The document traces the genealogy of Muhammad through 51 generations starting with Adam. It lists the names of individuals and who their father was (e.g. Adam, father of 2. Sheeth, father of 3, etc.). The lineage includes biblical figures such as Noah, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and Jesus. It ends with Muhammad as the 51st generation.
Here is the timeline with the requested information:
1519 - Hernando Cortes
- Explored Mexico
- Conquer land for Spain
- Defeated the Aztec Indians and took over Tenochtitlan, found wealth
1528 - Panfilo de Narvaez
- Explored Florida coast
- Claim lands for Spain
- Shipwrecked by hurricane, many men died fighting Native Americans
- Survivors made rafts and landed in Galveston Island
1539 - Cabeza de Vaca
- Explored west Texas through desert
- Find village of adobe homes
- Remained as slave and medicine man with Karankawas for 8 years
This document provides definitions and summaries of key terms and events related to the early exploration of North America by Europeans between the 15th and late 17th centuries. It describes expeditions led by major explorers like Columbus, Cortes, Pineda, Narvaez, Cabeza de Vaca, Coronado, De Soto, Onate, La Salle, and De Leon into areas that would become Mexico, the Gulf Coast, and Texas. These expeditions claimed the lands for Spain and other European powers and led to increased colonization and conflict with native populations.
This document appears to be a genealogical record tracing lineages back from Frankish kings and the House of Plantagenet in France and England. It begins with biblical figures like Adam and Eve and Noah, then lists royal dynasties including the kings of Troy, the Cimmerians, Sicambri, Franks, early kings of France, and the House of Plantagenet in Anjou and England from the 11th to 13th centuries. It also includes some branches of the Scottish clan Mackenzie tracing back to the 15th century.
1. The document describes several notable individuals from Latin American history, including indigenous religious leaders who worked to preserve native traditions, those who resisted Spanish rule, and figures involved in the Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Inca empires.
2. Hernan Cortes led the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire in Mexico in the 1520s, defeating the Aztec ruler Montezuma and establishing Spanish rule.
3. Francisco Pizarro led the Spanish conquest of the Inca empire in Peru in the 1530s, defeating the Inca ruler Atahualpa through deception and establishing a Spanish colonial administration led by himself.
The document summarizes the early exploration and settlement of North America by various European powers including the Dutch, French, and English from the 15th-17th centuries. It discusses early English fishing and trade with Native Americans on the coasts in the 1500s. It then focuses on the English settlements at Roanoke from 1584-1590, Jamestown in 1607, and the leadership of figures like Captain John Smith and Peter Stuyvesant during the Dutch colonization of New York in the 1600s.
The Romans conquered the Iberian Peninsula beginning in 218 BC, dividing it into Hispania Ulterior and Hispania Citerior. From the 5th to 8th centuries, Germanic tribes invaded while Muslims conquered from the 8th to 15th centuries. The Reconquista by Christian forces began in 722 AD. The Hapsburgs ruled Spain in its Golden Age during the 16th-17th centuries, expanding its global empire through conquistadors like Hernan Cortes, who led the conquest of the Aztec Empire in Mexico. However, costly wars bankrupted Spain, leading to its decline as an independent Catalonia, Naples, and Portugal revolted in the 1640s.
This document provides a brief overview and introduction to Spain, including its flag, coat of arms, anthem, geography, history, culture, food, famous people, companies and inventions. Key facts noted are that Spain's flag represents passion and tortilla, its anthem has no official lyrics, its history involved reconquering land from Muslims and losing colonies, and it is known for siestas, Spanish cuisine and wine, and influential figures like artists, athletes and chefs.
Here is the timeline with the requested information:
1519 - Hernando Cortes
- Explored Mexico
- Conquer land for Spain
- Defeated the Aztec Indians and took over Tenochtitlan, found wealth
1528 - Panfilo de Narvaez
- Explored Florida coast
- Claim lands for Spain
- Shipwrecked by hurricane, many men died fighting Native Americans
- Survivors made rafts and landed in Galveston Island
1539 - Cabeza de Vaca
- Explored west Texas through desert
- Find village of adobe homes
- Remained as slave and medicine man with Karankawas for 8 years
This document provides definitions and summaries of key terms and events related to the early exploration of North America by Europeans between the 15th and late 17th centuries. It describes expeditions led by major explorers like Columbus, Cortes, Pineda, Narvaez, Cabeza de Vaca, Coronado, De Soto, Onate, La Salle, and De Leon into areas that would become Mexico, the Gulf Coast, and Texas. These expeditions claimed the lands for Spain and other European powers and led to increased colonization and conflict with native populations.
This document appears to be a genealogical record tracing lineages back from Frankish kings and the House of Plantagenet in France and England. It begins with biblical figures like Adam and Eve and Noah, then lists royal dynasties including the kings of Troy, the Cimmerians, Sicambri, Franks, early kings of France, and the House of Plantagenet in Anjou and England from the 11th to 13th centuries. It also includes some branches of the Scottish clan Mackenzie tracing back to the 15th century.
1. The document describes several notable individuals from Latin American history, including indigenous religious leaders who worked to preserve native traditions, those who resisted Spanish rule, and figures involved in the Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Inca empires.
2. Hernan Cortes led the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire in Mexico in the 1520s, defeating the Aztec ruler Montezuma and establishing Spanish rule.
3. Francisco Pizarro led the Spanish conquest of the Inca empire in Peru in the 1530s, defeating the Inca ruler Atahualpa through deception and establishing a Spanish colonial administration led by himself.
The document summarizes the early exploration and settlement of North America by various European powers including the Dutch, French, and English from the 15th-17th centuries. It discusses early English fishing and trade with Native Americans on the coasts in the 1500s. It then focuses on the English settlements at Roanoke from 1584-1590, Jamestown in 1607, and the leadership of figures like Captain John Smith and Peter Stuyvesant during the Dutch colonization of New York in the 1600s.
The Romans conquered the Iberian Peninsula beginning in 218 BC, dividing it into Hispania Ulterior and Hispania Citerior. From the 5th to 8th centuries, Germanic tribes invaded while Muslims conquered from the 8th to 15th centuries. The Reconquista by Christian forces began in 722 AD. The Hapsburgs ruled Spain in its Golden Age during the 16th-17th centuries, expanding its global empire through conquistadors like Hernan Cortes, who led the conquest of the Aztec Empire in Mexico. However, costly wars bankrupted Spain, leading to its decline as an independent Catalonia, Naples, and Portugal revolted in the 1640s.
This document provides a brief overview and introduction to Spain, including its flag, coat of arms, anthem, geography, history, culture, food, famous people, companies and inventions. Key facts noted are that Spain's flag represents passion and tortilla, its anthem has no official lyrics, its history involved reconquering land from Muslims and losing colonies, and it is known for siestas, Spanish cuisine and wine, and influential figures like artists, athletes and chefs.
Conquistadors from Spain explored and conquered areas in America in the 16th century, motivated by goals of spreading Christianity (God), finding gold, and achieving glory. While initially more focused on Mexico, the Spanish became concerned about French colonization efforts in Texas in the 18th century, renewing their own colonization attempts to maintain control over the territory.
Hernando Cortes was a Spanish explorer born in 1485 who studied at a university in Spain and became interested in exploration. In 1519, he arrived in Mexico with over 6,000 natives and 450 Spaniards seeking riches and hoping to conquer the Aztecs. Cortes brutally conquered the Aztecs and their emperor Montezuma, establishing Spanish claims over Mexico by 1521-1523 and acquiring great wealth in gold and silver for Spain. He was a ruthless conquistador who tricked and had Montezuma killed, beginning the conversion of the Aztecs to Christianity before dying in Spain in 1547.
