International Seminar on Indonesia Economic Update Darma Persada University-Japan Sogo Kenkyu Forum at Jakarta, 13 September 2012
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c1tcuyqNVbI&feature=plcp
Menguraikan tentang toeri-teori dalam ilmu wilayah seperti export base model, teori pertumbuhan jalur cepat, teori pusat pertumbuhan, teori neo-klasik, model kumulatif kausatif, model interregional, dan teori jaringan keterkaitan desa-kota.
International Seminar on Indonesia Economic Update Darma Persada University-Japan Sogo Kenkyu Forum at Jakarta, 13 September 2012
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c1tcuyqNVbI&feature=plcp
Menguraikan tentang toeri-teori dalam ilmu wilayah seperti export base model, teori pertumbuhan jalur cepat, teori pusat pertumbuhan, teori neo-klasik, model kumulatif kausatif, model interregional, dan teori jaringan keterkaitan desa-kota.
Mulai edisi tahun 2014, penghitungan Indeks Pembangunan Manusia akan dilakukan dengan metodologi yang sedikit berbeda, yaitu dengan memakai angka Harapan Lama Sekolah dan Produk Nasional Bruto per kapita untuk menggantikan Angka Melek Huruf dan Produk Domestik Bruto sebagai indikator penghitungan IPM. Selain itu, agregasi angka IPM tidak lagi menggunakan rata-rata aritmatik, tetapi menggunakan rata-rata geometrik.
Indonesian budget - Purwiyanto Pranotosurwiryo, IndonesiaOECD Governance
This presentation was made by Purwiyanto Pranotosurwiryo, Indonesia, at the 10th OECD-Asian Senior Budget Officials Annual Meeting held in Bangkok, Thailand, on 18-19 December 2014.
ASEAN and China have a strong business relationship. China is ASEAN’s biggest trading partner, while ASEAN is China’s third-largest trading partner. Major exports include machinery, electronics, and chemical products from China and agricultural products, mineral products, and machinery from ASEAN. The countries are also collaborating in the infrastructure, digital economy, energy, and tourism sectors.
In this report, you will find:
- An overview of China-ASEAN trade relations
- The shift of the supply chain from China to ASEAN
- Where in Southeast Asia are Chinese investing
- Case studies of Chinese companies in Southeast Asia
- Potential business developments
Perkembangan klaster industri digambarkan sebagai suatu siklus hidup klaster industri. Siklus hidup klaster merupakan sesuatu hal yang mulai menjadi prioritas untuk dipelajari saat ini (Bergman, 2008). Semenjak tahun 1998 hingga sekarang, telah banyak penelitian dilakukan untuk mempelajari dinamika klaster dengan tujuan mencari bagaimana bentuk siklus hidup klaster (Maskell & Kebir, 2005). Penelitian tersebut dilakukan untuk melakukan identifikasi karakteristik serta kebijakan dan strategi yang diberikan dalam tiap tahapan perkembangan klaster. Selain itu, penelitian dilakukan dengan mempelajari kondisi nyata yang terjadi pada klaster yang telah dikembangkan. Hal itu dilakukan untuk menjawab mengapa klaster-klaster dengan kondisi awal yang sama ketika terbentuk, tetapi hasil perkembangannya dapat jauh berbeda (Bergman, 2008). Kemungkinan hasil perkembangan yang dapat terjadi yaitu terdapat klaster yang berkembang dengan pesat sedangkan lainnya justru mengalami penurunan kinerja bahkan dapat mengalami kegagalan.
Penelitian untuk mengidentifikasi siklus hidup klaster telah dilakukan oleh beberapa peneliti dengan menggunakan pendekatan yang berbeda-beda ((Swann, 2002); (Brenner, 2004); (Maskell & Kebir, 2005); (Bergman, 2008); (Menzel & Fornahl, 2009)). Brenner (2004) mengemukakan teori klaster serta teori siklus hidup klaster secara lengkap setelah melakukan identifikasi menyeluruh pada keseluruhan tahapan siklus hidup mulai dari entry, exit dan growth. Penelitian tersebut disempurnakan oleh Menzel (2009). Dalam penelitiannya, Menzel (2009) menggunakan pendekatan knowledge-based dalam menganalisa siklus hidup klaster. Penelitian tersebut berhasil menemukan penjelasan mengapa siklus hidup klaster berbeda dengan siklus hidup industri serta menemukan kemungkinan adanya tahap renewal setelah klaster mengalami tahap decline atau lock-in.
