1) The document analyzes the socioeconomic characteristics of beneficiaries of rural credit in Pakistan. It collected primary data from 320 farmers through questionnaires to determine the factors affecting their well-being after using credit.
2) Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and linear regression were used to analyze the data. Education level and visiting agricultural information centers were found to significantly impact farmers' ability to improve their standard of living with credit.
3) Younger, more educated farmers who visited information centers were better able to utilize credit to boost their productivity and incomes, suggesting they should be priority beneficiaries of rural credit programs.
Credit and Rice Production among Small Scale Farmers in Niger State, Nigeriaijtsrd
The study investigated the effect of credit on rice production. A total of 300 respondents were selected from a population of 1,296,032 farmers rice farmers in zone "A" Agricultural Zone of Niger State, Nigeria. Taro Yamane method was used to determine the sample size while the multistage sampling technique was used to allocate the sample strata. A structured questionnaire capturing the issues raised in the objectives designed to elicit raw data from the sample. The data collected were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics Pearson Correlation and Regression Analyses and were used to address the objectives and to test the hypotheses respectively. Findings of this study revealed that there were positive and significant relations between credit and rice output r = 0.150 significant @ 0.001 level and between credit and profitability gross margin r = 0.995 significant @ 0.001 level. Also, constraints to credit access were found to have significant effect on rice production F ratio = 9.073 Significant @ 0.001 . Based on these findings, it was recommended, among other things, for a credit policy review by the government at the local, state and federal levels to enhance access to credit among the small scale farmers in Niger State Nigeria. Francis O. Nwankwo | Chinyere Frances Chigbo "Credit and Rice Production among Small Scale Farmers in Niger State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26485.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/26485/credit-and-rice-production-among-small-scale-farmers-in-niger-state-nigeria/francis-o-nwankwo
Family Attachment to Coffee Farms, a Case of Coffee Farming in Kisii County, ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Coffee farmers are elderly averaging 55 years of age and have a high attachment to coffee farms. Coffee is an important crop to the Kenyan economy as it is the fourth foreign exchange earner. The study was carried out to establish the extent of family attachment to farms and particularly coffee farms. Random sampling procedure was employed to obtain data using structured questionnaires, interviews and focus group discussion on a sample of 227 from a target population of 900 coffee farmers in Kisii County. Research was analyzed at 0.05 level of significance using Pearson Correlation with aid of Statistical Package for Social Science. The research findings showed that 62.1% considered important that farm stayed in family ownership, 70.1% considered farm stays farmed by the family, while 73.8% would wish to continue earning from coffee farms even when they will be old enough to carry out farming. Furthermore 45.4% of the respondents indicated unwillingness of retiring from active farming even at old age. The study found the mean age of farmers to be 57 years while mean acreage of farms being 1.67 acres. The research findings give information on the level of family attachment on coffee farms and how it may direct extension approach in pursuit of improved coffee production.
What Constrains Smallholder Farmers Decisions to Participate and use Agricult...ijtsrd
Smallholder farmers contribute more to food security and poverty reduction in Rwanda. However, lack of agricultural finance is one of numerous challenges they face for improving productivity and increasing income along the value chain. The objectives of this paper were to determine the factors influencing the farmers’ decision to participate and use agricultural value chain financing in Rwanda and to analyse the constraints hindering smallholder farmers’ decision to participate and use agricultural value chain financing in Rwanda. Cross sectional data were collected from a random sample of 585 smallholder potato farmers in Musanze and Nyabihu Districts. Results of probit model revealed that sex, age, marital status, education, farming experience, membership to farming associations, household income and distance to market significantly influence the farmers’ decision to participate and use of agricultural value chain financing. The study also found that financing agricultural activities remain a key challenge for smallholder potato farmers. Fear of borrowing, lack of financial literacy, lack of skills in budgeting and unexpected production, interest rate and others loans charges, lack of collaterals, short repayment period and lack of financial literacy have been found to be the main factors constraining potato farmers’ participation and use of agricultural value chain financing. Nevertheless, potato productivity will always result from the interaction between all potato value chain actors. The study recommended the government and value chain stakeholders to formulate integrated policies that facilitate smallholder farmers to access to convenient financing products in order to improve productivity and to meet the customer demands. Patrice Mugenzi | George Owour | Hillary K. Bett "What Constrains Smallholder Farmers Decisions to Participate and use Agricultural Value Chain Financing in Rwanda? The Case of Smallholder Potato Farmers in Musanze and Nyabihu Districts" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38001.