Scan testing involves applying test vectors to a design using scan chains. Vectors are shifted in slowly, then the design is run at speed to propagate values. Responses are captured then shifted out. There are two main delay test methods: launch-on-capture applies a second vector by toggling clocks at speed, while launch-on-shift generates the second vector by shifting one more bit during scanning. Both capture responses by toggling clocks at speed then shifting out.
The following presentation is a part of the level 4 module -- Digital Logic and Signal Principles. This resources is a part of the 2009/2010 Engineering (foundation degree, BEng and HN) courses from University of Wales Newport (course codes H101, H691, H620, HH37 and 001H). This resource is a part of the core modules for the full time 1st year undergraduate programme.
The BEng & Foundation Degrees and HNC/D in Engineering are designed to meet the needs of employers by placing the emphasis on the theoretical, practical and vocational aspects of engineering within the workplace and beyond. Engineering is becoming more high profile, and therefore more in demand as a skill set, in today’s high-tech world. This course has been designed to provide you with knowledge, skills and practical experience encountered in everyday engineering environments.
The document discusses design for test (DFT) techniques. It explains that DFT aims to improve the testability of chip designs by adding mechanisms to control and observe internal nodes for manufacturing testing. This allows testing of each block or component on the chip to identify defective parts. Specifically, it discusses using scan chains to test combinational logic, and techniques like MBIST and boundary scan for testing memories and I/O, respectively. The goal of DFT is to effectively test designs at the component level to improve quality and yield.
Testing of Logic Circuits document discusses:
1) The need to test logic circuits when first developed and when manufactured to check for flaws.
2) Common testing techniques like combinational/sequential circuit testing, fault models, path sensitizing, scan path testing, and boundary scan testing.
3) Fault models assume faults make wires permanently stuck at logic 0 or 1.
4) Path sensitizing activates paths so signal changes directly impact outputs to test for faults.
The document discusses the basics of programmable logic controller (PLC) programming including PLC architecture, memory organization, programming languages, ladder logic instructions, addressing schemes, and programming techniques. Specifically, it covers the processor memory being divided into program and data memory, the ladder logic programming language using relay-type instructions like examine if closed and examine if open, addressing I/O locations by module and bit, and programming concepts such as parallel and nested rungs, internal control relays, and adjustments for different scan patterns.
Design and implementation of modified clock generationeSAT Journals
Abstract
Performing delay test needs the automatic test equipment (ATE) which is used to provide the high-speed clocks, which is then used to generate at-speed test. ATE has some limitations such as it has limited number of clock pins, and is limited in supplying maximum clock frequencies. Expensive ATE has number of pins that works in high frequencies but that will be very expensive to go with to avoid that in this project at speed pulses is generated by a logic that is given to STUMP based LBIST
Keywords — ATE, LBIST
This document discusses the use of sequencer functions in programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes how sequencer functions can be used to control multiple outputs in a step-wise pattern. Specifically, it examines how sequencer functions in Allen-Bradley SLC500 PLCs work, including the sequencer output (SQO), sequencer input (SQI), and sequencer compare (SQC) functions. Examples are provided to illustrate how to configure these functions to control outputs with fixed or variable time intervals between steps. Connecting multiple sequencers allows controlling more than 16 outputs.
PLC: Principios básicos del controlador lógico programable mediante el softwa...SANTIAGO PABLO ALBERTO
This document provides an introduction and overview of:
1) The Lab-Volt PLC Trainer hardware, including its inputs, outputs, indicators, and connections.
2) The RSLogix 500 software used to program the PLC, including how to create and organize projects, programs, and files.
3) The basics of ladder logic programming, including logical continuity, input/output devices, AND and OR logic, and documenting programs.
13 locking functions and operating modes v1.00_enconfidencial
This document provides an overview of locking functions and operating modes in PCS 7 System course. It describes interlock functions that can avoid undesired control functions by locking valves and motors. Interlock blocks make it possible to create static binary logic using AND and OR operations. The status of inputs can be inverted or bypassed. Operating modes like local, remote, manual and automatic are discussed along with how they affect control functions. The document also covers resetting interlocks, forcing operating states, and priorities between operating modes and control functions.
The following presentation is a part of the level 4 module -- Digital Logic and Signal Principles. This resources is a part of the 2009/2010 Engineering (foundation degree, BEng and HN) courses from University of Wales Newport (course codes H101, H691, H620, HH37 and 001H). This resource is a part of the core modules for the full time 1st year undergraduate programme.
The BEng & Foundation Degrees and HNC/D in Engineering are designed to meet the needs of employers by placing the emphasis on the theoretical, practical and vocational aspects of engineering within the workplace and beyond. Engineering is becoming more high profile, and therefore more in demand as a skill set, in today’s high-tech world. This course has been designed to provide you with knowledge, skills and practical experience encountered in everyday engineering environments.
