Lock in amp
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The lock-in amplifier is an electronic circuit used to measure weak sinusoidal signals contaminated by noise. It consists of four main stages: modulation, selective amplification, synchronous demodulation, and low-pass filtering. The key components are a linear amplifier, multiplier, reference generator, phase shifter, very narrow low-pass filter, peak detector, and voltage display unit. It amplifies the target signal, multiplies it with a reference signal of the same frequency, and filters out noise to isolate the signal for detection.
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![AbdulghefarKamil Faiq · 8.86 · SalahaddinUniversity- Hawler A lockinamplifier(phase-
sensitivedetector) isanelectroniccircuitusedfordiscriminatingnoise componentinasignal.A lock-in-
amplifierinternal circuitycomposedof fouroperative stages,amodulator,selectiveamplifier,
synchronousdemodulation,andlowpassfilter.the lock-inamplifierperformthe laterthree operative
stage.the followinglinkgive detailsof the lockinamplifier:
http://www.thinksrs.com/downloads/PDFs/ApplicationNotes/AboutLIAs.pdf
What are the internal componentsof lock-in-amplifier?- ResearchGate.Availablefrom:
https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_are_the_internal_components_of_lock-in-amplifier
[accessedFeb12, 2016].
Dear Abdulghefar
The lock inamplifierisusedtomeasure aweaksinusoidalsignal heavilycontaminatedbythermal noise.
The lock inamplifieramplifiesthe signal andfilteritoutof noise suchthat it can be easilydetectedbya
peakdetector.The amplificationfunctionisstraightforward.Whilethe verynarrow filteris
accomplishedby multiplyingthe amplifiedsignal byareference periodicsignal havingexactlythe same
frequencyof the amplifiedsignal.Thereforethe signal tobe measuredanditsreferencemustbe
synchronous.The mostsuitable reference signal waveformisthe sinewave whosepeakvalue isunity.
Therefore.assumingthe outputvoltage of the amplifieris
vm=cos wtand the reference voltage vr=Vrcos wt + phi,thenthe outputof the multiplierv0=Vr cos phi
+ cos 2wt +phi.The firstcomponentof the multiplieroutput isadc componentthatcan be selectedbya
verynarrow lowpassfiltercuttingoff the noise surroundingthe signal.So,afterthe filter,the the output
will be vof=Vrcos phi,
where phi isthe phase shiftbetweenthe measuredsignal anditsreference.To make the outputof the
lockin amplifier=Vr one has to make phi =zero.Thisis achievedbyaddingaphase shifterinthe pathof
the reference.One changesthe phase of the reference tomaximize the outputof the filter.Inthiscase
the cos phi becomes one andphi =zero. Inthisultimate state the measuredsignal andthe phase shifted
reference signal willbe inlockinstate.Hence the name lockin amplifier.
Consequentlythe buildingblocksof the lockinamplifierare:
- A linearamplifier
-a multiplier
- A reference generator
- a phase shifter
-A verynarrow lowpassfilter](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lockinamp-200501190045/85/Lock-in-amp-1-320.jpg)
![-A peakdetectorand
-A voltage displayunit.
Thisis an outline onthe lockinamplifier.
What are the internal componentsof lock-in-amplifier?- ResearchGate.Availablefrom:
https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_are_the_internal_components_of_lock-in-amplifier
[accessedFeb12, 2016].](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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S-parameters are used to analyze microwave circuits operating between 300MHz to 1000GHz. S-parameters relate the input and output traveling wave variables of network components using a scattering matrix. For a two-port network, the S-parameters relate the incident and reflected waves at each port. S11 and S22 represent reflection coefficients, while S12 and S21 represent transmission coefficients. Networks can be reciprocal if S12 = S21, and symmetrical if S11 = S22. LTSpice can be used to simulate S-parameters for two-port networks.
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En physics
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Cadence tutorial lab_2_f16
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Electronics i ii razavi
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978 1-4615-6311-2 fm
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William gilbert strange
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Lock in amp
- 1. AbdulghefarKamil Faiq · 8.86 · SalahaddinUniversity- Hawler A lockinamplifier(phase- sensitivedetector) isanelectroniccircuitusedfordiscriminatingnoise componentinasignal.A lock-in- amplifierinternal circuitycomposedof fouroperative stages,amodulator,selectiveamplifier, synchronousdemodulation,andlowpassfilter.the lock-inamplifierperformthe laterthree operative stage.the followinglinkgive detailsof the lockinamplifier: http://www.thinksrs.com/downloads/PDFs/ApplicationNotes/AboutLIAs.pdf What are the internal componentsof lock-in-amplifier?- ResearchGate.Availablefrom: https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_are_the_internal_components_of_lock-in-amplifier [accessedFeb12, 2016]. Dear Abdulghefar The lock inamplifierisusedtomeasure aweaksinusoidalsignal heavilycontaminatedbythermal noise. The lock inamplifieramplifiesthe signal andfilteritoutof noise suchthat it can be easilydetectedbya peakdetector.The amplificationfunctionisstraightforward.Whilethe verynarrow filteris accomplishedby multiplyingthe amplifiedsignal byareference periodicsignal havingexactlythe same frequencyof the amplifiedsignal.Thereforethe signal tobe measuredanditsreferencemustbe synchronous.The mostsuitable reference signal waveformisthe sinewave whosepeakvalue isunity. Therefore.assumingthe outputvoltage of the amplifieris vm=cos wtand the reference voltage vr=Vrcos wt + phi,thenthe outputof the multiplierv0=Vr cos phi + cos 2wt +phi.The firstcomponentof the multiplieroutput isadc componentthatcan be selectedbya verynarrow lowpassfiltercuttingoff the noise surroundingthe signal.So,afterthe filter,the the output will be vof=Vrcos phi, where phi isthe phase shiftbetweenthe measuredsignal anditsreference.To make the outputof the lockin amplifier=Vr one has to make phi =zero.Thisis achievedbyaddingaphase shifterinthe pathof the reference.One changesthe phase of the reference tomaximize the outputof the filter.Inthiscase the cos phi becomes one andphi =zero. Inthisultimate state the measuredsignal andthe phase shifted reference signal willbe inlockinstate.Hence the name lockin amplifier. Consequentlythe buildingblocksof the lockinamplifierare: - A linearamplifier -a multiplier - A reference generator - a phase shifter -A verynarrow lowpassfilter
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