Lauren Robinson's Christopher Columbus 5P Projectlaurenrobinson98
Christopher Columbus made four voyages to the Americas between 1492 and 1504. While he was not the first European to reach the Americas, as Vikings had visited centuries earlier, his voyages opened the way for European colonization. The Columbian Exchange that resulted had major impacts, including the transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and people between the Old World and the Americas. Columbus faced controversies over his governance in the Americas and treatment of indigenous people, and died in 1506 in Spain.
Francisco pizaro and the inca conquest rev 1000175031
Francisco Pizarro led a small group of Spanish conquistadors to conquer the vast Inca Empire in South America in the 1530s. With only a few dozen men but equipped with horses, guns, and steel weapons, Pizarro was able to defeat the armies of the Inca emperor Atahualpa and seize control of the Inca capital of Cuzco. Pizarro captured Atahualpa and had him executed, then systematically looted Inca temples and cities of their vast treasures of gold and silver. This allowed Pizarro to establish Spanish rule over Peru and its millions of indigenous peoples, though Inca rebellions continued to challenge Spanish domination.
Diego Vasicuio was charged with leading worship of an old god Sorimana by his neighbor Catalina Paicaus, who had been charged with witchcraft. When brought before Father de Prado, Diego reluctantly agreed to bring the god's stone but returned without it.
Francisco Baquero was a skilled shoemaker in Buenos Aires in 1776, but could not make a living due to a lack of craftsmen. He advocated for the rights of non-white craftsmen and petitioned for a craftsmen's guild, traveling as far as Madrid, but was never successful.
Juan de Morga and Gertudis de Escobar were intelligent slaves in Mexico in the
The document provides an overview of the Spanish colonization of the Philippines. It discusses key events like Magellan's arrival in 1521, the expedition of Legazpi in 1565 that established Manila as the capital, and the strategies used by Spain to consolidate its rule over the islands such as the establishment of the encomienda system, the collection of tribute from natives, and the implementation of the reduccion policy to centralize communities. The political structure under Spanish colonial administration is also outlined.
Different tribes that were on the iberian peninsulamiguelurdin4a
The document discusses the different tribes that were present on the Iberian Peninsula throughout history. It mentions that the four main Germanic tribes were the Vandals, Visigoths, Alans, and Suebi, with the Visigoths becoming the most powerful in the 5th century after conquering the peninsula and defeating the other tribes. It then notes that the Visigoths lost control of the peninsula to Muslim invaders in 711 AD after the Battle of Guadalete. Finally, it states that following the Muslims, Christians later conquered the peninsula over 800 years in the Reconquista period, being the last tribe to hold power there.
1) Beginning in the 15th century, European explorers like Prince Henry the Navigator, Bartholomew Diaz, and Vasco de Gama began exploring routes to Asia, leading to eventual Spanish colonization of the Philippines.
2) The Spanish were able to colonize the Philippines through alliances with local datus (chiefs), using practices like the sandugo blood compact to gain their trust and cooperation.
3) Over time, the Spanish established control through the encomienda system, which granted land and native labor to colonists, and the repartimiento system of forced labor. They founded major cities and assigned religious orders to spread Catholicism.
The document provides an overview of the history of the Portuguese and Spanish Empires from their origins to their decline. It discusses how Portugal rose to become a global power during the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries as they explored the coasts of Africa, Asia, and Brazil. Spain likewise grew powerful under the Habsburg dynasty in the 16th century, controlling territories in Europe and colonies in the Americas, though both empires began declining by the 17th century as they lost territories to other European powers like Britain and the Netherlands.
The Portuguese Empire began in the early 15th century and rose to power through overseas exploration and colonization. Key events included the conquest of Ceuta in 1415, which marked the beginning of the Portuguese Empire, and colonization of Madeira Island in 1420. The Portuguese established trading posts in India and Southeast Asia to control the spice trade, but gradually lost prominence to other European powers like England. By the late 17th century, Portugal's empire was in decline after ceding trading posts to England and losing territories to the Dutch, though it retained some colonies in India, Brazil, and Africa.
This document is a summary of a Scottish sasine from 1812 in Edinburgh. It details the transfer of tutorship and curatorship of Alexander Mackenzie from his mother Katharine Sutherland Mackenzie and George Sackville Sutherland to William Mackay as procurator, relating to the estate of Colonel Robert Mackenzie. It involves lands in Arboll and Geanies that were held as security against a bond for payment of a sum of money, rents, and expenses to the tutors for the benefit of Alexander and other children.
slides10 Crusade and the Twelfth Century.pptx.docxjennifer822
slides/10 Crusade and the Twelfth Century.pptx
3
León’s First Queen
Alfonso VI married his daughter to
Alfonso I of Aragon.
Urraca was already a widow, with a
legitimate son (and heir) born in 1104
named… Alfonso.
Ruled the kingdom from
1109-1126.
Incest makes the world go round
The marriage of Urraca and Alfonso of Aragon was a violation of canon (Church) law, which forbid relations between third (or closer) cousins.
Both Urraca and Alfonso were great-grandchildren of Sancho the Great, and were thus cousins.
Such marriages were considered consanguineous, meaning the partners “shared blood”.
What is more important… political expediency or Church approval?
Unhappy Marriage
Political expediency doesn’t work… no kids.
Urraca said Alfonso beat her, and she used this as grounds for separation.
Alfonso said Urraca was an adulteress, and blamed her scandalous sexuality on her polygamous father.
Urraca as Queen
Alfonso el Batallador
King of Aragon from 1104-1134
Conquered Zaragoza in 1118, more than doubling the size of Aragon.
Military man, uninterested in family
life. After Urraca died, he remarried,
but never produced an heir.
Fascination with the crusade.
Christendom and Crusade
Church Reform in the Eleventh Century
Cluny
Monastic reform
Church reform
Independence from kings and nobles
Restore the leading role of the church in society
Power of the pope, hierarchy
Create a stronger Christian society
Peace and Truce of God
Curb the bad behavior of knights, lords, the warrior aristocracy
Limit sinful activity (murder, violence, etc)
Church councils began placing restrictions on combat, forbidding fighting on Sundays, holidays (Holy Days), and anywhere near churches.
Spiritual sanctions were used to enforce this– excommunication.
The Reform movement in Iberia
Cluniac monasteries
Cluniac bishops: Toledo, Valencia
Around 1100 the Kingdom of León abandoned its traditional mass (known as the Mozarabic mass) in favor of the Roman mass, on Alfonso VI’s orders.
Beginning in the eleventh century, the papacy began taking greater interest in Iberian affairs… for example, condemning the incestual marriage of Urraca and Alfonso of Aragon.
Gregory VII
Pope 1073-1085
Aggressively promoted the rights of the Church over secular rulers– he excommunicated the Holy Roman Emperor (King of Germany)
Imagined harnessing the power of a united Christendom, under papal control, which could do all sorts of great things, like conquer the Holy Land!
The Holy Land
Pilgrimage destination since the days of Constantine… Visit the sites of the Bible.
Pilgrimage was very popular in the elventh century… most people visited local holy sites, but the ambitious (or wealthy) might travel to Rome, Santiago or even Jerusalem
Pope Urban and the Idea of Crusade
The secretary of Gregory VII became Pope Urban II in 1088.
Help Constantinople against the
Turks
Gregory’s idea of an armed
pilgrimage to Jerusalem
Council of Clermont,.