The document discusses design for test (DFT) techniques. It explains that DFT aims to improve the testability of chip designs by adding mechanisms to control and observe internal nodes for manufacturing testing. This allows testing of each block or component on the chip to identify defective parts. Specifically, it discusses using scan chains to test combinational logic, and techniques like MBIST and boundary scan for testing memories and I/O, respectively. The goal of DFT is to effectively test designs at the component level to improve quality and yield.
Testing of Logic Circuits document discusses:
1) The need to test logic circuits when first developed and when manufactured to check for flaws.
2) Common testing techniques like combinational/sequential circuit testing, fault models, path sensitizing, scan path testing, and boundary scan testing.
3) Fault models assume faults make wires permanently stuck at logic 0 or 1.
4) Path sensitizing activates paths so signal changes directly impact outputs to test for faults.
The document discusses the basics of programmable logic controller (PLC) programming including PLC architecture, memory organization, programming languages, ladder logic instructions, addressing schemes, and programming techniques. Specifically, it covers the processor memory being divided into program and data memory, the ladder logic programming language using relay-type instructions like examine if closed and examine if open, addressing I/O locations by module and bit, and programming concepts such as parallel and nested rungs, internal control relays, and adjustments for different scan patterns.
Design and implementation of modified clock generationeSAT Journals
Abstract
Performing delay test needs the automatic test equipment (ATE) which is used to provide the high-speed clocks, which is then used to generate at-speed test. ATE has some limitations such as it has limited number of clock pins, and is limited in supplying maximum clock frequencies. Expensive ATE has number of pins that works in high frequencies but that will be very expensive to go with to avoid that in this project at speed pulses is generated by a logic that is given to STUMP based LBIST
Keywords — ATE, LBIST
This document discusses the use of sequencer functions in programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes how sequencer functions can be used to control multiple outputs in a step-wise pattern. Specifically, it examines how sequencer functions in Allen-Bradley SLC500 PLCs work, including the sequencer output (SQO), sequencer input (SQI), and sequencer compare (SQC) functions. Examples are provided to illustrate how to configure these functions to control outputs with fixed or variable time intervals between steps. Connecting multiple sequencers allows controlling more than 16 outputs.
PLC: Principios básicos del controlador lógico programable mediante el softwa...SANTIAGO PABLO ALBERTO
This document provides an introduction and overview of:
1) The Lab-Volt PLC Trainer hardware, including its inputs, outputs, indicators, and connections.
2) The RSLogix 500 software used to program the PLC, including how to create and organize projects, programs, and files.
3) The basics of ladder logic programming, including logical continuity, input/output devices, AND and OR logic, and documenting programs.
13 locking functions and operating modes v1.00_enconfidencial
This document provides an overview of locking functions and operating modes in PCS 7 System course. It describes interlock functions that can avoid undesired control functions by locking valves and motors. Interlock blocks make it possible to create static binary logic using AND and OR operations. The status of inputs can be inverted or bypassed. Operating modes like local, remote, manual and automatic are discussed along with how they affect control functions. The document also covers resetting interlocks, forcing operating states, and priorities between operating modes and control functions.
The document discusses developing a fuzzy PI(D) controller for a dynamic system with first order dynamics and delay. A fuzzy logic controller (FLC) with two inputs - error (e(k)) and change in error (Δe(k)) - and one output is created using triangular membership functions. The FLC is implemented in Simulink along with other blocks like filters and a multiplexer to control the dynamic system and reduce steady state error to zero, with the integral part of the controller driving error to zero over time. The performance of the fuzzy controller is then evaluated through simulation.
The document summarizes key concepts related to process synchronization. It introduces the critical section problem where processes need coordinated access to shared resources. Several classic solutions are described, including Peterson's algorithm and using semaphores. Mutex locks and their implementation using atomic hardware instructions like test-and-set are also covered. The concepts of deadlock and starvation that can occur without proper synchronization are briefly mentioned at the end.
A PLC is a programmable device that was invented to replace sequential relay circuits for machine control. It scans its inputs and outputs and executes a user-programmed logic program to control outputs based on inputs. Early PLCs were programmed using ladder logic to resemble relay circuits. Modern PLCs can be programmed in various languages and communicate with other devices. A PLC consists of a CPU, memory, and input and output modules to interface with the outside world.
This document discusses basic logic concepts used in ladder logic programming including gates, latch/unlatch coils, and processor status files. It introduces binary concepts and how gates like AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, and XOR make decisions. Examples of gate circuits are shown in electromechanical and PLC/PAC ladder diagrams. Latch and unlatch coils are used to control outputs and the first scan bit is identified as a useful processor status address.
Iaetsd design and implementation of multiple sic vectorsIaetsd Iaetsd
This document discusses the design and implementation of multiple single input change (MSIC) vectors for test pattern generation in built-in self-test (BIST) schemes. It proposes using a reconfigurable Johnson counter and scalable SIC counter to generate minimum transition sequences. Test patterns generated using this multiple SIC approach are applied to ISCAS benchmark circuits. Simulation results show the functionality of the proposed pattern generator and its ability to achieve high fault coverage comparable to primary test patterns.