Kebanyakan penelitian yang telah dilakukan tersebut menggunakan obyek yaitu spontaneus cluster yang berada pada negara maju. Sedangkan penelitian tentang siklus hidup pada government driven cluster (klaster inisiasi pemerintah) yang biasanya banyak terdapat pada negara berkembang, masih sedikit dilakukan.
Telah diketahui bahwa klaster Industri di Indonesia secara dominan merupakan hasil inisiasi pemerintah (Depperin, 2008). Klaster industri telah menjadi suatu kebijakan pemerintah Indonesia dengan tujuan memperkuat struktur industri Indonesia semenjak tahun 2005 (Depperin, 2007). Tetapi dalam perkembangannya masih belum menunjukkan hasil positif yang signifikan memperkuat struktur industri.Dalam makalah ini penulis membahas tentang Klaster Industri dan Aglomerasi serta study kasus terkait Klaster dan Aglomerasi serta keterkaitan antara Klaster dan Aglomerasi dalam pengembangan ekonomi wilayah.
Transformasi struktural didukung sebagian besar oleh institusi dan kebijakan yang mempromosikan pengembangan, adopsi dan penggunaan teknologi untuk mengubah apa yang dihasilkan ekonomi dan bagaimana melakukannya. Spesialisasi, produktivitas, dan Pertumbuhan memicu proses aglomerasi, spesialisasi lebih lanjut, dan kemajuan teknologi
Mulai edisi tahun 2014, penghitungan Indeks Pembangunan Manusia akan dilakukan dengan metodologi yang sedikit berbeda, yaitu dengan memakai angka Harapan Lama Sekolah dan Produk Nasional Bruto per kapita untuk menggantikan Angka Melek Huruf dan Produk Domestik Bruto sebagai indikator penghitungan IPM. Selain itu, agregasi angka IPM tidak lagi menggunakan rata-rata aritmatik, tetapi menggunakan rata-rata geometrik.
Indonesian budget - Purwiyanto Pranotosurwiryo, IndonesiaOECD Governance
This presentation was made by Purwiyanto Pranotosurwiryo, Indonesia, at the 10th OECD-Asian Senior Budget Officials Annual Meeting held in Bangkok, Thailand, on 18-19 December 2014.
ASEAN and China have a strong business relationship. China is ASEAN’s biggest trading partner, while ASEAN is China’s third-largest trading partner. Major exports include machinery, electronics, and chemical products from China and agricultural products, mineral products, and machinery from ASEAN. The countries are also collaborating in the infrastructure, digital economy, energy, and tourism sectors.
In this report, you will find:
- An overview of China-ASEAN trade relations
- The shift of the supply chain from China to ASEAN
- Where in Southeast Asia are Chinese investing
- Case studies of Chinese companies in Southeast Asia
- Potential business developments
Perkembangan klaster industri digambarkan sebagai suatu siklus hidup klaster industri. Siklus hidup klaster merupakan sesuatu hal yang mulai menjadi prioritas untuk dipelajari saat ini (Bergman, 2008). Semenjak tahun 1998 hingga sekarang, telah banyak penelitian dilakukan untuk mempelajari dinamika klaster dengan tujuan mencari bagaimana bentuk siklus hidup klaster (Maskell & Kebir, 2005). Penelitian tersebut dilakukan untuk melakukan identifikasi karakteristik serta kebijakan dan strategi yang diberikan dalam tiap tahapan perkembangan klaster. Selain itu, penelitian dilakukan dengan mempelajari kondisi nyata yang terjadi pada klaster yang telah dikembangkan. Hal itu dilakukan untuk menjawab mengapa klaster-klaster dengan kondisi awal yang sama ketika terbentuk, tetapi hasil perkembangannya dapat jauh berbeda (Bergman, 2008). Kemungkinan hasil perkembangan yang dapat terjadi yaitu terdapat klaster yang berkembang dengan pesat sedangkan lainnya justru mengalami penurunan kinerja bahkan dapat mengalami kegagalan.
Penelitian untuk mengidentifikasi siklus hidup klaster telah dilakukan oleh beberapa peneliti dengan menggunakan pendekatan yang berbeda-beda ((Swann, 2002); (Brenner, 2004); (Maskell & Kebir, 2005); (Bergman, 2008); (Menzel & Fornahl, 2009)). Brenner (2004) mengemukakan teori klaster serta teori siklus hidup klaster secara lengkap setelah melakukan identifikasi menyeluruh pada keseluruhan tahapan siklus hidup mulai dari entry, exit dan growth. Penelitian tersebut disempurnakan oleh Menzel (2009). Dalam penelitiannya, Menzel (2009) menggunakan pendekatan knowledge-based dalam menganalisa siklus hidup klaster. Penelitian tersebut berhasil menemukan penjelasan mengapa siklus hidup klaster berbeda dengan siklus hidup industri serta menemukan kemungkinan adanya tahap renewal setelah klaster mengalami tahap decline atau lock-in.