1) Isabella was born in 1451 in Madrigal de las Altas Torres, Spain to King John II of Castile and Isabella of Portugal. As a princess, her education focused on her role as a wife and mother rather than a ruler.
2) After her father's death when she was 3, Isabella was sent to live with her depressed mother and brother Alfonso in gloomy conditions, with little money. Her brother Henry IV became King of Castile.
3) Henry took Isabella and Alfonso away from their mother, who descended into madness, in order to control and educate them at his court in Segovia.
The early history of Al-Andalus involved the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in the early 8th century. By 711, Muslims had expanded across North Africa and the Mediterranean region. They crossed into the Iberian Peninsula aided by a civil war among Visigoth factions. The Muslims defeated the Visigoth king Roderic at the Battle of Guadalete. Within a few years, they occupied most of the Iberian Peninsula, establishing the emirate of Al-Andalus with its capital at Córdoba. The emirate was initially dependent on the Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus but became independent under Abd al-Rahman I, who founded
The document provides biographical information about Queen Isabel I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, who married and united the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon in 1469. It discusses their conquest of Granada in 1492 and breaking of promises to Muslims, leading to their forced conversion or exile. It also mentions the establishment of the Spanish Inquisition to enforce Catholic orthodoxy and expulsion of Jews from Spain.
The Christian kingdoms and the "Reconquest"papefons Fons
The document summarizes the emergence and expansion of Christian kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula following the Muslim conquest. New Christian states formed in the mountainous northern regions not controlled by Muslims. The Kingdom of Asturias was founded after Pelagius defeated Muslims at Covadonga in 722. Over subsequent centuries, the Kingdom of Asturias gradually extended its control south and west, changing its name to the Kingdom of Leon. Meanwhile, Christian states also formed in the Pyrenees region, including the Kingdom of Pamplona. By the 11th century, the Christian kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, and Portugal had taken shape and began pushing further south against Muslim rule in al-Andalus, taking
The early history of Al-Andalus saw the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in 711 and the establishment of an independent Emirate of Córdoba by Abd al-Rahman I in 756. Over the following centuries, the Caliphate of Córdoba rose to prominence as a center of culture and learning before declining and fracturing into taifa kingdoms in the 11th century. As the taifas fought each other, Christian kingdoms took the opportunity to advance southward in the Reconquista.
Conquistadors from Spain explored and conquered areas in America in the 16th century, motivated by goals of spreading Christianity (God), finding gold, and achieving glory. While initially more focused on Mexico, the Spanish became concerned about French colonization efforts in Texas in the 18th century, renewing their own colonization attempts to maintain control over the territory.
Hernando Cortes was a Spanish explorer born in 1485 who studied at a university in Spain and became interested in exploration. In 1519, he arrived in Mexico with over 6,000 natives and 450 Spaniards seeking riches and hoping to conquer the Aztecs. Cortes brutally conquered the Aztecs and their emperor Montezuma, establishing Spanish claims over Mexico by 1521-1523 and acquiring great wealth in gold and silver for Spain. He was a ruthless conquistador who tricked and had Montezuma killed, beginning the conversion of the Aztecs to Christianity before dying in Spain in 1547.
Lauren Robinson's Christopher Columbus 5P Projectlaurenrobinson98
Christopher Columbus made four voyages to the Americas between 1492 and 1504. While he was not the first European to reach the Americas, as Vikings had visited centuries earlier, his voyages opened the way for European colonization. The Columbian Exchange that resulted had major impacts, including the transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and people between the Old World and the Americas. Columbus faced controversies over his governance in the Americas and treatment of indigenous people, and died in 1506 in Spain.
Francisco pizaro and the inca conquest rev 1000175031
Francisco Pizarro led a small group of Spanish conquistadors to conquer the vast Inca Empire in South America in the 1530s. With only a few dozen men but equipped with horses, guns, and steel weapons, Pizarro was able to defeat the armies of the Inca emperor Atahualpa and seize control of the Inca capital of Cuzco. Pizarro captured Atahualpa and had him executed, then systematically looted Inca temples and cities of their vast treasures of gold and silver. This allowed Pizarro to establish Spanish rule over Peru and its millions of indigenous peoples, though Inca rebellions continued to challenge Spanish domination.
Diego Vasicuio was charged with leading worship of an old god Sorimana by his neighbor Catalina Paicaus, who had been charged with witchcraft. When brought before Father de Prado, Diego reluctantly agreed to bring the god's stone but returned without it.
Francisco Baquero was a skilled shoemaker in Buenos Aires in 1776, but could not make a living due to a lack of craftsmen. He advocated for the rights of non-white craftsmen and petitioned for a craftsmen's guild, traveling as far as Madrid, but was never successful.
Juan de Morga and Gertudis de Escobar were intelligent slaves in Mexico in the
The document provides an overview of the Spanish colonization of the Philippines. It discusses key events like Magellan's arrival in 1521, the expedition of Legazpi in 1565 that established Manila as the capital, and the strategies used by Spain to consolidate its rule over the islands such as the establishment of the encomienda system, the collection of tribute from natives, and the implementation of the reduccion policy to centralize communities. The political structure under Spanish colonial administration is also outlined.
Different tribes that were on the iberian peninsulamiguelurdin4a
The document discusses the different tribes that were present on the Iberian Peninsula throughout history. It mentions that the four main Germanic tribes were the Vandals, Visigoths, Alans, and Suebi, with the Visigoths becoming the most powerful in the 5th century after conquering the peninsula and defeating the other tribes. It then notes that the Visigoths lost control of the peninsula to Muslim invaders in 711 AD after the Battle of Guadalete. Finally, it states that following the Muslims, Christians later conquered the peninsula over 800 years in the Reconquista period, being the last tribe to hold power there.
1) Beginning in the 15th century, European explorers like Prince Henry the Navigator, Bartholomew Diaz, and Vasco de Gama began exploring routes to Asia, leading to eventual Spanish colonization of the Philippines.
2) The Spanish were able to colonize the Philippines through alliances with local datus (chiefs), using practices like the sandugo blood compact to gain their trust and cooperation.
3) Over time, the Spanish established control through the encomienda system, which granted land and native labor to colonists, and the repartimiento system of forced labor. They founded major cities and assigned religious orders to spread Catholicism.
The document provides an overview of the history of the Portuguese and Spanish Empires from their origins to their decline. It discusses how Portugal rose to become a global power during the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries as they explored the coasts of Africa, Asia, and Brazil. Spain likewise grew powerful under the Habsburg dynasty in the 16th century, controlling territories in Europe and colonies in the Americas, though both empires began declining by the 17th century as they lost territories to other European powers like Britain and the Netherlands.
The Portuguese Empire began in the early 15th century and rose to power through overseas exploration and colonization. Key events included the conquest of Ceuta in 1415, which marked the beginning of the Portuguese Empire, and colonization of Madeira Island in 1420. The Portuguese established trading posts in India and Southeast Asia to control the spice trade, but gradually lost prominence to other European powers like England. By the late 17th century, Portugal's empire was in decline after ceding trading posts to England and losing territories to the Dutch, though it retained some colonies in India, Brazil, and Africa.
This document is a summary of a Scottish sasine from 1812 in Edinburgh. It details the transfer of tutorship and curatorship of Alexander Mackenzie from his mother Katharine Sutherland Mackenzie and George Sackville Sutherland to William Mackay as procurator, relating to the estate of Colonel Robert Mackenzie. It involves lands in Arboll and Geanies that were held as security against a bond for payment of a sum of money, rents, and expenses to the tutors for the benefit of Alexander and other children.
slides10 Crusade and the Twelfth Century.pptx.docxjennifer822
slides/10 Crusade and the Twelfth Century.pptx
3
León’s First Queen
Alfonso VI married his daughter to
Alfonso I of Aragon.