Performance Analysis of Input Vector Monitoring Concurrent Built In Self Repa...IJTET Journal
Abstract—Built-in self test (BIST) techniques constitute an attractive and practical solution to the problem of testing VLSI circuits and systems. Input vector monitoring concurrent built-in self test (BIST) schemes perform testing during the normal operation of the circuit without imposing a need to set the circuit offline to perform the test. These schemes are evaluated based on the hardware overhead and the concurrent test latency (CTL). CTL means that the time required for the test to complete, whereas the circuit operates normally. In this brief, we present a novel input vector monitoring concurrent BIST scheme, which is based on the idea of monitoring a set (called window) of vectors reaching the circuit inputs during normal operation, and the use of a static-RAM like structure to store the relative locations of the vectors that reach the circuit inputs in the examined window; the proposed scheme is shown to perform significantly better than previously proposed schemes with respect to the hardware overhead and CTL tradeoff. The proposed method also performs novel BISD and BISR schemes based on the fail pattern identification and also binary matrix lossless compression scheme to compress the test patterns in test cubes.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AREA AND POWER OPTIMISED NOVEL SCANFLOPVLSICS Design
The power consumption of IC during test mode is higher than its normal mode. This brings the power as one of the major design constraints for today’s low power design technologies. In normal scan based test circuits most of the power consumed due to the switching activity of scanflops during shift and capture cycles. In this paper a novel scanflop is presented which reduces the switching activity of the scanflop for clock and it reduces the power consumption of the circuit and it also reduces area and test time too. The proposed Dual Mode One Latch Double Edge Triggered (DMOL-DET) scanflop which shift the two bits of test vector in a clock cycle, during its test mode and captures the single data in a clock cycle during its data mode. The design and functionality of the proposed scanflop is discussed and compared with the different flipflops which shows that the proposed scan flop reduces the test time and clock switching activity by 50%, area by 30% and static power by 25%.
Lab ObjectivesThe objective for this lab is to review the Motoro.docxjesseniasaddler
Lab Objectives
The objective for this lab is to review the Motorola assembly language instruction set using digital logic gates. This lab will also serve as a review of digital logic and introduce the concept of coding logic designs in assembly.
Description
In this lab, you will overview the assembly logic instructions that can be used for logic gates. A logic gate is an idealized or physical device implementing a Boolean function, that is, it performs a logical operation on one or more logic inputs and produces a logic output(s). You will then use these logic gates to create a logic circuit in assembly.
Work Task
Design, implement, and test the following logic gates. For parts 1-4, your code must reside on the EEPROM (ROM). For parts 5 and 6, your code must be in program section of RAM (PROG). And your variables must reside in the data section of RAM (DATA). You must use the assembly logic instructions available to you (e.g., ANDA for the AND gates).
1.
NOT Gate
The overall objective is to create a NOT gate. The system has one digital input and one digital output, such that the output is the logical complement of the input. Investigate the complement (i.e., COMA and COMB) and the BCLR instructions.
IN
OUT
0
1
1
0
2.
3-Input AND Gate
The overall objective is to create a 3-input AND gate. The system has three digital inputs and one digital output, such that the output is the logical AND of the three inputs. Investigate the AND instruction (i.e., ANDA or ANDB).
IN 1
IN 2
IN 3
OUT
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
3.
3-Input OR Gate
The overall objective is to create a 3-input OR gate. The system has three digital inputs and one digital output, such that the output is the logical OR of the three inputs. Investigate the OR instruction (i.e., ORAA or ORAB).
IN 1
IN 2
IN 3
OUT
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
4.
2-Input XOR Gate
The overall objective is to create a 2-input XOR gate. The system has two digital inputs and one digital output, such that the output is the logical XOR of the two inputs. Investigate the XOR instruction (i.e., EORA or EORB).
IN 1
IN 2
OUT
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
5.
Sum-of-Products (SoP)
Using the
sum-of-products
expression, find and code the simplified logic function for Table 1 using the assembly logic instructions. Show your work in the discussion section of your report (i.e., k-maps and digital logic schematic).
A
B
C
F
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
Table 1: Truth table 1.
6.
Product-of-Sums (PoS)
Using the
products-of-sums
expression, find and code the simplified logic function for Table 2 using the assembly logic instructions. Show your work in the discussion section of your report (i.e., k-maps and digital logic schematic).
A
B
C
D
F
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
T.
This document discusses Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), including PLC addressing, basic instructions like examine if closed (XIC) and output energize (OTE), and using a PLC simulator. It explains how inputs and outputs are mapped to data files and addresses. Basic PLC programming concepts are introduced like branches and parallel logic. The document recommends using the simulator's built-in simulations, like the batch simulator, to design and test ladder logic programs.
This document discusses the basics of programmable logic controller (PLC) programming and architecture. It covers topics like PLC memory organization, input/output table files, ladder logic programming, and scan processes. The key points are that PLCs use ladder logic programming which resembles relay-based logic, their memory is divided between program and data areas, and they operate by continuously scanning inputs, running the user program, and updating outputs.
