals report 3 or more stools daily. Diarrhea can be classified as acute (<2 weeks), persistent (2-4 weeks), or chronic (>4 weeks). It can also be classified based on volume, pathophysiology (secretory vs. osmotic), and stool characteristics. Evaluating diarrhea involves examining stool for occult blood, white blood cells, fat, and testing pH, electrolytes, and microbiology. Colonoscopy may identify mucosal abnormalities but has a diagnostic yield of only 15-30% for chronic
A 22-year-old woman presents with severe lower abdominal pain. The differential diagnosis includes appendicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, ovarian cyst, and ectopic pregnancy. Given her age, a pregnancy test and pelvic exam are important to evaluate for potential gynecologic causes of her pain.
1. Abdominal pain is a common presenting symptom that can be caused by many intra-abdominal and extra-abdominal processes.
2. A thorough history and physical exam is important to help determine the cause, including assessing location, character, and timing of pain.
3. Differential diagnosis depends on factors like location of pain and patient characteristics, and may include conditions like appendicitis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, or diverticulitis. Laboratory tests, imaging, and other evaluations can help make the diagnosis.
The document provides information on evaluating and diagnosing an acute abdomen. It describes how the causes of an acute abdomen vary by age and include appendicitis, biliary disease, bowel obstruction, and diverticulitis. A thorough history, physical exam, and lab tests are needed for diagnosis. The exam focuses on locating the pain and assessing for peritoneal irritation or inflammation. Common lab tests include complete blood count, electrolytes, and tests to check for conditions like pancreatitis or pregnancy. Imaging studies may also be used to diagnose the specific cause of the acute abdomen.
Chronic pancreatitis is a progressive inflammatory condition of the pancreas characterized by irreversible morphological changes and loss of function. It is most commonly caused by long term heavy alcohol use. Symptoms include recurrent abdominal pain, steatorrhea due to exocrine insufficiency, and diabetes mellitus due to endocrine insufficiency. Diagnosis involves functional tests like fecal elastase and imaging modalities like CT, MRI, ERCP and EUS which demonstrate findings of pancreatic duct abnormalities, parenchymal changes and calcifications.
1. Chronic hepatitis represents liver inflammation that lasts at least 6 months and can range from mild and nonprogressive to severe, leading to cirrhosis.
2. Chronic hepatitis is classified by cause, grade or stage of liver damage, and different types include hepatitis B, C, NAFLD, alcoholic hepatitis, and autoimmune hepatitis.
3. Hepatitis B is further classified into phases including immune tolerant, immune clearance, and inactive or reactivation phases based on viral markers and liver damage.
This document discusses acute and chronic cholecystitis. Acute cholecystitis typically occurs due to gallstone impaction and results in inflammation of the gallbladder. Common symptoms include fever, right upper quadrant pain, and nausea. Diagnosis involves physical exam findings like Murphy's sign along with supportive lab and ultrasound results showing gallstones, thickened gallbladder walls, and pericholecystic fluid. Treatment involves antibiotics, pain medication, and cholecystectomy usually within 3 days. Chronic cholecystitis is due to long-standing gallstones or cholecystoses and results in a thickened, non-functioning gallbladder. Cholecystectomy is the treatment for chronic cholecystitis.
Clinical approach to a patient with abdominal painAbino David
1. This document provides guidance on evaluating a patient presenting with abdominal pain by examining the location of pain, nature of pain, potential causes, and relevant history and physical exam findings.
2. Key aspects of the physical exam include inspection of the abdomen, palpation of organs, percussion to detect fluid, and auscultation of bowel sounds.
3. Differential diagnosis depends on characteristics of pain such as duration, relation to eating, and radiation to other areas. Potential causes range from gastrointestinal conditions to referred pain from other organs.
Acute abdomen is an abdominal emergency that requires prompt evaluation and treatment. Patients often present in the evening with sudden onset abdominal pain within the last 24 hours. A thorough history and physical exam are important to determine the cause, which can include appendicitis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, diverticulitis, perforated ulcer, bowel obstruction, mesenteric ischemia, or ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. Diagnostic testing may include bloodwork, imaging studies like ultrasound or CT scan, and surgery if indicated by the condition. Proper diagnosis and management are needed to prevent complications.
This document discusses abdominal pain, providing information on:
1. Common causes of abdominal pain including conditions like pancreatitis, appendicitis, and diverticulitis. Abdominal pain accounts for 35% of presentations and can be somatic, visceral, or referred.
2. Key aspects of the history including location, aggravating/relieving factors, and risk factors. Special considerations for evaluating elderly patients and children are also outlined.
3. Imaging tests for evaluating common conditions causing abdominal pain and their sensitivities and specificities. Ultrasound, CT, and CTA are discussed.
4. Several case examples are presented to demonstrate differential diagnoses and initial workups for patients presenting with
Chronic gastritis is long-term inflammation of the stomach lining that can be caused by factors like H. pylori infection, medications, alcohol, or diet. It is classified based on etiology (cause), morphology (appearance), and location in the stomach. The OLGA staging system scores and stages gastritis severity based on the degree of atrophy in the antrum and corpus as seen histologically. Treatment involves eliminating the cause, such as treating an H. pylori infection, and managing symptoms.