Kebanyakan penelitian yang telah dilakukan tersebut menggunakan obyek yaitu spontaneus cluster yang berada pada negara maju. Sedangkan penelitian tentang siklus hidup pada government driven cluster (klaster inisiasi pemerintah) yang biasanya banyak terdapat pada negara berkembang, masih sedikit dilakukan.
Telah diketahui bahwa klaster Industri di Indonesia secara dominan merupakan hasil inisiasi pemerintah (Depperin, 2008). Klaster industri telah menjadi suatu kebijakan pemerintah Indonesia dengan tujuan memperkuat struktur industri Indonesia semenjak tahun 2005 (Depperin, 2007). Tetapi dalam perkembangannya masih belum menunjukkan hasil positif yang signifikan memperkuat struktur industri.Dalam makalah ini penulis membahas tentang Klaster Industri dan Aglomerasi serta study kasus terkait Klaster dan Aglomerasi serta keterkaitan antara Klaster dan Aglomerasi dalam pengembangan ekonomi wilayah.
Transformasi struktural didukung sebagian besar oleh institusi dan kebijakan yang mempromosikan pengembangan, adopsi dan penggunaan teknologi untuk mengubah apa yang dihasilkan ekonomi dan bagaimana melakukannya. Spesialisasi, produktivitas, dan Pertumbuhan memicu proses aglomerasi, spesialisasi lebih lanjut, dan kemajuan teknologi
The role of the Mozambique and Southern Africa observatories in alleviating p...UNICEF Algérie
The Experience of Mozambique Development Observatory&Poverty Regional Observatory in SADC.
Ministry of Development and Planning (Mozambique), Dr. Alfredo Salvador Mutombene.
Mining regions OECD future work programmeOECDregions
OECD work on improving regional development outcomes for regions and cities that are specialised in mining and extractive industries.
More information: http://www.oecd.org/cfe/regional-policy/mining-regions.htm
Rural development in Nigeria: problems and prospects for sustainable developmenttheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Strengthen data literacy in the regional development of Suriname; Pieter van ...Pieter van der Hijden
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Describe the background of BIMP EAGA and the result of the first Custom, Immigration, Quarantine and Security (CIQS) Meeting that was held in Manilan in 2006.
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Corruption, Climate Change Adaptation and Poverty in IndonesiaSugeng Budiharsono
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Menguraikan tentang pentingnya kolaborasi dalam menghasilkan inovasi, mulai dari triple Helix of Innovation yang menghasilkan inovasi sampai Quintuple helix of innovation yang menghasilkan eco-innovation> Prinsip kolaborasi ini adalah menghasilkan inovasi, bukan hanya sekedar MoU ..
Mengiraikan definisi daerah tertinggal dari berbagai ahli, kasus daerah tertinggal di Eropa, khususnya di Belanda, dan bagaimana mengembangkan daerah tertinggal di era Revolusi Industri 4.0 agar bisa maju dan berdaya saing tinggi.
Menguraikan kelembagaan (aturan main dan lembaga/organisasinya) pengelolaan sampah di aras masyarakat dengan pendekatan yang baru, yaitu Ekonomi Sirkuler atau Ekonomi Biru. Jadi pengelolaan sampah bukan hanya bertujuan untuk sanitasi tapi juga dalam kerangka pembangunan berkelanjutan. Selain itu juga dibahas mengenai pengelolaan sampah di era Revolusi Industri 4.0.
Pengembangan ekonomi lokal untuk meningkatkan daya saing daerah di era revol...Sugeng Budiharsono
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Menguraikan tentang perkembangan investasi di Indonesia dalam kurun 3 tahun terakhir baik, PMDN dan PMA menurut sektor dan pulau. Diuraikan juga tentang dampak investasi terhadap pertumbuhan PDRB, kemiskinan, gini rasio dan tingkat pengangguran terbuka
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Menguraikan kebijakan fiskal dan moneter yang mempengaruhi investasi di Indonesia. Diuraikan juga contoh-contoh kebijakan moneter dan fiskal yang mempengaruhi investasi tersebut.
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
Resume
• Real GDP growth slowed down due to problems with access to electricity caused by the destruction of manoeuvrable electricity generation by Russian drones and missiles.
• Exports and imports continued growing due to better logistics through the Ukrainian sea corridor and road. Polish farmers and drivers stopped blocking borders at the end of April.
• In April, both the Tax and Customs Services over-executed the revenue plan. Moreover, the NBU transferred twice the planned profit to the budget.