Urraca was already a widow, with a
legitimate son (and heir) born in 1104
named… Alfonso.
Ruled the kingdom from
1109-1126.
Incest makes the world go round
The marriage of Urraca and Alfonso of Aragon was a violation of canon (Church) law, which forbid relations between third (or closer) cousins.
Both Urraca and Alfonso were great-grandchildren of Sancho the Great, and were thus cousins.
Such marriages were considered consanguineous, meaning the partners “shared blood”.
What is more important… political expediency or Church approval?
Unhappy Marriage
Political expediency doesn’t work… no kids.
Urraca said Alfonso beat her, and she used this as grounds for separation.
Alfonso said Urraca was an adulteress, and blamed her scandalous sexuality on her polygamous father.
Urraca as Queen
Alfonso el Batallador
King of Aragon from 1104-1134
Conquered Zaragoza in 1118, more than doubling the size of Aragon.
Military man, uninterested in family
life. After Urraca died, he remarried,
but never produced an heir.
Fascination with the crusade.
Christendom and Crusade
Church Reform in the Eleventh Century
Cluny
Monastic reform
Church reform
Independence from kings and nobles
Restore the leading role of the church in society
Power of the pope, hierarchy
Create a stronger Christian society
Peace and Truce of God
Curb the bad behavior of knights, lords, the warrior aristocracy
Limit sinful activity (murder, violence, etc)
Church councils began placing restrictions on combat, forbidding fighting on Sundays, holidays (Holy Days), and anywhere near churches.
Spiritual sanctions were used to enforce this– excommunication.
The Reform movement in Iberia
Cluniac monasteries
Cluniac bishops: Toledo, Valencia
Around 1100 the Kingdom of León abandoned its traditional mass (known as the Mozarabic mass) in favor of the Roman mass, on Alfonso VI’s orders.
Beginning in the eleventh century, the papacy began taking greater interest in Iberian affairs… for example, condemning the incestual marriage of Urraca and Alfonso of Aragon.
Gregory VII
Pope 1073-1085
Aggressively promoted the rights of the Church over secular rulers– he excommunicated the Holy Roman Emperor (King of Germany)
Imagined harnessing the power of a united Christendom, under papal control, which could do all sorts of great things, like conquer the Holy Land!
The Holy Land
Pilgrimage destination since the days of Constantine… Visit the sites of the Bible.
Pilgrimage was very popular in the elventh century… most people visited local holy sites, but the ambitious (or wealthy) might travel to Rome, Santiago or even Jerusalem
Pope Urban and the Idea of Crusade
The secretary of Gregory VII became Pope Urban II in 1088.
Help Constantinople against the
Turks
Gregory’s idea of an armed
pilgrimage to Jerusalem
Council of Clermont,.
1) Isabella was born in 1451 in Madrigal de las Altas Torres, Spain to King John II of Castile and Isabella of Portugal. As a princess, her education focused on her role as a wife and mother rather than a ruler.
2) After her father's death when she was 3, Isabella was sent to live with her depressed mother and brother Alfonso in gloomy conditions, with little money. Her brother Henry IV became King of Castile.
3) Henry took Isabella and Alfonso away from their mother, who descended into madness, in order to control and educate them at his court in Segovia.
The early history of Al-Andalus involved the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in the early 8th century. By 711, Muslims had expanded across North Africa and the Mediterranean region. They crossed into the Iberian Peninsula aided by a civil war among Visigoth factions. The Muslims defeated the Visigoth king Roderic at the Battle of Guadalete. Within a few years, they occupied most of the Iberian Peninsula, establishing the emirate of Al-Andalus with its capital at Córdoba. The emirate was initially dependent on the Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus but became independent under Abd al-Rahman I, who founded
The document provides biographical information about Queen Isabel I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, who married and united the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon in 1469. It discusses their conquest of Granada in 1492 and breaking of promises to Muslims, leading to their forced conversion or exile. It also mentions the establishment of the Spanish Inquisition to enforce Catholic orthodoxy and expulsion of Jews from Spain.
The Christian kingdoms and the "Reconquest"papefons Fons
The document summarizes the emergence and expansion of Christian kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula following the Muslim conquest. New Christian states formed in the mountainous northern regions not controlled by Muslims. The Kingdom of Asturias was founded after Pelagius defeated Muslims at Covadonga in 722. Over subsequent centuries, the Kingdom of Asturias gradually extended its control south and west, changing its name to the Kingdom of Leon. Meanwhile, Christian states also formed in the Pyrenees region, including the Kingdom of Pamplona. By the 11th century, the Christian kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, and Portugal had taken shape and began pushing further south against Muslim rule in al-Andalus, taking
The early history of Al-Andalus saw the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in 711 and the establishment of an independent Emirate of Córdoba by Abd al-Rahman I in 756. Over the following centuries, the Caliphate of Córdoba rose to prominence as a center of culture and learning before declining and fracturing into taifa kingdoms in the 11th century. As the taifas fought each other, Christian kingdoms took the opportunity to advance southward in the Reconquista.
Alfonso VI was born in 1040 and became King of Castile and León in 1065 after the death of his father Fernando I. He faced opposition from his brother Sancho II who defeated him in battles until Sancho's death in 1072 allowed Alfonso to be recognized as sole king. In 1085, Alfonso took control of Toledo but was defeated by the Almoravids at the Battle of Sagrajas in 1086, beginning a difficult period as the Almoravids occupied Spanish territories over the next decade until Alfonso's death in 1109.
Al-Andalus was a medieval Muslim territory in the Iberian Peninsula (modern Spain and Portugal) between 711-1492 CE. At its peak in the 8th century, it controlled most of the Iberian Peninsula as well as southern France. It was initially ruled as a province of the Umayyad Caliphate before becoming autonomous states like the Emirate of Córdoba and successor kingdoms. Al-Andalus experienced a golden age of culture and learning before gradually declining due to conflicts with Christian kingdoms to the north during the Reconquista that eventually led to its fall with the surrender of Granada in 1492.
Here are 3 activities related to the document:
1. Name 3 Christian kingdoms that participated in the Reconquest.
2. Which kingdom conquered territories in Portugal and Andalusia?
3. What were some privileges offered to attract settlers to newly conquered lands?
Unit 4 (part 2): The Creation of the Christian KingdomsGema
1) The Kingdom of Asturias originated from Don Pelayo defeating the Muslims in 722 at the Battle of Covadonga and establishing himself as a local leader. Over time, the Kingdom expanded and its capital was moved to Leon, becoming the Kingdom of Leon.
2) The Kingdom of Leon originated from the expanded former Kingdom of Asturias. Castile began as a county vassal to Leon, located in the east defending it from Muslim attacks. In the 10th century, the Count of Castile gained independence.
3) The County of Castile gained independence in the 10th century after originally being a vassal county of the Kingdom of Leon, located in the east defending it
James I of Aragon was born in 1208 in Montpellier, France. He had a difficult childhood and lived with Simon of Montfort until becoming an adult in 1218. He went on to conquer several territories including Valencia, Murcia, Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza, and Formentera, expanding the Crown of Aragon. He wrote an autobiography called "Book of Deeds" chronicling his life and conquests. James I played an important role in developing Catalan trade and maritime power and establishing new laws and administration for his expanding kingdom.