Peptic ulcer disease causes and treatmentAbu Bakar
Peptic ulcer disease is defined as a discontinuity in the gastric or duodenal mucosa exposed to acid and pepsin secretion. Common causes include H. pylori infection, NSAID use, and stress. H. pylori infection is associated with 95% of duodenal ulcers and 80% of gastric ulcers. NSAID use inhibits prostaglandins, which protect the gastric mucosa. Treatment involves antibiotics to eradicate H. pylori, PPIs to reduce acid secretion, and medications to protect the gastric lining such as sucralfate. Triple therapy with a PPI and two antibiotics is the standard treatment to eradicate H. pylori.
This document defines diarrhea and classifies it as acute, persistent, or chronic based on duration. It then discusses the various causes of acute diarrhea including infectious agents like bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths. Other potential causes mentioned are medications, toxins, diet, ischemia, and psychological stress. The document goes on to discuss specific infectious causes like cholera in more detail, describing the organism, transmission, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. Prevention strategies discussed include education, sanitation improvements, and vaccination.
Acute & Chronic Diarrhea and Constipation: Approach to Management 2 Oct 2017Kemi Dele-Ijagbulu
1. The document discusses acute and chronic diarrhea and constipation in the field of gastroenterology.
2. It covers the epidemiology, classification, mechanisms, and causes of both infectious and non-infectious diarrhea. Common causes include bacterial toxins, medications, lactose intolerance, and irritable bowel syndrome.
3. The evaluation and management of diarrhea is outlined, including hydration, diet modification, and symptomatic treatments like loperamide. Distinguishing infectious from non-infectious diarrhea can guide appropriate treatment.
This document discusses the acute abdomen, including its definition, common causes, symptoms, and physical examination findings. An acute abdomen is any sudden abdominal disorder requiring urgent operation. Common causes include appendicitis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, and bowel obstructions. The history should clarify the location, onset, character, and relieving/aggravating factors of pain. The physical exam involves a full examination with focus on signs confirming or ruling out differential diagnoses.
Helicobacter pylori plays a key role in both acute and chronic gastritis. It is the main cause of chronic gastritis and is associated with peptic ulcer disease. H. pylori infection leads to inflammation of the stomach lining through the actions of its virulence factors such as urease, adhesins, and toxins. This weakens the mucosal defenses and increases acid production, contributing to ulcer development. Autoimmune gastritis is characterized by antibodies against parietal cells, reduced acid and intrinsic factor secretion, and vitamin B12 deficiency.
Describes the concept of a surgical abdomen, acute abdominal pain, emergency intervention and approach to management, including the controversial use of analgesic and antibiotics in emergency room.
This document discusses acute abdomen and provides information on evaluating and diagnosing various potential causes. It defines acute abdomen and outlines the challenges surgeons face. A full history, physical exam, and further investigations are needed to make an exact diagnosis. Common differential diagnoses include appendicitis, peptic ulcer disease, cholecystitis, bowel obstruction, pancreatitis, diverticulitis, renal colic, pelvic inflammatory disease, and ectopic pregnancy. Key diagnostic tests include bloodwork, imaging like CT scans, and ultrasound.
This document discusses definitions and classifications of diarrhea. It notes that traditional definitions of diarrhea as 3 or more loose stools per day may not apply to Indian populations, where up to 9% of healthy individuals report 3 or more stools daily. Diarrhea can be classified as acute (<2 weeks), persistent (2-4 weeks), or chronic (>4 weeks). It can also be classified based on volume, pathophysiology (secretory vs. osmotic), and stool characteristics. Evaluating diarrhea involves examining stool for occult blood, white blood cells, fat, and testing pH, electrolytes, and microbiology. Colonoscopy may identify mucosal abnormalities but has a diagnostic yield of only 15-30% for chronic
A 22-year-old woman presents with severe lower abdominal pain. The differential diagnosis includes appendicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, ovarian cyst, and ectopic pregnancy. Given her age, a pregnancy test and pelvic exam are important to evaluate for potential gynecologic causes of her pain.
1. Abdominal pain is a common presenting symptom that can be caused by many intra-abdominal and extra-abdominal processes.
2. A thorough history and physical exam is important to help determine the cause, including assessing location, character, and timing of pain.
3. Differential diagnosis depends on factors like location of pain and patient characteristics, and may include conditions like appendicitis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, or diverticulitis. Laboratory tests, imaging, and other evaluations can help make the diagnosis.
The document provides information on evaluating and diagnosing an acute abdomen. It describes how the causes of an acute abdomen vary by age and include appendicitis, biliary disease, bowel obstruction, and diverticulitis. A thorough history, physical exam, and lab tests are needed for diagnosis. The exam focuses on locating the pain and assessing for peritoneal irritation or inflammation. Common lab tests include complete blood count, electrolytes, and tests to check for conditions like pancreatitis or pregnancy. Imaging studies may also be used to diagnose the specific cause of the acute abdomen.