• The European side approved the Ukraine Plan, which the government adopted to determine indicators for the Ukraine Facility. That approval will allow Ukraine to receive a EUR 1.9 bn loan from the EU in May. At the same time, the EU provided Ukraine with a EUR 1.5 bn loan in April, as the government fulfilled five indicators under the Ukraine Plan.
• The USA has finally approved an aid package for Ukraine, which includes USD 7.8 bn of budget support; however, the conditions and timing of the assistance are still unknown.
• As in March, annual consumer inflation amounted to 3.2% yoy in April.
• At the April monetary policy meeting, the NBU again reduced the key policy rate from 14.5% to 13.5% per annum.
• Over the past four weeks, the hryvnia exchange rate has stabilized in the UAH 39-40 per USD range.
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
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how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
how can I sell my pi coins for cash in a pi APPDOT TECH
You can't sell your pi coins in the pi network app. because it is not listed yet on any exchange.
The only way you can sell is by trading your pi coins with an investor (a person looking forward to hold massive amounts of pi coins before mainnet launch) .
You don't need to meet the investor directly all the trades are done with a pi vendor/merchant (a person that buys the pi coins from miners and resell it to investors)
I Will leave The telegram contact of my personal pi vendor, if you are finding a legitimate one.
@Pi_vendor_247
#pi network
#pi coins
#money
Latino Buying Power - May 2024 Presentation for Latino CaucusDanay Escanaverino
Unlock the potential of Latino Buying Power with this in-depth SlideShare presentation. Explore how the Latino consumer market is transforming the American economy, driven by their significant buying power, entrepreneurial contributions, and growing influence across various sectors.
**Key Sections Covered:**
1. **Economic Impact:** Understand the profound economic impact of Latino consumers on the U.S. economy. Discover how their increasing purchasing power is fueling growth in key industries and contributing to national economic prosperity.
2. **Buying Power:** Dive into detailed analyses of Latino buying power, including its growth trends, key drivers, and projections for the future. Learn how this influential group’s spending habits are shaping market dynamics and creating opportunities for businesses.
3. **Entrepreneurial Contributions:** Explore the entrepreneurial spirit within the Latino community. Examine how Latino-owned businesses are thriving and contributing to job creation, innovation, and economic diversification.
4. **Workforce Statistics:** Gain insights into the role of Latino workers in the American labor market. Review statistics on employment rates, occupational distribution, and the economic contributions of Latino professionals across various industries.
5. **Media Consumption:** Understand the media consumption habits of Latino audiences. Discover their preferences for digital platforms, television, radio, and social media. Learn how these consumption patterns are influencing advertising strategies and media content.
6. **Education:** Examine the educational achievements and challenges within the Latino community. Review statistics on enrollment, graduation rates, and fields of study. Understand the implications of education on economic mobility and workforce readiness.
7. **Home Ownership:** Explore trends in Latino home ownership. Understand the factors driving home buying decisions, the challenges faced by Latino homeowners, and the impact of home ownership on community stability and economic growth.
This SlideShare provides valuable insights for marketers, business owners, policymakers, and anyone interested in the economic influence of the Latino community. By understanding the various facets of Latino buying power, you can effectively engage with this dynamic and growing market segment.
Equip yourself with the knowledge to leverage Latino buying power, tap into their entrepreneurial spirit, and connect with their unique cultural and consumer preferences. Drive your business success by embracing the economic potential of Latino consumers.
**Keywords:** Latino buying power, economic impact, entrepreneurial contributions, workforce statistics, media consumption, education, home ownership, Latino market, Hispanic buying power, Latino purchasing power.
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, THE INDONESIAN EXPERIENCES
1. by
Sugeng Budiharsono
PhD in Rural and Regional Development Planning, 1995
Chief Technical Advisor for LED at Ministry of National Development Planning/BAPPENAS
Lecturer at Graduate Program at University of Indonesia and Bogor Agricultural University
Email: budiharsonos@yahoo.com
Presented at International Short Course on Local Economic Development
Wageningen University and Research CDI, The Netherlands and The SAB World of Learning, South Africa
Johannesburg, South Africa, September 30, 2014
4. Capital: Jakarta Geography: Indonesia is an archipelago country that comprise 17.508 islands. The largest islands are Sumatera, Java, Kalimantan (part of Borneo), Sulawesi (Celebes), and Papua. Surface area: 1,905,000 sq km Official language: Bahasa Indonesia with 742 local languages Population: 248 million (2013) Culture: Indonesia has about 300 ethnic groups, each with cultural identities developed over centuries, and influenced by Indian, Arabic, Chinese, and European sources History: Fossils and the remains of tools show that the Indonesian archipelago was inhabited by Homo erectus, popularly known as "Java Man", between 1.5 million years ago and as recently as 35,000 years ago Colonized by Dutch for 350 years, Portuguese, British, and Japan Independence day: August 17, 1945 Natural resources: petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver.