Unit 5: Rebirth of Cities - Section 2 - Christian KingdomsGema
1) The Christian Kingdoms advanced south into al-Andalus in the 11th-12th centuries, taking Toledo in 1085 and reaching the rivers Tajo and Ebro. This was halted by the Almoravids and Almohads.
2) After defeating the Almohads at Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212, the Christian Kingdoms continued advancing south, reaching the rivers Guadiana and Guadalquivir in the west and modern-day Murcia in the east.
3) The last remaining kingdom was the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada, occupying parts of Cadiz, Malaga, Granada and Almeria.
The document summarizes the rise of strong national monarchies in France, England, Spain, and Portugal during the High Middle Ages. In France, Hugh Capet established the Capetian dynasty in 987 and over subsequent generations, kings like Louis VI, Philip II, Louis IX, and Philip IV increased royal power at the expense of feudal lords. In England, monarchs like Henry II, John, and Edward I strengthened the monarchy through legal and governmental reforms while the Magna Carta established limitations on royal power. Ferdinand and Isabella unified Spain and established the Spanish Inquisition to enforce Catholicism. Portugal gained independence when Afonso Henriques defeated his mother in 1128 to establish himself as the
Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon were Catholic monarchs who united their kingdoms through marriage in 1469 and supported Christopher Columbus's voyage to Asia in 1492. Isabella inherited the throne of Castile in 1474 and fought disputes over succession, while Ferdinand received the throne of Aragon in 1479 after the death of his father. Together they participated in struggles for Isabella and established a dynastic union between Aragon and Castile, beginning their joint reign through agreements maintaining equality.
The document summarizes the expansion of Christian kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula between the 11th and 12th centuries as the Taifa kingdoms fragmented. Castile conquered territories south of the Duero River under Ferdinand I and his son Alfonso VI captured Toledo. Portugal gained independence from Castile in 1139 under its first king Afonso I. Aragon also expanded as King Alfonso I conquered Zaragoza. The new territories were conquered militarily by the Christian armies and then granted by the kings to vassals like nobles and monks, with free peasants receiving settlement letters granting them freedoms and tax exemptions.
The document summarizes the expansion of Christian kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula between the 11th and 12th centuries as the Taifa kingdoms fragmented. Castile conquered territories south of the Duero River under Ferdinand I and his son Alfonso VI, who took Toledo. Portugal gained independence from Castile in 1139 under its first king Afonso I. Aragon's king Alfonso I conquered Zaragoza. The Almoravids and later Almohads entered Iberia to stop the Christian advance. Newly conquered lands were given to nobles, knights, monasteries and free peasants through settlement charters that granted freedoms and tax exemptions.
Al-Andalus & The Christian Kingdoms. 2 º ESO Best CompilationGeotrueba
The document summarizes the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in the early 8th century and the establishment of Al-Andalus. It then discusses the subsequent fragmentation of Al-Andalus into smaller Muslim states called taifas in the 11th century, and how this allowed Christian kingdoms in the north to expand. The document also outlines how the Almoravids and Almohads twice came from North Africa to assist Al-Andalus militarily against the Christians.
This document provides background information on the Porter surname and family origins. It discusses the origins of surnames in various cultures and locations. It then focuses on the 11th century in France and the rise of feudalism. It describes how William de Ie Grande, a Norman knight, became a trusted guardian and accompanied the Duke of Normandy. It discusses how William the Conqueror became King of England in 1066 after defeating Harold at the Battle of Hastings. Roger de Ie Grande's surname then changed to Porter as he became the first Grand Porteur, or head porter, to King Henry I of England between 1020-1140. The crest of the Porter family coat of arms is also described.
Tealby - Lords of the Manor: 1066 to 1086 John Downs
Merleswein, an important Anglo-Saxon thane and sheriff of Lincolnshire, held land in Tealby prior to the Norman Conquest. After the conquest, William the Conqueror confiscated Merleswein's lands and granted them to Ralph Paynel, one of his Norman followers. The Domesday Book survey of 1086 records Ralph Paynel as the lord of the manor of Tealby, with details of the population, resources, and tax assessments. Brictnoth and Swein also previously held land in Tealby, which was granted to Roger, a vassal of Roger of Poitou, another Norman lord. Erik, the brother of Tosti, another Anglo-Saxon
The early history of Al-Andalus
By the 8th century, Muslims had expanded beyond Arabia and controlled North Africa. In 711, they crossed into the Iberian Peninsula, defeating the Visigoth King Roderic. They occupied most of the peninsula but not the mountainous regions. The Muslims called their new territory Al-Andalus, with its capital at Córdoba, dependent on the Umayyad caliphate. Over time Al-Andalus fragmented into taifa states and the Christian kingdoms grew in strength, gradually reconquering Muslim lands.
The document is a sasine, or deed of conveyance, from 1811 granting heritable property rights of Overwhitecleugh lands in Lanarkshire, Scotland from Daniel Hamilton to Alexander Mackenzie of Royston. It details the terms of conveyance of the annual rents and the lands themselves as security against payment of a principal sum. Witnesses were present as the procurator of Mackenzie received sasine and possession of the lands and rents from the bailie appointed for the task.
This document is a sasine record from 1811 related to the Barony of Royston Security. It summarizes the transfer of ownership of the one merk land of Overwhitecleugh from Daniel Hamilton to Alexander Mackenzie in security against repayment of a debt. The document details the terms of the repayment of the principal sum, annual interest payments, penalties for failure to pay, and securing the land transfer through two infeftments to ensure Mackenzie's rights over the land and repayment.
Alexander mackenzie of skye royston cromarty tarbat 2HOME
This document is a deed of settlement from Colonel Robert Mackenzie dated November 26, 1802. It outlines the disposition of Colonel Mackenzie's estate upon his death, leaving the bulk of his lands, money, and possessions to his son Alexander Mackenzie and various other heirs. It also lists monetary legacies to be paid to his wife, other children, and other relatives from the estate after his death.
The document appears to be a website homepage containing various sections about genealogy and history, including:
1. Sections on Adam and Eve, the bloodline of Jesus, Dalriada, Edward III, and the Venus Grid from 2012.
2. Biographical information on Alexander Mackenzie from 1825 and locations in Scotland such as Royston and Tarbat Parish.
3. A timeline of Egyptian dynasties from earliest times through the Late Kingdom era, listing many pharaohs and brief periods of rule.
4. Additional sections on topics like Muhammad's connection to Adam and Eve, profiles, and a sitemap of the website.
1. The document details the history of ownership of the Barony of Royston estate from the 17th century onwards, as it passed through various heirs according to the terms of the original entailment.
2. In the 18th century, the estate was sold to clear debts, and the surplus proceeds were invested for the heirs according to the terms of the entailment.
3. Through deaths without male heirs and an attainder, the right to the proceeds passed to different branches of the Mackenzie family over time according to the terms of the original entailment.
This document summarizes legal documents from 1843 regarding the mental incapacity and guardianship of Sir James Sutherland Mackenzie. It describes his mother Katharine Mackenzie petitioning the Court of Session to have Alexander Stuart appointed as curator bonis (property guardian) for her son, who was residing in an asylum due to mental illness. Two certificates from physicians Dr. Abercrombie and Dr. Adam Hunter are included, testifying that Sir James was unfit to manage his own affairs due to remaining mental impairment.
No document was provided to summarize. A summary requires source text to extract the key points and essential information from. Without a document, it is not possible to generate an accurate 3 sentence summary.
