This document discusses the declining ore grades in Australian mines and the implications for processing routes and energy consumption. As ore grades decrease over time, the energy required for mining and processing increases significantly. Processing routes like heap leaching and direct smelting consume less energy than routes involving concentration and smelting, especially for lower grade ores. The optimal processing route depends on the ore grade and characteristics. Overall, declining ore grades will continue to drive up energy needs for metal production in Australia and globally.