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/38001/what-constrains-smallholder-farmers-decisions-to-participate-and-use-agricultural-value-chain-financing-in-rwanda-the-case-of-smallholder-potato-farmers-in-musanze-and-nyabihu-districts/patrice-mugenzi
SMALLHOLDER FARMERS’ CREDIT PARTICIPATION: THE CASE OF OMO MICROFINANCE INSTI...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted with specific objectives to examine households’ participation in credit services of Omo Microfinance Institution and identify the determinants of credit participation and loan amount received in the Gimbo district of Kaffa zone, Southern Ethiopia. The study was based on the data collected from 200 sample households selected through two-stage sampling technique. Both descriptive statistics and econometric model were used to analyze the data. A double hurdle model was employed to assess the determinants of households’ credit participation and the amount of loan received. Econometric model result showed that sex, education level, family size, land size, distance from service provision center, extension contact, perception on group lending, and perception on loan provision time were found to be significant in influencing the probability of credit participation. Furthermore, sex, education, family size, land size, livestock holding, and extension contact were found to be significantly affecting loan amount received. The result suggests the need for improvement on delayed loan disbursement time for credit service in order to increase households’ participation in the services.
Credit and Rice Production among Small Scale Farmers in Niger State, Nigeriaijtsrd
The study investigated the effect of credit on rice production. A total of 300 respondents were selected from a population of 1,296,032 farmers rice farmers in zone "A" Agricultural Zone of Niger State, Nigeria. Taro Yamane method was used to determine the sample size while the multistage sampling technique was used to allocate the sample strata. A structured questionnaire capturing the issues raised in the objectives designed to elicit raw data from the sample. The data collected were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics Pearson Correlation and Regression Analyses and were used to address the objectives and to test the hypotheses respectively. Findings of this study revealed that there were positive and significant relations between credit and rice output r = 0.150 significant @ 0.001 level and between credit and profitability gross margin r = 0.995 significant @ 0.001 level. Also, constraints to credit access were found to have significant effect on rice production F ratio = 9.073 Significant @ 0.001 . Based on these findings, it was recommended, among other things, for a credit policy review by the government at the local, state and federal levels to enhance access to credit among the small scale farmers in Niger State Nigeria. Francis O. Nwankwo | Chinyere Frances Chigbo "Credit and Rice Production among Small Scale Farmers in Niger State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26485.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/26485/credit-and-rice-production-among-small-scale-farmers-in-niger-state-nigeria/francis-o-nwankwo
Family Attachment to Coffee Farms, a Case of Coffee Farming in Kisii County, ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Coffee farmers are elderly averaging 55 years of age and have a high attachment to coffee farms. Coffee is an important crop to the Kenyan economy as it is the fourth foreign exchange earner. The study was carried out to establish the extent of family attachment to farms and particularly coffee farms. Random sampling procedure was employed to obtain data using structured questionnaires, interviews and focus group discussion on a sample of 227 from a target population of 900 coffee farmers in Kisii County. Research was analyzed at 0.05 level of significance using Pearson Correlation with aid of Statistical Package for Social Science. The research findings showed that 62.1% considered important that farm stayed in family ownership, 70.1% considered farm stays farmed by the family, while 73.8% would wish to continue earning from coffee farms even when they will be old enough to carry out farming. Furthermore 45.4% of the respondents indicated unwillingness of retiring from active farming even at old age. The study found the mean age of farmers to be 57 years while mean acreage of farms being 1.67 acres. The research findings give information on the level of family attachment on coffee farms and how it may direct extension approach in pursuit of improved coffee production.