Chronic pancreatitis is a progressive inflammatory condition of the pancreas characterized by irreversible morphological changes and loss of function. It is most commonly caused by long term heavy alcohol use. Symptoms include recurrent abdominal pain, steatorrhea due to exocrine insufficiency, and diabetes mellitus due to endocrine insufficiency. Diagnosis involves functional tests like fecal elastase and imaging modalities like CT, MRI, ERCP and EUS which demonstrate findings of pancreatic duct abnormalities, parenchymal changes and calcifications.
1. Chronic hepatitis represents liver inflammation that lasts at least 6 months and can range from mild and nonprogressive to severe, leading to cirrhosis.
2. Chronic hepatitis is classified by cause, grade or stage of liver damage, and different types include hepatitis B, C, NAFLD, alcoholic hepatitis, and autoimmune hepatitis.
3. Hepatitis B is further classified into phases including immune tolerant, immune clearance, and inactive or reactivation phases based on viral markers and liver damage.
This document discusses acute and chronic cholecystitis. Acute cholecystitis typically occurs due to gallstone impaction and results in inflammation of the gallbladder. Common symptoms include fever, right upper quadrant pain, and nausea. Diagnosis involves physical exam findings like Murphy's sign along with supportive lab and ultrasound results showing gallstones, thickened gallbladder walls, and pericholecystic fluid. Treatment involves antibiotics, pain medication, and cholecystectomy usually within 3 days. Chronic cholecystitis is due to long-standing gallstones or cholecystoses and results in a thickened, non-functioning gallbladder. Cholecystectomy is the treatment for chronic cholecystitis.
Clinical approach to a patient with abdominal painAbino David
1. This document provides guidance on evaluating a patient presenting with abdominal pain by examining the location of pain, nature of pain, potential causes, and relevant history and physical exam findings.
2. Key aspects of the physical exam include inspection of the abdomen, palpation of organs, percussion to detect fluid, and auscultation of bowel sounds.
3. Differential diagnosis depends on characteristics of pain such as duration, relation to eating, and radiation to other areas. Potential causes range from gastrointestinal conditions to referred pain from other organs.
Acute abdomen is an abdominal emergency that requires prompt evaluation and treatment. Patients often present in the evening with sudden onset abdominal pain within the last 24 hours. A thorough history and physical exam are important to determine the cause, which can include appendicitis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, diverticulitis, perforated ulcer, bowel obstruction, mesenteric ischemia, or ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. Diagnostic testing may include bloodwork, imaging studies like ultrasound or CT scan, and surgery if indicated by the condition. Proper diagnosis and management are needed to prevent complications.
This document discusses abdominal pain, providing information on:
1. Common causes of abdominal pain including conditions like pancreatitis, appendicitis, and diverticulitis. Abdominal pain accounts for 35% of presentations and can be somatic, visceral, or referred.
2. Key aspects of the history including location, aggravating/relieving factors, and risk factors. Special considerations for evaluating elderly patients and children are also outlined.
3. Imaging tests for evaluating common conditions causing abdominal pain and their sensitivities and specificities. Ultrasound, CT, and CTA are discussed.
4. Several case examples are presented to demonstrate differential diagnoses and initial workups for patients presenting with
Chronic gastritis is long-term inflammation of the stomach lining that can be caused by factors like H. pylori infection, medications, alcohol, or diet. It is classified based on etiology (cause), morphology (appearance), and location in the stomach. The OLGA staging system scores and stages gastritis severity based on the degree of atrophy in the antrum and corpus as seen histologically. Treatment involves eliminating the cause, such as treating an H. pylori infection, and managing symptoms.
Peptic ulcer disease causes and treatmentAbu Bakar
Peptic ulcer disease is defined as a discontinuity in the gastric or duodenal mucosa exposed to acid and pepsin secretion. Common causes include H. pylori infection, NSAID use, and stress. H. pylori infection is associated with 95% of duodenal ulcers and 80% of gastric ulcers. NSAID use inhibits prostaglandins, which protect the gastric mucosa. Treatment involves antibiotics to eradicate H. pylori, PPIs to reduce acid secretion, and medications to protect the gastric lining such as sucralfate. Triple therapy with a PPI and two antibiotics is the standard treatment to eradicate H. pylori.
This document defines diarrhea and classifies it as acute, persistent, or chronic based on duration. It then discusses the various causes of acute diarrhea including infectious agents like bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths. Other potential causes mentioned are medications, toxins, diet, ischemia, and psychological stress. The document goes on to discuss specific infectious causes like cholera in more detail, describing the organism, transmission, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. Prevention strategies discussed include education, sanitation improvements, and vaccination.
Acute & Chronic Diarrhea and Constipation: Approach to Management 2 Oct 2017Kemi Dele-Ijagbulu
1. The document discusses acute and chronic diarrhea and constipation in the field of gastroenterology.
2. It covers the epidemiology, classification, mechanisms, and causes of both infectious and non-infectious diarrhea. Common causes include bacterial toxins, medications, lactose intolerance, and irritable bowel syndrome.