This document discusses the basics of programmable logic controller (PLC) programming and architecture. It covers PLC memory organization, including the separation of program and data memory. The processor continually performs an input/output scan and program scan in a repeating cycle. Ladder logic is introduced as the most common PLC programming language, using basic instructions like examine if closed and output energize analogous to relay contacts and coils. The document explains how the PLC scans the ladder logic program sequentially to determine the state of outputs.
This document provides information on programmable logic control (PLC) including processor information, theory of operation, Allen Bradley PLC details, pin diagrams, channel configuration, network configuration through LAN, and example programs to control devices like lights and fans using different logic functions. The document covers PLC basics, components, ladder logic programming, actuators, switches, and provides 14 programming examples to demonstrate sequencing, timing, and control applications using PLCs.
Here are the answers to the checkpoint questions:
1. The three expressions that appear inside the parentheses of a for loop are:
A) Initialization expression
B) Test expression
C) Update expression
2. A) i = 0
B) i < 50
C) i += 1
D) for i in range(0, 50, 1):
print("I love to program!")
3. A) 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
B) 20, 18, 16
4. A while loop is best when you don't know how many times the loop needs to run up front. A for loop is best when you need to iterate a specific number of times
This document discusses jump instructions in PLC ladder logic. Jump instructions allow a PLC program to break its normal sequential execution and move to another part of the program. The key points covered are:
- Jump instructions work with label instructions to redirect program flow. The jump instruction moves execution to the rung with a matching label number.
- Jumps can move execution forward or backward within a program. Multiple jumps can target the same label. Jumps can also be nested within other jumps.
- Advantages of jumps include allowing a PLC to run multiple programs, jumping sections during faults to reduce downtime, and improving scan time performance.
- An example is provided demonstrating a parking lot control system
The document discusses process synchronization and concurrency control techniques used to ensure orderly execution of cooperating processes. It describes solutions to classical synchronization problems like the bounded buffer problem, readers-writers problem, and dining philosophers problem using semaphores and monitors. Atomic transactions are achieved through techniques like write-ahead logging and checkpoints to assure failures do not compromise data consistency.
The document is an introduction to VLSI testing from Chapter 1. It discusses the importance of testing as circuit complexity increases due to Moore's law. Testing is needed at various stages of the design and manufacturing process to ensure quality and reliability. Common approaches to testing include fault modeling, test generation, and analyzing fault coverage and yield. The chapter introduces basic concepts and challenges in VLSI testing.
This document discusses library characterization, which involves characterizing standard cell libraries used in semiconductor design. It begins with an overview of why library characterization is an interesting career and then discusses fundamental terminology. It provides examples of characterizing an inverter and D flip-flop, covering timing analysis, power characterization, and more. Advanced topics discussed include state dependent delays, load capacitance characterization, and measuring tri-state delays. References are provided for further reading.
In considering the techniques that may be used for digital circuit testing, two distinct philosophies may be found, First is Functional Testing, which undertake a series of functional tests and check for the correct (fault free) 0 or 1 output response. It does not consider how the circuit is designed, but only that it gives the correct output during test and second one is Fault Modelling in whichto consider the possible Faults that may occur within the circuit, and then to apply a series of tests which are specifically formulated to check whether each of these faults is present or not.The faults which are likely to occur on the wafer during the manufacture of the ICs, and compute the result on the circuit output(s) with or without each fault present. Each of the final series of tests is then designed to show that a particular fault is present or not.
The slide covers the basic concepts and designs of artificial neural networks. It explains and justifies the use of McCulloh Pitts Model, Adaline network, Perceptron algorithm, Backpropagation algorithm, Hopfield network and Kohonen network; along with its practical applications.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
The document discusses developing a fuzzy PI(D) controller for a dynamic system with first order dynamics and delay. A fuzzy logic controller (FLC) with two inputs - error (e(k)) and change in error (Δe(k)) - and one output is created using triangular membership functions. The FLC is implemented in Simulink along with other blocks like filters and a multiplexer to control the dynamic system and reduce steady state error to zero, with the integral part of the controller driving error to zero over time. The performance of the fuzzy controller is then evaluated through simulation.
The document summarizes key concepts related to process synchronization. It introduces the critical section problem where processes need coordinated access to shared resources. Several classic solutions are described, including Peterson's algorithm and using semaphores. Mutex locks and their implementation using atomic hardware instructions like test-and-set are also covered. The concepts of deadlock and starvation that can occur without proper synchronization are briefly mentioned at the end.
A PLC is a programmable device that was invented to replace sequential relay circuits for machine control. It scans its inputs and outputs and executes a user-programmed logic program to control outputs based on inputs. Early PLCs were programmed using ladder logic to resemble relay circuits. Modern PLCs can be programmed in various languages and communicate with other devices. A PLC consists of a CPU, memory, and input and output modules to interface with the outside world.