5. 538.6
709.3
845.6
877.8
870.3
859.3
954.00
1,025.00
1,113.60
1,204.00
1,292.80
1,382.90
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
GDP PPP (Int'l $
bn)
GDP in current
prices (US $ bn)
The World Bank report (2014): Indonesia is the 10 largest economy in the world with the country contributing 2.3 percent of global economic output.
6.
7. Regional disparity especially between Java Island and outer Java (Sumatera, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, Papua and Nusa Tenggara) Unemployment rate The poverty incidence Increasing in Gini ratio (income disparity) Relative share of SME on Employment and GDP
9. 9
According to the Law No 22/2009 and then amended by the Law 32/2004 on Regional Autonomy (decentralization), the authority (except for 5 aspects: justice, national monetary and fiscal policies, defense and security, religion, and foreign affairs) was granted to sub-national level i.e. provincial , district or municipality.
Regional economy is a part of national economy, so that the performance of national economy is determined by the performance of regional economy.
Indonesia territory is very spacious with abundant of natural resources: Local resources for local economic development will be more effective and efficient if it is managed by the local stakeholders Diversity can create a beautiful "mosaic" when properly managed.
LED is necessity to the national strategy in order to improve the quality of national economic growth.
LED uses territorial and bottom-up approaches, so it can be corrected for sectoral approach.
The majority of businesses in the LED are SMEs (56.5 million = 99.9% in 2012) which are based on local resources
LED can overcome problems of employment and poverty, as well as improving the resilience of the national economy.
10. First Generation: PLED (Partnership of Local Economic Development) was nationally implemented by BAPPENAS, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and UN Habitat. It was established in 1998 as the PARUL project (Poverty Alleviation through Rural Urban Linkages) aiming at improving linkages between remote regions and greater markets outside the regions. After PLED expired in 2003, there is no sustainability from the local level to continue this program. Second Generation: RED-GTZ/GIZ Program. The major objective of the RED program is to heighten the competitiveness of a region by spurring regional economic growth. RED is not directly aiming at poverty alleviation as PLED/KPEL did. RED gears to its objective of higher regional competitiveness by boosting SME performance through a unique economic development approach which includes stakeholders from all parts of the society and works both on district level and across district boundaries. This program will be expired by the end of December 2014. Third Generation: LED is the activities using local resources which are initiated and implemented by the local stakeholders
11. Lack of coordination on horizontal and vertical institutions among district/municipalities, provincial and national level further delay a strategic economic development. Limited of local economic facilitation institutions both in terms of capacity, number and duration. More of facilitation only for three years, and because the local stakeholders do not involved, then after the project ends from the central government, it is also ended of the activities (not sustainable). Lack of infrastructure accessibility. The infrastructures do not built based on regional development and lead commodity development. Lack of support from the research and development institutions for lead commodity development Low of human resources capacity especially at the local level The low quality of local economic governance. Many regulations do not support even hinder local economic development. Inter-regional co-operation has not been well established due to the lack of regulations governing it.
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13. Establishing LED’s Stakeholders Forum at the National, Provincial and District/Municipalities level. Formulating a Master Plan Developing Cluster and Region Brand Monitoring dan Evaluation
14. Step 1
Step 2
LED Forum establishment at the central, provincial and district/municipality level
Value Chain Analysis
Regional Development Analysis
Rapid Assessment for LED (RALED)
Participatory data and information collection
Spatial Planning and Local mid term dev. plan
Master Plan
CSO
Donors
Cluster Development
Private Sectors
Local planning and budgeting system
Monitoring and Evaluation
Step 3
Step 4
Region Branding
15.