What Constrains Smallholder Farmers Decisions to Participate and use Agricult...ijtsrd
Smallholder farmers contribute more to food security and poverty reduction in Rwanda. However, lack of agricultural finance is one of numerous challenges they face for improving productivity and increasing income along the value chain. The objectives of this paper were to determine the factors influencing the farmers’ decision to participate and use agricultural value chain financing in Rwanda and to analyse the constraints hindering smallholder farmers’ decision to participate and use agricultural value chain financing in Rwanda. Cross sectional data were collected from a random sample of 585 smallholder potato farmers in Musanze and Nyabihu Districts. Results of probit model revealed that sex, age, marital status, education, farming experience, membership to farming associations, household income and distance to market significantly influence the farmers’ decision to participate and use of agricultural value chain financing. The study also found that financing agricultural activities remain a key challenge for smallholder potato farmers. Fear of borrowing, lack of financial literacy, lack of skills in budgeting and unexpected production, interest rate and others loans charges, lack of collaterals, short repayment period and lack of financial literacy have been found to be the main factors constraining potato farmers’ participation and use of agricultural value chain financing. Nevertheless, potato productivity will always result from the interaction between all potato value chain actors. The study recommended the government and value chain stakeholders to formulate integrated policies that facilitate smallholder farmers to access to convenient financing products in order to improve productivity and to meet the customer demands. Patrice Mugenzi | George Owour | Hillary K. Bett "What Constrains Smallholder Farmers Decisions to Participate and use Agricultural Value Chain Financing in Rwanda? The Case of Smallholder Potato Farmers in Musanze and Nyabihu Districts" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38001.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/38001/what-constrains-smallholder-farmers-decisions-to-participate-and-use-agricultural-value-chain-financing-in-rwanda-the-case-of-smallholder-potato-farmers-in-musanze-and-nyabihu-districts/patrice-mugenzi
SMALLHOLDER FARMERS’ CREDIT PARTICIPATION: THE CASE OF OMO MICROFINANCE INSTI...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted with specific objectives to examine households’ participation in credit services of Omo Microfinance Institution and identify the determinants of credit participation and loan amount received in the Gimbo district of Kaffa zone, Southern Ethiopia. The study was based on the data collected from 200 sample households selected through two-stage sampling technique. Both descriptive statistics and econometric model were used to analyze the data. A double hurdle model was employed to assess the determinants of households’ credit participation and the amount of loan received. Econometric model result showed that sex, education level, family size, land size, distance from service provision center, extension contact, perception on group lending, and perception on loan provision time were found to be significant in influencing the probability of credit participation. Furthermore, sex, education, family size, land size, livestock holding, and extension contact were found to be significantly affecting loan amount received. The result suggests the need for improvement on delayed loan disbursement time for credit service in order to increase households’ participation in the services.
Assessment of the Perception of Farming Households on Off Farm Activities as ...ijtsrd
The overall purpose of the study was to assess the perception of farming households on off farm activities as a livelihood coping strategy in Wudil local government area of Kano State, Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was used for the study. At stage one, purposive sampling technique was used to select two 2 wards cikingari and sabongari for the study. At stage two, seven 7 farmers’ cooperatives were picked based on convenience and accessibility. At the final stage, simple random sampling was employed to select ten 10 respondents from each of the farmers’ cooperatives, this give a total of seventy 70 sample size for the study. Both primary and secondary data were used, these were derived from administration of structured questionnaire and review of relevant literatures. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, ranking and standard deviation were used to analyze the four specific objectives. Findings of the research shows that majority 38.57 of the respondents go into fishing activities during off farm season, followed by those who diversify into clay pot making and carpentry work constituting 11.43 , and 10 respectively. As regards the respondents’ perception of off farm income activities those that strongly agreed to the statement “there was reduced level of idleness crime rate as a result of involvement in off farm activities” constitute the highest mean value of X=4.64 , followed by agreement to‘there was improvement in procurement of inputs as a result of involvement in off farm activities’ constitute X=4.37 .It was also revealed that there was a tangible increase in the annual income of respondents after involvement in off farm activities. The major constraints identified were inadequate startup capital, high cost of equipment and transportation and inadequate storage facilities. It is therefore recommended that there should be provision of credit facilities to enable rural dwellers boost their income, subsidized prices of equipment and also provision of stable electricity supply and storage facilities to help preserve perishable products. Elachi M. S | Imam. A | Ngwu S | Ogundele, O. T "Assessment of the Perception of Farming Households on Off-Farm Activities as a Livelihood Coping Strategy in Wudil Lga of Kano State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35696.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/35696/assessment-of-the-perception-of-farming-households-on-offfarm-activities-as-a-livelihood-coping-strategy-in-wudil-lga-of-kano-state-nigeria/elachi-m-s