This document summarizes a petition from 1843 regarding the appointment of a curator for Sir James Sutherland Mackenzie, who was deemed mentally unfit to manage his own affairs. His mother, Katharine Mackenzie, petitions the court to appoint Alexander Stuart as curator bonis to manage James' property and care for his well-being. The document provides background on James' family and medical certificates from doctors Adam Hunter and John Abercrombie regarding his condition. It seeks the court's approval of Alexander Stuart as the curator until James' condition improves or the appointment is recalled.
SIR ALEXANDER MACKENZIE OF ROYSTON CROMARTY GRANDVILLE TARBATHOME
Colonel Robert Mackenzie creates a deed of settlement to distribute his estate upon his death. He leaves the bulk of his estate, including lands, money owed, moveable goods and effects, to his son Alexander Mackenzie and various other heirs. He also provides monetary legacies to his wife Katharine Sutherland Mackenzie, his natural children, and others. He appoints executors and trustees to oversee the estate and care for any minor children. The document was signed and witnessed on November 26, 1802.
This document summarizes court documents from 1871 and 1843 related to Sir James Sutherland Mackenzie, who was committed to an asylum due to mental derangement. His mother, Katharine Mackenzie, petitioned the court to appoint a curator bonis (property guardian) for him. The court documents include certificates from doctors about his mental state and inability to manage his affairs. Alexander Stuart was suggested and appointed as the curator bonis. The document also provides background family history and references to related records.
The document appears to be a collection of records from the Scottish Record Office related to the Mackenzie family and associated families. It includes details on assignations, bonds, discharges, inheritances, and other legal documents spanning from 1795 to 1862 regarding properties in Cromarty and Ross-shire and involving individuals such as Alexander Mackenzie of Royston, Maria Murray Hay Mackenzie, James Sutherland Mackenzie, and the Duke of Sutherland.
This document summarizes a petition submitted in 1843 regarding the mental incapacity and management of the affairs of Sir James Sutherland Mackenzie. It details that he exhibited signs of mental derangement and was placed in an asylum under the care of Dr. Smith. Two doctors certified that he was still unfit to manage his own affairs. The petition requests the appointment of Alexander Stuart as curator bonis to manage Sir James' financial affairs and care, given his incapacity and inability to be restored to mental soundness.
sir alexander mackenzie of tarbat royston cromartyHOME
The document discusses Sir James Sutherland Mackenzie, who fell into a state of mental incapacity in the 1840s. His mother, Katharine Mackenzie, petitioned to have Alexander Stuart appointed as curator bonis to manage James' affairs and property, as medical certificates indicated he was unfit to do so himself. The document provides background on the family's lands and relationships to help establish context around James' situation.
Copy of SIR ALEXANDER MACKENZIE OF ROYSTON CROMARTY GRANDVILLE TAHOME
This document is Colonel Robert Mackenzie's will and testament from 1802. It leaves all of his estate and possessions to his son Alexander Mackenzie and various other heirs. It also lists monetary legacies to be paid to his wife Katherine Sutherland Mackenzie, his natural children, and others upon his death. It appoints executors and guardians for any children from his marriage to carry out the provisions of the will.
The document discusses Sir James Sutherland Mackenzie, who fell into a state of mental incapacity in the 1840s. His mother, Katharine Mackenzie, petitioned to have Alexander Stuart appointed as curator bonis to manage James' affairs and property, as medical certificates stated he was unfit to do so himself. The document provides background on the family's lands and relationships to help establish the case for the curator appointment.
SIR ALEXANDER MACKENZIE OF ROYSTON CROMARY GRANDVILLE TARBATHOME
Sir James Sutherland Mackenzie assigns various debts and bonds to Joseph William Forbes as security against a loan of £660. This included a bond for £3,319 from 1835 and a bill for £1,050 from 1847 owed to Sir James. Joseph Forbes would be entitled to collect on these debts to repay the loan plus interest and expenses. The assignees of the original debts, including the Marchioness of Stafford and Mrs. Hay Mackenzie, acknowledge being notified of the assignment but do not admit Sir James has a right to assign beyond his lifetime interest.
SIR ALEXANDER OF ROYSTON CROMARTY GRANDVILLE TARBATHOME
Colonel Robert Mackenzie creates a deed of settlement to distribute his estate upon his death. He leaves the bulk of his estate, including lands, debts owed, moveable goods and effects, to his son Alexander Mackenzie and various other heirs. He also provides monetary legacies to his wife Katharine Sutherland Mackenzie, his natural children, and others. He appoints executors and trustees to oversee the estate and provides for the guardianship of any children from his marriage. The document was signed and witnessed on November 26, 1802.
SIR ALEXANDER OF ROYSTON CROMARTY GRANDVILLE TARBAT
Lopez
1. PAULM594<br />1. Adam, father of <br />2. Sheeth, father of <br />3. Yaanish, father of <br />4. Qaynan, father of <br />5. Mahlil, father of <br />6. Yard, father of <br />7. Akhnookh, father of <br />8. Mattooshalakh, father of <br />9. Lamk, father of <br />10. Nooh, father of <br />11. Saam, father of <br />12. Arfakhshadh, father of <br />13. Shaalikh, father of <br />14. Aybar, father of <br />15. Faalikh, father of <br />16. Raa'oo, father of <br />17. Saaroogh, father of <br />18. Naahoor, father of <br />19. Tarih, father of <br />20. Ibraheem, father of <br />21. Ismaa'eel, father of Isaac/Ishag <br />22. Naabit, father of Jacob/Israel/Yaqub <br />23. Yashjub, father of Lavi <br />24. Ya'rub, father of Qamat <br />25. Tayrah, father of Imram <br />26. Naahoor, father of Moses/Musa <br />27. Muqawwam, father of <br />28. Udd (Udad?), father of <br />29. 'Adnaan, father of <br />30. Ma'add, father of <br />31. Nizaar, father of Imran <br />32. Mudar, father of Virgin Mary/Maryam <br />33. Ilyaas, father of Jesus <br />34. Mudrika, father of <br />35. Khuzayma, father of <br />36. Kinaana, father of <br />37. al-Nadr, father of <br />38. Malik, father of <br />39. Fihr, father of <br />40. Ghaalib, father of <br />41. Lu'ayy, father of <br />42. Ka'b, father of <br />43. Murra, father of <br />44. Kilaab, father of <br />45. Qusayy, father of <br />46. 'Abdu-Manaaf, father of <br />47. Haashim, father of <br />48. 'Abdul-Muttalib, father of <br />49. 'Abdullaah, father of <br />50. Muhammad <br />51. Fatima <br />52. Hasan <br />53. Husain <br />54. Zohra <br />55. Naim al-Lakhmi <br />56. Itaf <br />57. Amr <br />58. Aslan <br />59. Amr <br />60. Abbad <br />61. Qarais <br />62. Ismail <br />63. Muhammad 1 <br />64. Muhammad 2 <br />65. Muhammad 3 <br />66. Emir of Seville,Spain. <br />67. <br />68. <br />69. <br />70. <br />SONNA <br />FERNANDO <br />SUARO FERNANDEZ <br />SUARO SUAREZ <br />DIEGO SUAREZ <br />SUARO DIAZ <br />FORTUN ZURIA <br />LOPE FORTUNEZ <br />NUNO LOPEZ <br />LOPE NUNEZ <br />INIGO LOPEZ http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/NAVARRE%20NOBILITY.htm#InigoLopezdied1077 <br />LOPE INIGUEZ <br />DIEGO LOPEZ (EL BLANCO) <br />LOPE INIGUEZ <br />Zuria Lopez, Jaun Zuria (quot;