16. These activities are initiated by National Development Planning Agency at the national level and Local Development Planning Agency at the local level (provincial and districts/municipalities). First step: Identify the local stakeholders who will participate in the LED’s Stakeholders Forum (government, private sectors, academician, NGO etc.). Second step: National/Local Development Planning Agency establish the LED’s Stakeholder Forum Third step: Formulation of article and the action plan of LED’s Stakeholder forum These processes are facilitated by technical advisors
17. THE STRUCTUR OF LED’s STAKEHOLDER FORUM AT NATIONAL LEVEL
WG 2WG 1WG 4WG 3Local and Regional Economic Development Support Facility (LREDSF) Sector Communication ForumNon Goverment ForumRegional LRED Coordination Team (TKPED) Non Goverment LRED Forum (FPNP)
18. 1.As a forum for national LED
2.Coordinating and Synchronizing in:
a.Planning, implementing, and developing of LED program
b.The LED regulation both at national and local level
c.LED data and information
3.Socializing the regulation, the rule, problem solving, lesson learned, and information of LED
4.Monitoring and Evaluation of LED program
5.Coordinating, Evaluating, and providing recommedation on strategic issue of LED
THE ROLE OF LED COORDINATION TEAM (TKPED)
(Ministerial Decree No KEP.16/M.PPN/HK/02/2010 about lED Coordination team Establishment) :
19. 1.As a forum for National Non Government LED stakeholders
2.As government partner to find solution for LED strategic issues in national level
3.Assisting government in implementing LED program.
4.Assisting in policy making, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of LED program
5.Assisting government in policy socialization and dissemination
THE ROLE OF NON GOVERNMENT LED FORUM
20. FPERD
Forum of Economic and Resource Development
FEDEP
Forum for Economic Development & Employment Promotion
CLUSTER CONCULTATION FORUM
PROVINCIAL LEVEL
MUNICIPALITY/
DISTRICT LEVEL
CLUSTER LEVEL
Government of District/Municipality:
•Local Dev. Planning Agency
•Department
•etc
Business Association
Large Business
Member of District/Municipality Parliament
UKM
UKM
SME
Department
Provincial Government
• Local Dev. Planning Agency
• Department
•etc
Business Association
•Academician
•OSS
•BDS
Member of Provincial Parliament
21. Providing inputs for policy formulation on economic and resource development to strengthen the economy Coordinating institution / organization at provincial level and FEDEP at Districts/Municipalities; Facilitating the development of SMEs through cluster (Industrial, Agricultural, and Tourism Cluster); Facilitate the development of BDS, in order to assist the SMEs); Facilitate the development of a conducive business climate; Facilitate FEDEP at District/municipality in the context of information networks and collaboration with stakeholders from within and outside the country;
22. Giving recommendations to the local governments on several programs as follows: Strengthening small and medium businesses. Strengthening the business cluster. Strengthening the private sector in order to create business networking with other partners. Optimization of the local government services to the private sector. Increasing the efforts to create conducive business climate. Improving the performance of the government sector. Increasing the marketing of the potential of the region. Promoting cooperation among stakeholders, including local government, business, academia and others. Improving the system through capacity building. To carry out the evaluation and monitoring of the FEDEP Programs.
23. Best practices Internal and external FEDEP networking was developed gradually. 50% FEDEP have networks on regional level, 50% on national, only a few at international level. Programs synchronization between Local Government agencies related to clusters development have generated a better coordination on their role on distribution in district level. Numerous policies were formulated although only a few which took into account the promotion of local resource utilization. FEDEP activities have been encouraged by FERD through annual Provincial budget which were allocated for every district, and technical assistance opportunity which developed by provincial coordination with donor institutions and national institutions such as Ministry of National Development Planning.
24. Bad practices: FEDEP has not been widely recognized as LED forum in district level stakeholders, although it is popular enough on many LED actors in regional and national level. Many FEDEP promotions through leaflets, posters and banners have been done in their exhibitions which take place outside their district. Many FEDEP’s activities are voluntary dominated by local championship. Most of local championship comes from the local government agencies. So, any duty rotation which naturally happened as a consequence of District HRD decisions would become a serious setback on FEDEP capability. FEDEP still facing problems on updating information and developing accessible data/information related to district LED activities due to limited documentation and lack of internal monitoring/evaluation. Many LED program related to governance development are not implemented based on the need priority of FEDEP capacity building road map. Most of them are implemented as project oriented due to government program/project. Political system transformation due to changes of Local Mayor/Regent give significant influence in local policy on mainstreaming LED or vice versa.
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26. Local development planning agency in cooperation with FEDEP initiate to formulate a master plan. Step 1: Data and information collection with participatory process Step 2: Data Analysis: Location Quotient (LQ) or Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA). Value Chain Analysis Rapid Assessment Techniques for Local Economic Development (RALED) Sociogram and Scalogram Step 3: Determining leading commodities Considering long term and mid-term local development planning Considering land-use planning Considering the above-mentioned analyses Market oriented (domestic and international market) Considering short term and long term demand Not single commodity development but should be integrated with other commodities, for example: tourism Step 4:Formulating Action Plan Step 5: Formulating Program Financial Matrix These processes are facilitated by regional technical advisors
27. Steering Committee
(CLED + NGLEDS)
Technical Committee
Secretariat
BAPPENAS
Line Ministries
Program Financial Matrix
Donors
SOEs
Private Sector
Contractor
Recipient
Province
District/
Municipality
28.