3. The evaluation and management of diarrhea is outlined, including hydration, diet modification, and symptomatic treatments like loperamide. Distinguishing infectious from non-infectious diarrhea can guide appropriate treatment.
This document discusses the acute abdomen, including its definition, common causes, symptoms, and physical examination findings. An acute abdomen is any sudden abdominal disorder requiring urgent operation. Common causes include appendicitis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, and bowel obstructions. The history should clarify the location, onset, character, and relieving/aggravating factors of pain. The physical exam involves a full examination with focus on signs confirming or ruling out differential diagnoses.
This document discusses reproductive tract infections (RTIs) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), their causes and spread, high-risk groups, and the syndromic approach to diagnosis and management. The syndromic approach involves identifying consistent groups of symptoms and signs to diagnose common conditions like vaginal discharge, urethral discharge, and genital ulcers. Patients are treated for the most likely causes, educated on prevention, and partners also receive treatment. While it has advantages like low cost and integrating care, limitations include overtreatment and potential antibiotic resistance. Color-coded drug kits are available for different syndromes.
This document summarizes an approach to diagnosing and treating cases of genital ulcers. It begins with definitions of genital ulcers and their etiologies, which can be sexually transmitted or non-sexually transmitted infections. It then describes three approaches: traditional clinical, laboratory-assisted, and syndromic management. The syndromic management approach diagnoses based on symptoms and signs and treats for the most common causes. Advantages include being fast, effective, inexpensive and allowing single-dose treatment. Limitations include potential over-treatment. Guidelines for taking history, examination, investigations, and treating common causes like herpes, syphilis, chancroid, and donovanosis are provided.
This document discusses the various causes of abdominal pain, which can be categorized as visceral, parietal, referred, vascular, metabolic, neurogenic, or psychogenic pain. Visceral pain results from internal organ dysfunction and is dull and diffuse. Parietal pain involves inflammation of the abdominal wall and is sharp and localized. Referred pain occurs when another organ is the source of pain that is perceived elsewhere in the abdomen. Acute abdominal pain is often surgical and can result from inflammation, perforation, or obstruction, while chronic abdominal pain has causes such as retroperitoneal disorders, psychological factors, spinal issues, or metabolic conditions. Constant abdominal pain may indicate malignancy, pancreatitis, infection, or functional disorders.
1. Evaluation of acute abdominal pain is challenging but recognition of life-threatening causes is important. Abdominal pain accounts for 10% of emergency department visits.
2. Abdominal pain originates from three pathways: visceral pain from organ distension or stretching, parietal pain from inflammation or stretching of the abdominal wall, and referred pain felt distant from the source.
3. A thorough patient history regarding pain onset, location, characteristics, and exacerbating/relieving factors can help identify potential causes like appendicitis, perforated ulcer, or pancreatitis. Sudden severe pain requiring waking from sleep indicates a serious problem like perforation or ischemia.
Diagnosis And Management Of Acute Abdominal PainDimitri Raptis
This document discusses the diagnosis and management of acute abdominal pain (AAP). It defines AAP and lists some of the most common causes. Over 1000 causes exist and the initial diagnosis is inaccurate in 20-40% of cases. A thorough history, physical exam, and selective use of basic blood tests and imaging studies are important for diagnosis. Early laparoscopy may help diagnose unclear cases and prevent unnecessary laparotomies. Proper initial management focuses on resuscitation, analgesia and seeking senior help to guide further evaluation and treatment.
Erectile dysfunction is caused by problems with blood flow to the penis, nerve signals in the body, hormone levels, or psychological issues. During arousal, signals from the brain cause blood vessels in the penis to widen and let in more blood, making the penis hard. The veins are then compressed to maintain the erection. Common causes of erectile dysfunction include diseases like diabetes or damage to the nerves, blood vessels, muscles, or tissues of the penis. A doctor can diagnose erectile dysfunction through a medical history, physical exam, and tests. Treatments may include oral medications, counseling, injections, devices, or surgery.
Stomach pain is typical for those suffering from an insufficiency stomach. It is possible to take regular painkillers to lessen the discomfort. If someone experiences an unexpected stomach ache, they must consult a physician to determine the cause and prescribe medication.
Homeopathy strengthens the immune power of female and help to overcome the pain quickly. Homeopathic remedies can help ease the pain of menstrual cramps naturally
Pelvic pain can be caused by a wide range of conditions affecting the reproductive, urinary, digestive, and musculoskeletal systems. Some common causes of pelvic pain include appendicitis, irritable bowel syndrome, ovarian cysts, uterine fibroids, endometriosis, urinary tract infections, kidney stones, sexually transmitted diseases, and scar tissue formation. Chronic pelvic pain lasting over 6 months may interfere with daily life and requires diagnosis and treatment from a doctor to identify the underlying cause and provide appropriate treatment.