The White Lordquot;
) is the mythical first Lord of Biscay. According to the legend, he was born from a Scottish princess that had been visited by god Sugaar in the village of Mundaka. The 15th century warlord Lope García de Salázar adapted a history from the Libro dos Linhagems by Pedro Alfonso, making Jaun Zuria a noble elected by the Biscayne people to lead them against a Leonese army in the mythical battle of Arrigorriaga. <br />Another version makes Juan Zuria an Irish prince named Lemor MacMorna. While hunting with his brother Armin in the forest he killed his father with a stray arrow. Lemor was set adrift in a small boat with two other warriors and washed up on shore in Mundaka. King Lekobide of Euskadi offered him sanctuary in the valley of Padura and Lemor fell in love with his daughter Luz. Lemor slew the invading Lonese King Ordono, was given the respectful name Zuria (The White Lord) and became the first lord of Biscay. <br />The historical Lordship of Biscay was created by the Castilians after they conquered the territory of Navarre in 1200 and the story serves to legitimise their dynasty. <br />Manso Lopez <br />INIGO LOPEZ, Conde de Biscay, c 1076, m in 1050 TODA ORTIZ dau of FORTÚN SANCHEZ de Nájera <br />LOPE Íñigo López (floruit 1040–1076) was the first Lord of Biscay.[1] Although the date is not known precisely, Íñigo's government of Biscay began between 1040 and 1043 at the latest.[2] It was certainly by appointment of the king, García Sánchez III of Navarre, and not a hereditary right.[3] At some point he received the rank of count (comes in Latin) and the style quot;
by the grace of Godquot;
(gratia Dei).[4] <br />Íñigo's origins are obscure, but he may have been a son of Lope Velázquez de Ayala, a lord in Álava, Cantabria and nearby parts of Biscay. He married Toda Ortiz (Fortúnez), probably a daughter of Fortún Sánchez, the godfather of García Sánchez.[5] His father-in-law and García Sánchez both died in the Battle of Atapuerca in 1054 and Íñigo may have succeeded the former as tenente (lord quot;
holdingquot;
the government on behalf of the king) in Nájera.[3] Documents place his rule in Nájera between 1063 and 1075, often through a vicar.[2] Besides Biscay and Nájera, Íñigo also ruled Durango.[6] <br />In 1051, when García Sánchez granted fueros to Biscay, he officially associated Íñigo with him in the decree, as the head of the local aristocracy (omnes milites), recognising the rights and privileges of the monasteries.[7] Íñigo is further associated with monastic renovation by his making or confirming the donations of the churches (monasteria) of San Juan de Gaztelugatxe, Santa María de Mundaca, and Bermeo to San Juan de la Peña, and of Axpe de Busturia and San Martín de Yurreta to San Millán de la Cogolla.[2] In 1076, after the assassination of Sancho Garcés IV and the division of Navarre by the armies of his cousins, Sancho I of Aragon and Alfonso VI of León and Castile, Íñigo accepted the overlordship of the Leonese-Castilian monarch. In the surviving text of the fuero given to Nájera that year Íñigo's eldest son, Lope, appears swearing fealty to Alfonso, but he is not recorded in documents as count in Biscay until 1079. These dates being the termini ad et post quem of his death.[8] He is last recorded in a donation he made to San Millán on behalf of his late wife. In the donation he names as their children, beside Lope: García, Galindo, Mencía, and Sancho, who died young. <br />Lopez Diaz, Diego López I de Haro (died 1124×6) was the third Lord of Biscay, and also the ruler of Álava, Buradón, Grañón, Nájera, Haro, and perhaps Guipúzcoa: the most powerful Castilian magnate in the Basque Country and the Rioja during the first quarter of the twelfth century.[1] He was a loyal supporter of Queen Urraca and he fought the invading armies of her estranged husband Alfonso the Battler on two, or perhaps three, occasions. <br />Diego succeeded his father, Lope Íñiguez, in Biscay (and perhaps Guipúzcoa) on the latter's death in 1093, but Álava went to his brother-in-law Lope González.[2] On the death of García Ordóñez at the Battle of Uclés (1108), the tenencias of Grañón, Nájera and Haro passed to Diego by an act of Alfonso VI. In June 1110 Diego received a grant of privileges from Queen Urraca, acting without the consent of Alfonso the Battler, whereby she gave all his patrimonial lands (that is, lands he owned, not fiscal lands he governed on behalf of the crown) complete immunity from confiscation.[1] In August Urraca, then advancing with her army on Zaragoza, confirmed some rights and privileges of the monastery of San Millán de la Cogolla, an act confirmed by the three most important magnates of the region: Sancho, Count of Pamplona, Diego, described as senior in Nagera,[3] and Íñigo Jiménez de los Cameros, dominante in Calahorra.[4] At that time Íñigo Jiménez was also ruling Buradón. After Lope González's death in 1110 and before 1113 Diego succeeded to Álava and re-united all his father's tenencias.[5] It was Diego who first began using the toponymic quot;
de Haroquot;
, which became the family name. <br />It is possible that Diego, alongside the Navarrese count Ladrón Íñiguez, first went to war against Alfonso in 1112, and that there was fighting in the vicinity of Castrojeriz that July. Alfonso made reference to Diego and the fighting in a charter to Santo Domingo de la Calzada, but this charter is dated differently in each of its surviving copies. One copy dates it to July 1124, which fits with Diego's last known rebellion.[6] In August 1116 Diego raised the standard of revolt against Alfonso, whose Navarrese lands his lordships bordered.[1] He was consequently deprived of Nájera, which was bestowed on Fortunio Garcés Caixal, although he may never had actually given it up.[4][5] He was allowed to retain Haro and Buradón, which he had received some time after 1110. In February 1117 Alfonso made a donation to Santa María la Real de Nájera calling himself Imperator and still claiming the kingdoms of Urraca. The donation was confirmed by Diego López, along with Pedro González de Lara and Suero Vermúdez, several bishops and many Aragonese. The charter is in the style of the Leonese chancery and its authenticity has been called into question, but it may reflect a moment of heightened negotiations between Alfonso and Urraca. It cannot be taken to reflect a desertion on the part of her major supporters (Diego, Pedro and Suero).