29.
30. Sustainable LED
Increasing social welfare
Regional Performance
Regional disparity
GRDP
Labour productivity
Employment rate
Research and Technology Development
Infrastructure and humanl capital
Foreign Direct Investment
SME
Economic Structure
Social Structure
Innovative activity
Decision centers
Regional Accessibility
Skills of work force
Environment
Regional Identity
Target
Basic Category
Development Factors
Success Determinant
Modification of Pyramid of regional competitiveness
(Lengyel, 2007)
Natural Resources
Institutions and social capital
31. A cluster is a geographically proximate group of interconnected companies and association institution in particular field, linked by communalities and complementarities (Porter, 1998). Cluster theory focuses on removing obstacles, relaxing constraints, and eliminating inefficiencies to productivity growth.
Type of Cluster:
New cluster. The new cluster grows primarily on the initiation or intervention of the government policy.
Mature cluster or Natural Cluster. Mature clusters are often associated with the traditional industrial centers which have been known as a center of industry.
32. Socialization of cluster development to the key stakeholders Identify leading commodity Conducted field survey to validate and collecting data for identify the availability of raw materials and the linkage with other business Evaluation for leading commodity Establish the leading commodity that can be developed through cluster development. Establish the cluster management Formulate the cluster article Formulate a cluster business plan The implementation of cluster development
35. Ivory Coast supplies 40 percent of the world's cocoa and coffee bean market. It is the number one exporter of cocoa, and number three exporter of coffee. Colombia has less of a market share, but its coffee is traded at premium prices, while Ivory Coast is regarded as a poor quality variety. It sells at low prices and is usually blended with other beans before going to market. Without a strong brand of its own Ivory Coast coffee is subject to market pressures and ultimately brings in less revenue and generates less investment and employment for Ivory Coast. Colombian coffee, on the other hand, has been sold under the now famous image of Juan Valdez with his mule since 1981.
36. Why region branding is important? They need to differentiate themselves They need to recogniseable Identity They are in competition Region compete for: Investment Tourist and visitors To retain people and business
37. The concept of branding has been traditionally associated with corporations and their products and services, in either the consumer or the business-to- business markets. But today the concept is also being used for the shaping of a country's or region’s image. Brand is a name, term, design, symbol, or any other feature that identifies one seller's good or service as distinct from those of other sellers. Branding has two purposes: first, it serves as a ‘major tool to create product differentiation and secondly it represents a promise of value. Brand can have social and emotional value to users as it enhances the perceived utility and desirability of a product (Kotler and Gertner, 2002). Nation/region branding: Establishment of an image (internally and externally) for a country/region based on positive and relevant values and perceptions. The fundamental assumption in nation/region branding is that country/region names amount to brands and as result, convey images of the country/region. A region brand has the power to translate into better perception of the country, increasing export, inward tourusm, and foreign investment (Vicente, 2004).
38. Ying Fan (2006)
Aspect
Nation/Region Branding
Product Branding
Offer
Nothing on offer
A product or service on offer
Attribute
Difficult to define
Well defined
Benefits
Purely emotional
Functional and emotional
Image
Complicated, various, vague
Simple, clear
Association
Secondary, numerous and diverse
Primary and secondary, relatively fewer and more specific
Purpose
To promote national/regional image
To help sales and develop relationship
Ownership
Unclear, multi stakeholders
Sole owner
Audience
Diverse, hard to define
Targeted segment
39. LEADERSHIP
GOVERNANCE
INVESTMENT
EXPORT OF LEADING SECTOR
CULTURAL AND HERITAGE
PEOPLE
REGION BRANDING
*) Sugeng Budiharsono (2010)
40. The Benefits for Region Marketing Organizations Provides a strategic focus based on competitive advantage and ways to resonate with key audiences. Fosters a unified and cooperative approach to build the city’s reputation and create a prosperous business climate within the city or downtown. Provides a decision-making framework to build a strong, identity for the city and avoid contradictory and changing messages and images. Results in a higher return on investment (ROI) from destination marketing investments. Captures the strengths and personality of the place in ways that enables all stakeholders to use similar, consistent and compelling messages. Provides product and business development opportunities. The Benefits for External Customers Provides peace of mind by increasing trust and reducing uncertainty in their decision-making. Establishes a clear and valued point of difference in the consumer’s mind. Saves time and effort in making choices. Reflects well on customers for being associated with the place. Taps into their needs and desires. Provides perceived added value and benefits.
