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Locomotor and Non-Locomotor Skills
- 3. LOCOMOTOR SKILLS • Body moving from one place to another in a vertical plane • Develop bodily control • Walking, running, leaping, jumping, hopping, galloping, sliding, & skipping • Build upon to create routines and games • Travel in general space • Different pathways (straight, curved, zigzag), directions (forward, backward, sideways), & different speeds (slow, medium, fast) • Response to signal (stop/start, change movements, pathways, directions, speed) 9/5/2018 3
- 4. NON-LOCOMOTOR SKILLS • Not require body to move from place to place; not incorporate objects into movement • Performed in stable position standing or sitting • Twisting, turning, bending, stretching, rocking, curling, balance • Movements in same place • Mostly used in gymnastics • Stretch, tuck, pike, straddle, turn, twist, bend • Phases: • Develop skill • Expand skill • Master skill 9/5/2018 4
- 5. Manipulative Skills Fine and gross motor skills that involve the control of objects primarily with the hands and feet Examples: • Throwing • Catching • Striking • Kicking 9/5/2018 5
- 6. Fundamental Motor Skill Development Fundamental Movement Skills • A common motor activity with specific movement patterns (a.k.a. basic motor skill) Movement Pattern • Basic functional structure of a fundamental motor skill • A series of movements organized in a particular time-space sequence 9/5/2018 6
- 7. MOVEMENT PATTERNS Immature (initial) 2 to 3 years Elementary, 4 to 5 years Mature 6 to 7 years Skill, rather than age-related Sport skill Adapted to special requirements 9/5/2018 7
- 8. APPROACHES Composite approach (total body approach) • Break down of movement pattern changes into a sequence of stages covering “all” parts of the body Component approach • Changes divided into substages • Each body component is followed through the development process 9/5/2018 8
- 9. METHODS OF STUDYING MOVEMENT Tools • Human eye, video devices, timing devices, electrical devices, anthropometry, dynamography (force), etc. Biomechanic Kinematics and kinetics Process / Product values (and types of assessment) 9/5/2018 9
- 10. RUNNING • Locomotor skill • Natural extension of walking • Characterized by “flight” phase • No foot is contacting surface 9/5/2018 10
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- 12. JUMPING • Locomotor skill in which the body is projected into the air by means of a force generated by one or both legs and then lands on one or both feet • Leaping (1-foot take-off and landing on opposite foot) • Vertical jump (2-feet take-off and landing) • Long jump (2-feet take-off and landing) • Hopping (1-foot take-off and landing on same foot) 9/5/2018 12
- 13. STAGES OF JUMPING 9/5/2018 13
- 15. GALLOPING, SLIDING, AND SKIPPING • Locomotor skills • Galloping, same foot leads (walk / leap) • Sliding, sideways gallop • Skipping, step-hop pattern 9/5/2018 15
- 16. THROWING • Complex manipulative skill in which one or both arms are used to thrust an object away from the body and into space • Overhand • Sidearm • Underhand 9/5/2018 16
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- 20. Catching • Gross motor, manipulative skill • Involves tracking an incoming object, stopping its momentum, and gaining control of it by use of the hands 9/5/2018 20
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- 22. Striking • Gross motor, manipulative skill • When part of the body (e.g., hand, foot, or head) or an implement (e.g., paddle, racquet, or bat) is used to give impetus to an object
- 24. Kicking • Gross motor, manipulative skill • When the foot is used to strike an object
- 25. Ball Bouncing and Dribbling • Manipulative skills • Propel a ball in a downward direction • Dribbling is when a ball is bounced 3 or 4 consecutive times
- 26. Climbing • Locomotor skill • Involves ascending and descending movement using the hands and feet • Marking time pattern (uses the same foot to step up or down) • Cross-lateral pattern (alternates sides and places only one foot on each level) 9/5/2018 26
- 27. Fine Motor Behavior Manipulation • Refers to skillful and refined use of hands • 3 to 8 years Finger Differentiation Construction and Self-Help Skills
- 28. Drawing and Writing • Palmar grasp (power grip) • < 3 years of age • Fingers and thumb wrap object • Movement guided by shoulder and arm Figure 9.22
- 29. • Dynamic tripod • 4 > years of age • Fingers and thumb • Wrist • Proximodistal Figure 9.22 Drawing and Writing
- 30. Bimanual Control The use and control of two hands Symmetrical • Similar and simultaneous • Clapping and jump roping Asymmetrical • Different, coordinated, and complementary • Cutting and tying • Evident by 1st year • Mastery by 6 years
- 31. Functional (Motor) Asymmetries Brain Lateralization Sidedness • Right-sided • Left-sided • Mix-sided Eye Preference • The least degree of right-sidedness • Approx. 70% of adults prefer the right eye
- 32. Handedness • More right-handed with age • Approx. 90% of the population is right-handed Footedness • Non-preferred foot is used as stabilizer • There is more mixed-footedness than mixed- handedness • Approx. 80% of adults are right-footed Functional (Motor) Asymmetries
- 33. • Early childhood is characterized by fundamental movement actions that can be categorized into locomotor, nonlocomotor, and manipulative (gross and manual) behaviors. • Two general approaches associated with qualitative movement changes across time are composite approach and component approach. • Manipulation refers to the skillful and refined use of the hands. • Bimanual control involves the use of two hands in a symmetrical or asymmetrical function. A general developmental trend for all functional asymmetries is a shift toward the greater right-sidedness with increasing age. Summary 9/5/2018 33