This document discusses different types of abdominal pain, their causes, and methods for relieving them. It describes heartburn caused by stomach acid backing up, which can be relieved by diet changes and over-the-counter antacids. Stomach cramps are discussed as being caused by stress, food poisoning, or irritable bowel syndrome, and relieved by diet and avoiding triggers. Lower abdominal pain has several potential causes and should be evaluated by a doctor. Period cramps are also covered as a common cause of abdominal pain for many women.
A peptic ulcer is a sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum caused by bacteria called Helicobacter pylori or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like aspirin. Symptoms include a burning pain in the gut that occurs a few hours after eating and keeps people awake at night. Treatment involves antibiotics to kill H. pylori bacteria and proton pump inhibitors or histamine blockers to reduce stomach acid. Following treatment, lifestyle changes like quitting smoking and limiting NSAID use can help prevent ulcers from returning.
Unravel the mystery of right upper quadrant (ruq) abdominal painHealth Club Finder
The document discusses right upper quadrant abdominal pain, including the anatomy of the abdominal quadrants and major organs located in each quadrant. It then describes various diseases that can cause right upper quadrant pain, such as hepatitis, cholecystitis, GERD, kidney issues, pancreatitis, liver abscess, shingles, gastritis, and peptic ulcers. The document also outlines how these conditions are diagnosed through tests and their typical treatments.
All about abdominal pain, what they areAhmed Hamed
The abdomen contains many of the body's major organs. Abdominal pain can have various characteristics and be caused by a wide range of diseases affecting the organs in the abdomen. It is important to describe the location, type, and any accompanying symptoms of abdominal pain to help doctors determine the potential cause. Tests like blood work, imaging scans, and endoscopies may then be used to diagnose conditions linked to abdominal pain such as problems with the liver, intestines, kidneys, or stomach.
Piles, also known as hemorrhoids, are swollen veins and muscle around your anus or in your anal canal. Your anal canal is a short, muscular tube with blood vessels that connects your rectum (back passage) with your anus. Piles can develop when this tissue around the rectal vain becomes swollen, possibly as a result of straining on the toilet. Sometimes, piles can be painful and bleed if the rectal vain get ruptured.
Piles are also common during and after pregnancy. They may develop due to changes in the hormones (chemicals) in your body and the increased pressure in your abdomen (tummy). They usually get better once the baby is born.
You can get piles at any age, but they’re most common in people aged between 45 and 65. It’s difficult to know exactly how many people get piles
common problems associated with pregnancy by Sailaja Reddy, M.Sc.(N), PGDHM, ...9000965812
The document discusses common problems experienced during pregnancy such as heartburn, morning sickness, fatigue, frequent urination, constipation, back pain, stretch marks, gestational diabetes, high blood pressure, dental issues, headaches, severe vomiting, pelvic pain, piles, swollen ankles and fingers, tiredness, vaginal bleeding, discharge and cramping. It provides information on causes and treatments for these issues. Specific conditions covered in more detail include indigestion, morning sickness, hyperemesis gravidarum (severe nausea and vomiting), frequent urination, constipation, back pain, stretch marks, gestational diabetes and high blood pressure.
Get the best homeopathy medicines for painful bleeding, non-bleeding, external and internal piles,Fissure & Fistula which can avoid surgery and gives a permanent cure to piles.Visit Multicare Homeopathy
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The document outlines a treatment plan for ulcers, including medications to take (ranitidine, omeprazole, amoxicillin), avoiding certain exercises and foods, quitting smoking, following up with a doctor, and seeking immediate care for severe symptoms like abdominal pain or bloody vomit. Exercise is recommended but to avoid straining the abdomen. The patient should reduce stress, not stop medications without consulting their doctor, and contact their doctor if symptoms worsen or new ones arise.
Constipation symptoms can be caused by a variety of factors including diet, medication, lifestyle, travel, pregnancy, and underlying medical conditions. The medical definition of constipation is having less than three bowel movements a week, but patients may experience it differently through hard stools, infrequent bowel movements, or pain with defecation. Managing constipation symptoms involves eating a high fiber diet, staying hydrated, exercising regularly, and establishing a routine toilet schedule in order to prevent more serious issues like hemorrhoids.
This document provides information about appendicitis, including its symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It begins by explaining what the appendix is and some of the most common causes of appendicitis. The main symptoms of appendicitis are then outlined, such as pain in the lower right abdomen that worsens with movement. For diagnosis, doctors will perform examinations and tests like blood tests, urine tests, and imaging scans. The standard treatment is an appendectomy, or surgery to remove the appendix, which can be done via traditional open surgery or less invasive laparoscopic surgery. Post-operation recovery tips and potential alternative pain relief methods are also mentioned.
Homeopathic treatment for gastritis is beneficial in preventing the development of sores and ulcers in the stomach lining. The aim of homeopathic medicine for gastritis is not only to treat gastritis but to treat its underlying cause.