This document discusses basic logic concepts used in ladder logic programming including gates, latch/unlatch coils, and processor status files. It introduces binary concepts and how gates like AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, and XOR make decisions. Examples of gate circuits are shown in electromechanical and PLC/PAC ladder diagrams. Latch and unlatch coils are used to control outputs and the first scan bit is identified as a useful processor status address.
Iaetsd design and implementation of multiple sic vectorsIaetsd Iaetsd
This document discusses the design and implementation of multiple single input change (MSIC) vectors for test pattern generation in built-in self-test (BIST) schemes. It proposes using a reconfigurable Johnson counter and scalable SIC counter to generate minimum transition sequences. Test patterns generated using this multiple SIC approach are applied to ISCAS benchmark circuits. Simulation results show the functionality of the proposed pattern generator and its ability to achieve high fault coverage comparable to primary test patterns.
Performance Analysis of Input Vector Monitoring Concurrent Built In Self Repa...IJTET Journal
Abstract—Built-in self test (BIST) techniques constitute an attractive and practical solution to the problem of testing VLSI circuits and systems. Input vector monitoring concurrent built-in self test (BIST) schemes perform testing during the normal operation of the circuit without imposing a need to set the circuit offline to perform the test. These schemes are evaluated based on the hardware overhead and the concurrent test latency (CTL). CTL means that the time required for the test to complete, whereas the circuit operates normally. In this brief, we present a novel input vector monitoring concurrent BIST scheme, which is based on the idea of monitoring a set (called window) of vectors reaching the circuit inputs during normal operation, and the use of a static-RAM like structure to store the relative locations of the vectors that reach the circuit inputs in the examined window; the proposed scheme is shown to perform significantly better than previously proposed schemes with respect to the hardware overhead and CTL tradeoff. The proposed method also performs novel BISD and BISR schemes based on the fail pattern identification and also binary matrix lossless compression scheme to compress the test patterns in test cubes.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AREA AND POWER OPTIMISED NOVEL SCANFLOPVLSICS Design
The power consumption of IC during test mode is higher than its normal mode. This brings the power as one of the major design constraints for today’s low power design technologies. In normal scan based test circuits most of the power consumed due to the switching activity of scanflops during shift and capture cycles. In this paper a novel scanflop is presented which reduces the switching activity of the scanflop for clock and it reduces the power consumption of the circuit and it also reduces area and test time too. The proposed Dual Mode One Latch Double Edge Triggered (DMOL-DET) scanflop which shift the two bits of test vector in a clock cycle, during its test mode and captures the single data in a clock cycle during its data mode. The design and functionality of the proposed scanflop is discussed and compared with the different flipflops which shows that the proposed scan flop reduces the test time and clock switching activity by 50%, area by 30% and static power by 25%.
Lab ObjectivesThe objective for this lab is to review the Motoro.docxjesseniasaddler
Lab Objectives
The objective for this lab is to review the Motorola assembly language instruction set using digital logic gates. This lab will also serve as a review of digital logic and introduce the concept of coding logic designs in assembly.
Description
In this lab, you will overview the assembly logic instructions that can be used for logic gates. A logic gate is an idealized or physical device implementing a Boolean function, that is, it performs a logical operation on one or more logic inputs and produces a logic output(s). You will then use these logic gates to create a logic circuit in assembly.
Work Task
Design, implement, and test the following logic gates. For parts 1-4, your code must reside on the EEPROM (ROM). For parts 5 and 6, your code must be in program section of RAM (PROG). And your variables must reside in the data section of RAM (DATA). You must use the assembly logic instructions available to you (e.g., ANDA for the AND gates).
1.
NOT Gate
The overall objective is to create a NOT gate. The system has one digital input and one digital output, such that the output is the logical complement of the input. Investigate the complement (i.e., COMA and COMB) and the BCLR instructions.
IN
OUT
0
1
1
0
2.
3-Input AND Gate
The overall objective is to create a 3-input AND gate. The system has three digital inputs and one digital output, such that the output is the logical AND of the three inputs. Investigate the AND instruction (i.e., ANDA or ANDB).
IN 1
IN 2
IN 3
OUT
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
3.
3-Input OR Gate
The overall objective is to create a 3-input OR gate. The system has three digital inputs and one digital output, such that the output is the logical OR of the three inputs. Investigate the OR instruction (i.e., ORAA or ORAB).
IN 1
IN 2
IN 3
OUT
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
4.
2-Input XOR Gate
The overall objective is to create a 2-input XOR gate. The system has two digital inputs and one digital output, such that the output is the logical XOR of the two inputs. Investigate the XOR instruction (i.e., EORA or EORB).
IN 1
IN 2
OUT
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
5.
Sum-of-Products (SoP)
Using the
sum-of-products
expression, find and code the simplified logic function for Table 1 using the assembly logic instructions. Show your work in the discussion section of your report (i.e., k-maps and digital logic schematic).
A
B
C
F
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
Table 1: Truth table 1.
6.