41. The Benefits for Community Creates a unifying focus to aid all organizations that rely on the reputation and image of the city or downtown for all or part of their livelihood. Addresses out of date, inaccurate or unbalanced perceptions. Leads to improved income, profit margins, and tax revenues of stakeholders Increases the ability to attract, recruit, and retain talented people. Enhances civic pride.
42. Assess Current Image
Establish Working Group
Identify Regional Competitiveness
Identify Target Audience
Define Core Message and Region Identity
Assess Readiness
Measure Progress
Mselle (2007) in Mugobo and Ukpere (2011)
43. Organisation or government embarking on region branding must evaluate the existing qualities associated with the region in order to reinforce positive perceptions while filtering out negative aspects. We can ask some questions about current image of the region as follows: What associations are linked to the place? Has the image of the place changed over time? What is the current personality of the place? What visual imagery does the place evoke? The ultimate goal is to understand how the target audience perceives the place today so that the gap between the current state and the desired or aspirational state can be assessed. It is this gap that the positioning must close.
44. The region branding process must be a private- public sector partnership for it to be effective and the bulk of the funding must be from the government as the major player in the process. The stakeholders should be involved: Local government and legislative Private sectors NGO Educators Artist Media
45. According to Vaknin (2008), in acquiring a brand name, a region makes use and leverages several factors including the following: Natural endowments – the country’s history, geographical location, tourism sites, climate, national ‘mentality’ (hardworking, forward looking, amicable, peaceful etc.). Acquired endowments – public goods, literacy levels, specialist skills, knowledge of foreign languages, quality of infrastructure, legal, health, banking and other national systems. Risk mitigation – international standing, political risk, favourable international treaties, credit history and insurance available to investors and exporters. Economic prowess – level of economic growth, economic policies, monetary stability, access to international credit and market opportunities.
46. Identifying the region’s key audience is another important step in region branding. Identification of target audience should be aligned with the intended region branding objective such as trade partners, export markets, political allies, cultural partners, students and business visitors. However, it is important that the local audience (internal target) be included in region branding efforts as they will then become the country’s brand ambassadors, for instance during their interactions with tourists, investors and other visitors.
47. According to Olins (2000), developing a core message means finding a way to “...articulate value proposition of a nation brand to its target audience.” A region cannot be everything to everyone and thus it must develop specific messages targeted at specific audiences. The core messages must be clear, consistent and credible. The message must be in line with the national identity and must communicate the nation’s unique selling proposition or its competitive advantage. The core message must also be in line with the aspirations of the internal audience. Every region brand must have a clear and distinct identity as its backbone. Regional identity is the way region is perceived by its external audience. A region can use its history, culture, technological development or any other important milestone to carve a unique identity for itself.
48. Region branding is an expensive and time- consuming process and requires a strategic nation vision and detailed long-term planning. Generally region branding programmes take between five and twenty years to bear fruit. It is also imperative for the nation branding authority to ensure the buy-in of all the economic sectors and the general public in the region in order to garner maximum support. The region branding authority must ensure that adequate resources are available to fully implement and manage the region branding campaign.
49. Just like any process, once you start implementing a region branding programme, it is imperative to monitor the process to ensure that everything goes according to plan. Because of its complexity and the ever-changing environmental factors, it may be necessary to take corrective action in the form of programme adjustments, alterations and reinforcements. For measuring the progress, the Hexagon of Region Branding can be used to assess the region branding.
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56. Situation Analisis
Public Private Dialog
Input from marketing expert
FGD
Training
Task force stablishment
Positioning
Tagline competition
Limited bidding for logo design
The selection of an advertising agency
Capacity building and briefing for local agencies
Creative activity
Assessment by the Jury
Tagline
Interview with multi actors
Responses from 85 stakeholders
Launching logo and tagline
First Draft
57.
58. Increasing tourist and visitors Increasing products sales The absence of regulation on inter-regional cooperation in developing region brand had made the region branding failed to run well Lack of commitment from the Mayor/Head of Districts lack of budget Overall, this program was not running well after the mayor of Solo became Governor of Greater Jakarta and later on became president of Indonesia
59. Leadership from the Regent/mayor plays an important role in local economic development in Indonesia. FEDEP is a key role in local economic development, but very dependent on the presence or absence of local champions. The master plan is still not used as a guidance/reference for the budget allocation for the development of the local economic development both by the line ministries and local stakeholders. Cluster development approach are very encouraging local economic development Innovation plays an important role in the development of the cluster, however the cooperation among local government, private sectors and higher education/research and development institutions is still not optimal. Region brand is still not well developed, this is because the local stakeholders still do not understand the substance of the region brand and the lack of budget to develop it.