Persistent abdominal pain in men, what happend?walterHu5
This document discusses common causes of abdominal pain in men, including urogenital infections, prostate diseases, acute pain, and urethritis. Urogenital infections like epididymitis and prostatitis are a leading cause and can result from lack of treatment. Prostate diseases are also common and cause reflex pain. Acute abdominal pain is dangerous and may indicate issues with intra-abdominal or extra-abdominal organs. Urethritis due to bacteria can lead to abdominal pain if left untreated. The document recommends avoiding high-fat foods, abdominal breathing, and resting for abdominal pain relief.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
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1. Lower Abdominal Pain Guide
Lower abdominal pain is oftentimes termed as
abdominal cramps in fact it is often from the digestive
elements of the human body. There are several reasons
for this pain and also the distinct section of the body in
pain works well for determining them. There are
numerous tests which might be conducted to ascertain
the different reasons behind this pain and a number of
the major causes are discussed below.
By
http://lowerabdominalpainguide.com
2. What is Lower Abdominal Pain?
Lower abdominal pain is reports of pain that is located on the lower part of the
abdominal area. The abdomen is divided in to four sections; think of diving the entire
abdominal region into 4 namely the upper and the lower right abdomen and the
upper and lower left abdomen. Hence, pain experienced on the lower abdomen
would be more accurately described (in terms of location) as pelvic pain.
Pain may be characterized as acute pain or chronic pain and may be further
described as stabbing, piercing, numbing or even shooting pain. If you are suffering
from lower abdominal pain, it is important to learn about the many causes of this
type of pain to get the most accurate treatment. It is estimated that almost all people
will suffer from lower abdominal pain at some point of their lives and accurate
diagnosis is needed to determine the cause of this type of pain. Here are common
causes of lower abdominal pain:
Appendicitis
The appendix is a pouch that projects from the right side of your colon; it has no
purpose however it can cause severe problems. It may infect, become filled with pus
and become very painful. The pain is located on the lower right abdomen but may
radiate to the other parts of the abdomen as well. The pain may be tolerable but may
increase in just several hours. Only surgical removal of the appendix will treat the
pain.
Inflammation of the bladder
Inflammation of the bladder is usually due to a bacterial infection. The infection
causes severe lower abdominal pain and may last until the infection has subsided.
Bladder infections need to be treated immediately to prevent the spread to the
kidneys.
3. Obstruction of the intestines
Food and liquids may obstruct a portion of the intestines keeping food, liquids and
gas from exiting the colon. This blockage leads to infection and inflammation and
the only way to get rid of the blockage is surgery. Certain conditions may also cause
blockage like hernias and intestinal tumors; these cause severe pain, discomfort and
other gastrointestinal symptoms.
Endometriosis
Endometriosis is a disorder in women in which the inner lining of the uterus or the
endometrium grows outside the organ; this condition may also involve the ovaries
and the tissues of the pelvis. The endometrium still function normally and thus
thickens and sheds monthly however the tissues cannot exit the body and thus leads
to irritation of the walls of the pelvis leading to pain especially during the woman’s
monthly period.
Ovulation pains
Normal periods of ovulation could also cause slight pain and could either be on the
right or the left side of the lower abdomen signalling which ovary has released the
egg. Pain is manageable and often does not need treatment.
Problems with Ectopic pregnancy
Ectopic pregnancy, bleeding and other problems with pregnancy can lead to lower
abdominal pain in women. Any pains or bleeding during pregnancy and after
delivery should be consulted right away to your doctor.
4. Lower Abdominal Pain in Men
Factors lower pain inside the Lower Abdomen that face men
Kidney Stones: Irregular and huge kidney stones may cause bleeding, kidney
infections or block the urine drainage thereby causing stasis. Thus, the presence of
these stones can often men feel acute pain from the lower abdomen. Besides
vomiting and nausea, the presence of kidney stones can make men feel the urge to
urinate more frequently and in addition experience a burning sensation during
urination.
Irritable Bowel syndrome: Men experiencing irritable bowel syndrome often
experience pain in the reduced abdomen along with alternating diarrhea and
constipation. The reality that irritable bowel can be a chronic condition taking
medical help and eating a suitable diet can help ease the signs of this syndrome.
Appendicitis: The fact that appendicitis can tend to inflame and accumulate pus,
men being affected by this problem often experience pain around their belly button
which later migrates on the lower abdomen. In fact, when the appendicitis becomes
worse and isn't removed, men will find it challenging to walk, cough or move
comfortably. Thus, consulting your medical professional immediately is strongly
suggested if you happen to be experiencing these symptoms.
5. Bladder Infections: Men that suffer from bladder infections are highly in a chance
of struggling with pain within their lower abdomen. The simple fact that
transmissions are usually accompanied with painful urination and fever, treating
these with antibiotics is imperative prior to the infection gets worse and affects your
kidneys.
Semi Vesiculitis: The pain in lower abdomen in men can be caused on account of
inflammation on the reproductive organs. Semi Vesiculitis is a such condition that is
due to an inflamed prostrate or by prostatitis.
Abdominal Muscle Spasm : The abdominal muscle spasm is basically the
contraction of the muscle around the stomach which is happening involuntarily and
in powerful way. When the spasm happens, the muscle will be tender and stiff,
especially if you are applying a certain pressure on the abdominal area.