Product-of-Sums (PoS)
Using the
products-of-sums
expression, find and code the simplified logic function for Table 2 using the assembly logic instructions. Show your work in the discussion section of your report (i.e., k-maps and digital logic schematic).
A
B
C
D
F
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
T.
This document discusses Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), including PLC addressing, basic instructions like examine if closed (XIC) and output energize (OTE), and using a PLC simulator. It explains how inputs and outputs are mapped to data files and addresses. Basic PLC programming concepts are introduced like branches and parallel logic. The document recommends using the simulator's built-in simulations, like the batch simulator, to design and test ladder logic programs.
This document discusses the basics of programmable logic controller (PLC) programming and architecture. It covers topics like PLC memory organization, input/output table files, ladder logic programming, and scan processes. The key points are that PLCs use ladder logic programming which resembles relay-based logic, their memory is divided between program and data areas, and they operate by continuously scanning inputs, running the user program, and updating outputs.
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Here are the answers to the checkpoint questions:
1. The three expressions that appear inside the parentheses of a for loop are:
A) Initialization expression
B) Test expression
C) Update expression
2. A) i = 0
B) i < 50
C) i += 1
D) for i in range(0, 50, 1):
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3. A) 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
B) 20, 18, 16
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The document is an introduction to VLSI testing from Chapter 1. It discusses the importance of testing as circuit complexity increases due to Moore's law. Testing is needed at various stages of the design and manufacturing process to ensure quality and reliability. Common approaches to testing include fault modeling, test generation, and analyzing fault coverage and yield. The chapter introduces basic concepts and challenges in VLSI testing.
This document discusses library characterization, which involves characterizing standard cell libraries used in semiconductor design. It begins with an overview of why library characterization is an interesting career and then discusses fundamental terminology. It provides examples of characterizing an inverter and D flip-flop, covering timing analysis, power characterization, and more. Advanced topics discussed include state dependent delays, load capacitance characterization, and measuring tri-state delays. References are provided for further reading.
In considering the techniques that may be used for digital circuit testing, two distinct philosophies may be found, First is Functional Testing, which undertake a series of functional tests and check for the correct (fault free) 0 or 1 output response. It does not consider how the circuit is designed, but only that it gives the correct output during test and second one is Fault Modelling in whichto consider the possible Faults that may occur within the circuit, and then to apply a series of tests which are specifically formulated to check whether each of these faults is present or not.The faults which are likely to occur on the wafer during the manufacture of the ICs, and compute the result on the circuit output(s) with or without each fault present. Each of the final series of tests is then designed to show that a particular fault is present or not.
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1. How does Scan Work? Prepared by Mahmut Yilmaz
Scan Chain Operation for Stuckat Test
Design Under Test (DUT)
Combinational
Logic
Combinational
Logic
Combinational
Logic
Combinational
Logic
Scan Enable
Primary
Outputs
(PO)
Primary
Inputs
(PI)
Scan Out
Scan In
Here is an example design under test (DUT). I have shown a single scan chain (in red color) in the circuit, with Scan In and Scan Out ports.
Assume that all scan flip‐flops are controlled by the Scan Enable signal.
1
2. How does Scan Work? Prepared by Mahmut Yilmaz
Design Under Test (DUT)
Combinational
Logic
X
X
X
Combinational
Logic
X
X
X
X
X
X
Combinational
Logic
Combinational
Logic
Scan Enable=1
Primary
Outputs
(PO)
Primary
Inputs
(PI)
Scan Out
Scan In
100101011
The first thing we should do is to put the scan flip‐flops into scan mode. We do this by using the Scan Enable signal. In this case, forcing Scan
Enable to 1 enables the scan mode.
Note that initially all the scan flops at unknown state (X). For industrial circuits, there are architectural ways to initialize all flip‐flops to known
states if needed. However, for this particular case, assume that all scan flops were initially at unknown state X.
We want to scan in the following vector: 100101011
2
3. How does Scan Work? Prepared by Mahmut Yilmaz
Design Under Test (DUT)
Combinational
Logic
0
1
1
Combinational
Logic
X
X
X
X
X
X
Combinational
Logic
Combinational
Logic
Scan Enable=1
Primary
Outputs
(PO)
Primary
Inputs
(PI)
Scan Out
Scan In
100101
And we start scanning in the test vector we want to apply. In the figure above, you see that the first 3 bits are scanned in. We shift in a single bit
at each clock cycle. Usually, the scan shift frequency is very slow, much lower than the functional frequency of the circuit. This frequency is
currently about 100MHz for most ASIC circuits. AMD uses 400MHz shift frequency, which is a pretty high value for that purpose. Of course, the
higher the test frequency, the shorter the test time.
3
4. How does Scan Work? Prepared by Mahmut Yilmaz
Design Under Test (DUT)
Combinational
Logic
Primary
Inputs
(PI)
Scan In
Primary
Outputs
(PO)
1
0
0
Combinational
Logic
0
1
1
1
0
1
Combinational
Logic
Combinational
Logic
Scan Enable=0
Scan Out
At this point, we have shifted in the complete test vector '100101011'. We are done with shifting in. We will disable scan mode by forcing Scan
Enable to 0.