[7] Diego remained on good terms with Alfonso in 1118, when he participated in the Reconquista of the great city of Zaragoza, and into 1119, taking part in the continuing conquest of the taifa.[5] In July 1124, perhaps encouraged by Urraca or her son, Alfonso VII, Diego again aided by Ladrón of Navarre rose against Alfonso's forces and was besieged in Haro by Alfonso himself.[8] Alfonso confiscated all his tenencias and granted them to Íñigo Vélaz.[2] There is some discrepancy over when and how Diego died. According to some source, he died in 1124, probably in the fighting,[4] while others place his death in 1126, after having lost all his lands and titles.[5] <br />Diego married a certain María Sánchez of obscure origins. In 1121 he and his wife joined his sister, Toda López, and her daughter, his niece, María López, in making a donation to Santa María la Real.[9] María Sánchez has been called a sister of García Ordóñez, an impossibility in light of her patronymic; a daughter of Sancho Núñez, son of count Munio Sánchez, ruler of the Duranguesado; and a sister of Lope García Sánchez of the Llodio branch of the Ayala clan. More likely than any of these hypotheses is that she was a daughter of Sancho Sánchez de Erro, ruler of Tafalla in Navarre, and his wife, Elvira García, daughter of García Ordóñez. Diego's claim to García's lordships in 1108 may have stemmed partially from his wife's ancestry.[4] She gave four sons: Lope Díaz I, who later ruled Biscay and Álava, and three obscure names, Sancho, Fortunio and Gil. Some historians have reckoned Sancha Díaz de Frias, the founder of Santa María de Bujedo, his daughter, but she was more probably a daughter of Diego Sánchez de Ayala and a sister of Toda Díaz.[10] In May 1140, widowed, María quot;
the mother of Count Lopequot;
(mater comitis Lupi) and Mayor Garcés gave the monastery of San Ginés to that of San Juan de Burgos.[1] <br />Gerald Dias Lopezborn in BISCAY, Spain, dwelt in Florence<br />Osoriaborn in Florence<br />Walter Fitz Other <br /> Joseph of armathea uncle to jesus Anna Penardin Bran the Blessed Caractacus Cylinus COEL Lucius or Lleiver Mawr Cadvan Strada the Fair Helen Constantius 1 Clorus 242 ad Constantine 1 227 ad Maximianus Dai 1 317 ad Maximus 11 Magnus Clemens St Elen Liwyddog 340 ad Annwn Dyfed ap Macsen 355 ad Ednyfed Dyfed ap Annwn 370 ad King Tudwall 1 ap Ednyfed 411 ad Ding ap Tudwal 427 ad Senylit Hael ap Dingad 462 ad Neithon ap Senyllt 487 ad Rhun ap Neithon 512 ad Tudwal 11 Rhun 537 ad Ahllech ap Tudwall 562 ad Cynfun ap Anllech 587 ad Merfun Mawr 610 ad Anarawd Gwalch-crwn 632 ad Tudwall 111 ap Anarawd Sandde ap Alcwn 660 ad Elidir ap Sandde 708 ad Gwriad of Man 825 ad Marvyn Vrych Rhodri ri Mawr Cadell ap Rhodri Mawr Hywel Dha ap Cadell Owain ap Hywel Dha Einion ap Owain Cadell ap Einion Tewdwr Mawr ap Cadell Rhys ap Tewdwr Mawr Nesta Rhys married Gerald de Windsor<br />1 Mr. Cosimo GHERARDINI 1st Great Duke of Florence b: Abt. 87 <br /> 2 Mr. Mathias GHERARDINI b: Abt. 900 <br /> 3 Lord Otterus (Othoer) GHERARDINI 1: Baron of Gherardini 2: Lord in Tuscany b: 934 Gherardini, Italia d: 996 in Italia? <br /> 4 Lord Gherardo GHERARDINI Baron (Lord) of Windsor b: 980 Italia? d: Aft. 1006 in Italia? Residence: Florence, Italia <br /> 5 Dominus Otho b 1: 1006 Florence, Italia b 2: 1010 Florence, Italia Immigration: 1042 Italia to Normandie, France/Wales to England d: Aft. 1042 in Surrey, England <br /> Mr. Walter FITZ OTHO of Windsor 1: 1078 Castellan of Windsor Castle 2: Bet. 1066 - 1087 Warden of Forests in Berkshire (c.1066-87) 3: 1100 Keeper of the Forest b 1: 1037 b 2: 1050 Living: Bet. 1066 - 1087 d: <br />1100 in England Reference #: (Ä178:2) <br />Otho (Othoer) of TUSCANY <br /> or: Gherardine (Gherardo) of FLORENCE <br /> Otho (Other DOMINUS) GERALDINUM (? - by 1100) <br /> Founder of family of windsor 4th in descent from <br />RAINERO <br />in thequot;
Battle Abbey Bookquot;
<br />Walter FitzOTHO (FitzOTHER) (1045? - 1099+) <br />Gerald FitzWALTER de WINDSOR <br />William fitzOther (ancestor of the fitzGeralds or Ireland and elsewhere) held Compton (now in Sussex), Hurtmore, Godalming, Pepper Harrow and a quot;
homagerquot;
in the soke of Kingston. He and his brother Walter fitzOther were the sons of Other, Uther or Odo, third in descent from Zuria Lopez the Fair, 1st Lord of Biscay who had 3 sons. One of them, Gerald Dias Lopez, was expelled to Florence by his bastard brother Iñigo. Uther or Other lived in Normandy and came to England during the Conquest with his sons, Walter and William. Walter's son Gerald, castellan of Windsor and Pembroke (under Arnulf Montgomery de Bellême) married Nesta, daughter of Rhys ap Tewdwr. Their daughter Angharad married William de Barry (parents of Gerald de Barry known as Giraldus Cambrensis, the historian). <br />Beatrice (poss. de OFFALY) <br />walter fitz-otho de windsor <br />gerald fitzwalter de windsor <br />maurice fitzgerald de windsor <br />gerald fitz-maurice <br />maurice fitzgerald <br />thomas fitzgerald <br />john fitzgerald <br />maurice fitzthomas fitzgerald <br />john fitzthomas chief of geraldines <br />slane by sir richard bochell (capell) d1261 <br />colin (COILIMIM HYHERNUM)(CAILEAN)(CALLAN)(COLINUM HYBRIUM) <br />(CALINUS HIBERNUS)(COLINE GERALD)( COLINO HYBERNO) OR <br />COLIN FITZGERALD <br />of Kintail <br /> b 1200 d 1278 Donan castle Scotland <br />kenneth (Coinneah macolin) <br />of Kintail 11 <br /> b 1250-1304 Iona monastery Iona Argyll <br />murdoch mackenneth <br />of Kintail <br />kenneth mackenzie <br />of Kintail <br />b -1338 <br />kenneth mackenzie <br />of Kintail 111 na NA SROINE <br /> b -1346 Perth <br />murdoch mackenzie <br />of Kintail V NA HUAGH <br /> b 1340-1375 <br />murdoch mackenzie <br />of Kintail 1111x NA DROCHAID <br /> b 1370-1416 <br />alexander mackenzie <br />of Kintail 111x IONRAIC <br /> b 1413 Lochbroom d 1488 Kinellan <br />kenneth mackenzie <br />of Kintail 11x A BHLAIR <br /> b 1454 -1492 Kinellan <br />john mackenzie <br />of Kintail 1x <br /> b 1481-1561 Inverchonan House <br />kenneth mackenzie <br />of Kintail x NA CUIRC <br /> b 1543 -1568 Beauly Inverness <br />colin mackenzie <br />of Kintail x1 CAM <br /> b 1556 Kintail d 1594 Redcastle Rosshire <br />roderick mackenzie <br />of Tarbat <br /> b 1577 -1626 Kintail Rosshire <br />john mackenzie <br />of Tarbat <br /> b 1608 Inverteil Fife d 1654 <br />alexander mackenzie <br />of Ardoch 1 <br /> b 1642 Kinghorn Fife <br />john mackenzie <br />of Ardloch 11 <br /> b 1664 -1726 <br />alexander mckenzie <br />of Ardloch 111 b m 1732 d 1772 <br />robert mckenzie <br />of Ardloch V <br />b 1743 -1809 <br />alexander mckenzie <br />of Tarbat <br /> d 1839 Calcutta India <br />donald mckenzie b 1815 killiemuir Skye <br />Inverness <br />mary mckenzie b 1849 Kinglassie <br />Fife <br />andrew foster b 1868 Kirkcaldy <br />Fife <br />thomas henderson foster b 1903 Kirkcaldy <br />Fife <br />jane shiela foster b 1934 Kirkcaldy <br />Fife <br /> PAUL KAY <br />MSN.com<br />