Symptoms of Lower Abdominal pain of males
If your pain in the lower abdomen gone through by men is severe, it is almost
always linked to these following symptoms.
- If a man is suffering from high fever, it suggests inflammation.
- Inability of a man to pass stool or keep food down for a lot of days.
- If he or she is vomiting or possibly experiencing unusual or painful urination.
- If your abdomen strong is tender to the touch.
- This within the lower abdomen will not heal even with several days.
6. Treating Lower Abdomen Pain that face men
One of the most common methods of treating pain within the lower abdominal pain
is by taking pain medications. However, taking pain medications with meals is highly
far better to prevent these medications because any type of unpleasant
gastrointestinal unwanted side effects.
Home Cures for Relieving Pain From Lower Abdomen
- Locating a warm compress like heat pad or warm water bottle around the area
affected to get a short while can help ease pain from the lower abdomen into a
degree.
- The simple fact ginger helps provide instant reduced lower abdominal pain,
combine one teaspoon of fresh lemon juice with equal quantity of grated ginger and
have a combination after your family meal.
- Drinking hot water also helps to ease pain on both the left and right side of the
abdomen.
- Soak in a tub of hot water for around 10- a quarter-hour. This will aid relax the
muscles, thereby helping reduce abdominal pain.
- Mixing fresh juice with water is a great natural solution for reducing lower
abdominal pain.
- In case you one particular men who suffer from abdomen pain as a result of gas,
our recommendation is that avoid eating fried foodstuffs, citrus fruits or are drinking
alcoholic beverages or carbonated beverages.
- Spend time at the fringe of the bed or on the chair and position a pillow in your lap.
Now, hug the pillow as you bend your body at the front. This may reduce pain and
ease ab muscles to some large degree.
7. The above mentioned listed therapies are just a few of the most practical and
effective remedies that will help heal lower abdominal pain in males. However, if
these remedies don't give any relief seeking immediate medical assistance as soon as
possible can significantly help in assisting you get the most suitable treatment
required for stopping painful lower abdomen successfully.
8. Lower Abdominal Pain in Women
Abdominal pains happen to anyone and while most of us ignore this symptom, acute
abdominal pain in women should never be overlooked. Acute lower abdominal pain
in women may be a sign of something more severe so take time to get to know your
symptoms and find out how to deal with this type of pain:
For nonpregnant women
1. As soon as you feel pain over your lower abdominal region, take note of its
intensity, its severity and if the pain may be reduced by positioning or by walking. It
will also be better if you would also note when it happened and remember any
activity you did or anything you ate to develop such symptom.
2. Note all other symptoms aside from your abdominal pain. Lower abdominal pain
in women may also be accompanied by headaches and fullness of the breasts when
her period is due (as a part of her monthly cycle). Other symptoms may be radiating
pain on other areas of the abdomen and at the back especially in bladder infections
and kidney infections, fever, weakness and be mindful of your urine. Persistent lower
abdominal pain in women accompanied by blood in the urine may be signs of kidney
stones in the bladder.
9. 3. Take a pain reliever if pain persists; over-the-counter medications for pain will do
but be careful of side effects. Some medications for pain may have gastrointestinal
side effects so take these with water.
4. If pain persists, consult your doctor immediately. For pain that is accompanied by
other symptoms go to your nearest emergency clinic or call for help immediately.
5. For bleeding and pain, as you wait for help, lie down and raise your feet using
pillows to be placed on the bottom of your legs. This will help control bleeding as
you wait for help.
For pregnant women:
Take note of the pain and the intensity, frequency and other symptoms that you
have. Check for vaginal bleeding, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or blood in urine.
Do not take any pain medications or other herbal remedies. These may not be good
for pregnant women. Stick to placing warm compress on the area or a warm electric
blanket.
Call for help immediately or have a friend or family member rush you to a hospital
immediately. If you will wait for help or an ambulance to pick you up, lie down with
your legs up using pillows under your legs. Be sure to monitor your pains and to
check for bleeding time and again.
Keep warm and do not move or lift anything. You may also lie down on your right
side to help improve the circulation of blood to your baby.
Remember: pregnant or non-pregnant women should never overlook abdominal pain
and any symptoms which accompany pain. Chronic pain on the other hand needs
expert help too and must be consulted especially for chronic and recurring lower
abdominal pain in women.
10. Left Lower Abdominal Pain
There are significant organs and tissues that are found on the lower left abdominal
area which can cause lower left abdominal pain. This type of pain may be due to the
inflammation or irritation of any of these organs and pain could be acute to chronic
or may be mild to severe. Organs and tissues that are located in this area are the
sigmoid colon, a part of the large bowel called the descending colon, a part of the
urinary bladder, the lower end of the left kidney, the left ovary in women, large
blood vessels, muscles and skin that covers the abdominal wall.