Note that the shifted‐in test vector is currently applied to the combinational logic pieces that are driven by scan flip‐flops. It means that 2nd,
3rd, and 4th combinational logic blocks are already forced test inputs.
4
5. How does Scan Work? Prepared by Mahmut Yilmaz
Design Under Test (DUT)
Combinational
Logic
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
Combinational
Logic
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
Combinational
Logic
Combinational
Logic
Scan Enable=0
Primary
Outputs
(PO)
Primary
Inputs
(PI)
Scan Out
Scan In
The next step is to force primary input (PI) values and measure the primary output (PO) values: force_PI and measure_PO.
Note that from the previous step, the shifted‐in test vector was already applied to the combinational logic pieces that are driven by scan flip‐
flops. It means that 2nd, 3rd, and 4th combinational logic blocks were already forced test inputs. Now, these combinational logic blocks have
generated their outputs.
Since we forced values to PI, the 1st combinational block also has its outputs ready. Furthermore, the outputs of the 4th combinational block can
now be observed from POs. We will get the output values of combinational block 4 by measuring POs.
For the rest of the combinational blocks (1,2, and 3), we need to push the output values into scan flip‐flops and then shift these values out.
5
6. How does Scan Work? Prepared by Mahmut Yilmaz
Design Under Test (DUT)
Combinational
Logic
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
Combinational
Logic
Combinational
Logic
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
Combinational
Logic
Primary
Outputs
(PO)
Primary
Inputs
(PI)
Scan In
Scan Enable=0
Scan Out
In order to push the output values of combinational blocks 1,2, and 3 into scan flip‐flops, we have to toggle the system clock. Once we toggle the
system clock, all D flip‐flops (scan flip‐flops) will capture the values at their D input.
In the figure above, the capture event is shown.
6
7. How does Scan Work? Prepared by Mahmut Yilmaz
Design Under Test (DUT)
Combinational
Logic
0
0
1
Combinational
Logic
1
1
1
0
1
0
Combinational
Logic
Combinational
Logic
Primary
Outputs
(PO)
Primary
Inputs
(PI)
Scan In
111100111
Scan Enable=1
Scan Out
Now, we are ready to shift‐out the captured combinational logic responses. However, while doing that, we will also shift‐in the next test vector.
The next test vector is '111100111'.
Note that we have set Scan Enable signal back to 1 to enable shifting.
7
8. How does Scan Work? Prepared by Mahmut Yilmaz
Design Under Test (DUT)
Combinational
Logic
0
1
1
Combinational
Logic
0
0
1
1
0
1
Combinational
Logic
Combinational
Logic
0111
Primary
Outputs
(PO)
Primary
Inputs
(PI)
Scan In
11110
Scan Enable=1
Scan Out
Here is a snapshot of the shift operation. As you can see, we have shifted‐out 4‐bits of the previous test response, and at the same time shifted‐
in 4‐bits of the new test vector input. The new test vector bits are shown in bold‐red in the figure above.
8
9. How does Scan Work? Prepared by Mahmut Yilmaz
Design Under Test (DUT)
Combinational
Logic
0
1
1
Combinational
Logic
1
1
1
1
0
0
Combinational
Logic
Combinational
Logic
011000111
Primary
Outputs
(PO)
Primary
Inputs
(PI)
Scan In
Scan Enable=1
Scan Out
At this point, we have completely scanned‐out (shifted‐out) the test response for the previous test vector, and also scanned‐in (shifted‐in) the
new test vector input.
The process continues in this way until all the test vectors are applied.
Note: On page 5, I mentioned force_PI and measure_PO. Actually, for industrial circuits, force_PI and measure_PO is not done. This is because
primary inputs and outputs are connected to very slow pads, and these pads are not tested by structural test. You may realize that in this case
the 1st and 4th combinational blocks cannot be tested: 1st block cannot be tested because we cannot apply inputs to it (force_PI). 4th block
cannot be tested because we cannot check its output (measure_PO). This is usually not a problem because the circuits are surrounded by
wrapper scan flip‐flops. This means that there is actually no logic before the first level of scan flip‐flops or after the last level of scan flip‐flops.
So, the complete DUT is covered by scan flip‐flops.
9
10. How does Scan Work? Prepared by Mahmut Yilmaz
Scan Chain Operation for Delay Test
Scan operation for delay test is very similar to stuck‐at test. The main difference is that delay test needs two inputs instead of one. The first input
is always the scanned‐in vector. The second input can be generated in two different ways. Each way has its own name: (1) Launch‐on‐Capture
(LOC) or broadside delay test, (2) Launch‐on‐shift (LOS) or skewed‐load delay test. Now I will show how each of these methods works...
(1) LaunchonCapture (Broadside)
Design Under Test (DUT)
Combinational
Logic
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
Combinational
Logic
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
Combinational
Logic
Combinational
Logic
Scan Enable=0
Primary
Outputs
(PO)
Primary
Inputs
(PI)
Scan Out
Scan In
This is the same figure that is shown on page 5. Assume that all the process until this point is the same as stuck‐at test. You scanned‐in the test
vector, forced the PIs, and they created some output responses for combinational blocks. This is step 1. You have already applied your first
vector for the delay test. Guess what is the second vector? The second vector will the output responses of the combinational blocks. Each block
will generate the 2nd test vector for the next stage. Since there is no stage before the 1st one, you need apply force_PI one more time.
10
11. How does Scan Work? Prepared by Mahmut Yilmaz
Combinational
Logic
0
Primary
Inputs
(PI)
Scan In
Primary
Outputs
(PO)
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
Combinational
Logic
Combinational
Logic
0
0
1 1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
Combinational
Logic
Design Under Test (DUT)
Scan Enable=0
Scan Out
Of course, in order to push the output responses of combinational blocks into scan flip‐flops, we need to toggle system clock. Once we toggle
the system clock (and apply the second PI force), we will generate the second test vector for the delay test, and each combinational circuit input
will see an input state transition. The transition on scan flip‐flop outputs (which are inputs to the next stage combinational block) will be as
follows (starting from the closest‐to‐scanin flop): 100101110 ‐‐> 010010111
The second input vector will generate output responses just like the first one. And, you need to capture these responses just like we did before,
by toggling the system clock. However, now there is a difference: You have to toggle the system clock at the real operating frequency: This
means that the period between the first clock toggle and second clock toggle should be equal to functional clock period. In this way, you will
capture the delay‐test responses at the functional frequency.
11
12. How does Scan Work? Prepared by Mahmut Yilmaz
Here is a timing‐diagram of the LOC process (source: Mentor Graphics Scan and ATPG Process Guide, August 2006):
As you can see above, we shift the test vector using a slow clock frequency. Then, we set scan enable to 0 and disable scan mode. In the next
step, we toggle the clock first time to launch a transition in combinational blocks. After that, we toggle the clock again (at the functional
frequency) to capture the final responses of the combinational blocks. The launch & capture events happen at functional frequency. Finally, we
shifted‐out the captured responses using the slow clock frequency.
12
13. How does Scan Work? Prepared by Mahmut Yilmaz
(2) LaunchonShift (SkewedLoad)
Design Under Test (DUT)
Combinational
Logic
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
Combinational
Logic
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
Combinational
Logic
Combinational
Logic
Scan Enable=1
Primary
Outputs
(PO)
Primary
Inputs
(PI)
Scan Out
Scan In
This is the same figure that is shown on page 5 and 10. So, we start as usual: Assume that all the process until this point is the same as stuck‐at
test. You scanned‐in the test vector, forced the PIs, and they created some output responses for combinational blocks. For LOS, we don't care
about these initial output responses. This is step 1. You have already applied your first vector for the delay test. Since there is no stage before
the 1st one, you need apply force_PI one more time. Note that Scan Enable signal is still at active value 1. This is because we have not yet done
with shifting. We need to shift one more time to create the second test vector for the delay test.
13
14. How does Scan Work? Prepared by Mahmut Yilmaz
Combinational
Logic
Primary
Outputs
(PO)
Primary
Inputs
(PI)
Scan In
Scan Enable=1
Design Under Test (DUT)
Combinational
Logic
Combinational
Logic
Combinational
Logic
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
Scan Out
Note that as mentioned in the previous page, the first vector of the delay test is (starting from the closest‐to‐scanin flop): 100101110
The second test vector is generated by shifting one more time, and inserting one more bit from Scan In, 2nd vector is: 010010101
Just after you shift the last bit (and launched a transition by applying the second vector), you have to force Scan Enable to 0, and also toggle the
system clock at the functional frequency. The last toggle of the system clock will capture the delay‐test responses. Finally, you will scan‐out the
responses as usual.
14
15. How does Scan Work? Prepared by Mahmut Yilmaz
15
You can see that we need to have a very fast Scan Enable signal in order to use LOS. Scan Enable should be able to switch from 1 to 0 within a
very short time. This is usually a difficult process because Scan Enable is not designed to operate at high frequencies. Due to this reason, many
industrial designs use LOC instead of LOS. (There are some designs that use LOS. There are workarounds to fast Scan Enable signal requirement,
but I will not go into details for now.)
As you can see above, we shift the test vector using a slow clock frequency until the last bit. The last shifted bit creates the Launch event. Then,
before we toggle the system clock to capture responses, we set scan enable to 0 and disable scan mode. This has to happen very fast since
Launch & Capture event happen at high frequency. In the next step, we toggle the clock again to capture the final responses of the
combinational blocks. Finally, we shifted‐out the captured responses using the slow clock frequency.
Here is a timing‐diagram of the LOS process (source: Mentor Graphics Scan and ATPG Process Guide, August 2006):