Here are the most popular causes of lower left abdominal pain:
Obstruction in the bowels
Foods, liquids or tumors may cause blockage of the colon specifically on the left side
of the colon. Pain is due to the inflammation of the walls of the colon as food, liquids
and gas accumulate on the other side. Aside from cramping pain there is also
abdominal distension, nausea and vomiting. Due to the obstruction, there will be no
passage of gas and feces and this may lead to severe complications and infections.
Rupture of aneurysms
The largest blood vessel passes through the abdominal cavity and this carries
oxygenated blood from the heart to the lower part of the body. Aneurysms found in
the aorta usually develop without any symptoms and rupture causing severe pain on
the left lower part of the abdomen which may also radiate to the central part of the
abdominal area. A person who suffers from this condition may suddenly collapse;
lose consciousness as his blood pressure drops. Immediate medical attention is
needed.
11. Chronic constipation
Constipation may be due to so many factors and when it becomes chronic and
involves the left part of the colon there will be dull lower left abdominal pain. There
will also be other symptoms like a feeling of being bloated, a distended abdomen and
in chronic conditions, weight loss is also possible.
Ectopic pregnancy
Pregnancy that develops outside the uterus is called ectopic. During the initial stages
of pregnancy there are hardly any unusual symptoms except for the usual symptoms
of pregnancy like dizziness, headaches and cravings. As the ectopic pregnancy
develops there is lower left abdominal pain if the fetus develops on the left tube or
the outer left part of the uterus and there may also be massive bleeding and blood
loss as the fetus ruptures tissues and major blood vessels leading to the uterus. Any
signs of bleeding and pain during pregnancy should be consulted to your doctor
immediately.
Hernia
A hernia is the abnormal movement of the part of the bowel through an abnormal
opening in the wall of the abdomen. As the colon moves to a different area inside the
abdominal wall, this causes irritation and pain and if the hernia happens in the lower
left side of the abdomen then there will surely be left lower abdominal pain.
Lower Abdominal Pain and Peeing A Lot
Usually known as abs pain, the lower abdominal pain and peeing a lot is mainly
associated with the various digestive parts of the human body. Even though there
can be numerous causes, the diverse areas of pain offers numerous clues on the
likely causes of the abdominal pain.
12. Right Lower Abdominal Pain
Although all parts of the body are significant for the general welfare of the body,
however the right side of the abdomen is particularly important because it contains
a number of vital organs. These include the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, right kidney,
right adrenal gland, appendix, abdominal muscles and skin on the right side of the
body. In women, besides all this, right ovary and right fallopian tubes are also
present. Any problem that occurs in any of these organs can lead to right lower
abdominal pain. There may be some other reasons behind right lower abdominal
pain. The most likely are disorders in the lower right lung, bowel cancer and spread
of tumors elsewhere in the body.
List possible causes of right lower abdominal pain
Reason 1: If the pain starts either in the upper abdomen or around the navel, and
radiates more to the right lower abdomen, then the most likely cause is appendicitis.
It is the inflammation of the appendix, usually caused by a bacterial infection.
Cause 2: hard deposits of phosphates and urates in the kidneys are called kidney
stones. Cause acute pain. Therefore, the presence of kidney stones in the right
kidney is another major cause of lower right lower abdominal pain. There can be a
number of other accompanying symptoms. These are vomiting, nausea and bleeding
in the genitals.
Cause 3: If sore throat or cold is followed by the right lower abdominal pain, then in
most cases, mesenteric lymphadenopathy diagnosed the cause. The pain is similar to
appendicitis. However, differs from appendicitis since no observed loss of appetite.
Cause 4: In women of childbearing age, if pain right side lower abdomen
accompanied by vaginal bleeding, pain in the shoulder tips, dizziness and weakness,
ectopic pregnancy can be one of the most common causes. It occurs when the
zygote implants outside the uterus, in any other parts of the body, such as one of the
fallopian tubes. It results in miscarriage within 8-12 days.
13. Cause 5: Gallstones are another common cause of right lower abdominal pain.
Sometimes, you get caught or in the gallbladder or draining channels. It may be
accompanied with vomiting and dizziness. Generally, the pain on the right side of the
abdomen, radiating to other parts of the body such as the back, neck and right arm.
Cause 6: One of the most common causes of stomach pain on the right side is the
hernia. Is the bulge or protrusion of a structure or muscle? If it occurs in any of the
organs present in the right side of the abdomen, causing pain, ranging from mild to
severe. The other noticeable symptoms may be vomiting, abdominal distension
complete or partial bowel obstruction.
Cause 7: Another major cause of right abdominal pain is cholecystitis. Commonly
found to occur in older people, with more than 40 years of age. Cholecystitis is
inflammation of the gallbladder. Is one of the complications associated with
gallstones? Patients with severe pain may need to undergo surgery to complete
treatment.
Cause 8: A rare cause of right lower abdominal pain is bowel cancer. He diagnosed
the cause in those patients who have been suffering from chronic abdominal pain,
change in bowel habits, loss of appetite, weight remarkable. A good tip would be that
you should immediately consult a psychologist if you have any of these symptoms.
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