Determinants of Farmers’ Adoption of Agricultural Development Programme Exten...BRNSS Publication Hub
The study analyzed the determinants of farmers’ adoption of Agricultural Development Programme (ADP)
extension technology packages in Ivo L.G.A of Ebonyi State. Multistage sampling procedure was employed
to select 80 farmers and eight extension agents who formed the respondents for the study. Data were
collected through the aid of questionnaire and interview schedule whereas the analysis was done using
descriptive and inferential statistics suiting each specific objective. The result showed that most of the
farmers (82.50%) and extension agents (75%) were males, respectively. Evidence showed that the mean age
of the farmers was 37 years while the mean age of the extension agents was 44 years. It was obvious that
67.50% and 75% of the farmers and extension agents were, respectively, married. The mean annual income
of the farmers and extension agents was ₦98,070 and ₦504,200, respectively. The result showed further
that about 81.9% change in the dependent variable (adoption of extension technology packages) was caused
by variations of socio-economic characteristics included in the regression model. The following were the
research recommendations; educational facilities should be made available for rural farmers to enhance
easy adoption of ADP extension technology packages to enhance production; government and NGOs should
endeavor to subsidize the cost of ADP extension technology packages to enhance easy adoption by rural
farmers; and credit institutions are advised to give farmers loans to enhance their accessibility of ADP
extension technology packages in the area
Determinants of Micro Finance Accessibility among Tomato Farmers in Kokona Lo...AI Publications
This study was carried out to access the Determinants of micro finance accessibility among tomato farmers in Kokona Local Government Area in Nasarawa State. Primary data was collected from 60 tomato farmers from six Communities in Kokona Local Government Area using a structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, percentages, frequency distribution, range and regression analysis. The results indicated that most of the respondents were young and able-bodied who could be productive for agricultural production in a given conducive atmosphere. Majority of the respondents were married and had 30 years and above farming experience. Results of the findings revealed that majority (73.3%) had access to credit while only 26.7% had no access to credit. The result also indicated that majority (80.0%) of the respondents were males while only 20.0% were female. Results from the findings revealed that larger proportion (26.7%) of the respondents had annual income between the range of N100,001- N150,000, while 21.7% had annual income ranging between N200,001- N250,000 and N50,000- N100,000 respectively. The result showed that all of the respondents (100.0%) of the farmers engaged in tomato farming had no access to extension contact.Results also revealed that majority (70.0%) of the respondents had farm sizes ranging from 1-2 hectares. The results of the multiple regression analysis revealed that the value of the multiple regressions co-efficient (R2) was found to be 0.896, implying that the regression model accounted for about 89% of none zero variations in the study.The research work concluded by advocating the establishment of financial institutions in each local government headquarters of Nasarawa State for easy accessibility to loan by farmers.
Factors Influencing Adoption of Improved Agricultural Technologies (IATs) amo...Premier Publishers
The study examined factors influencing adoption of improved agricultural technologies (IATs) among smallholder farmers in rural communities of Kaduna State.The study was conducted in Giwa and Sabon-gari Local Government Areas. Three objectives guided the study. The study adopted a descriptive research design. Purposive sampling technique was employed to select the farming communities for the study. Two rural communities (Bassawa and Shika) were purposely selected out of 16 villages primarily because of their age-long agricultural technologies. The sample size of the study was 200 smallholder farmers made up of 100 farmers from each of the communities which were purposively selected. Primary data were collected using a structured interview schedule, focus group discussion and in-depth interview while the secondary data which relate to the objectives of the study were collected from the office of the Kaduna State Agricultural Development Project (ADP) and National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services (NAERLS), ABU, Zaria. Data were analyzed using frequency and percentages. Results from the findings of the study revealed a positive significant (p<0.05) influence on adoption of agricultural technology and farmers’ educational levels, gender and age also had a positive significant influence on the adoption of technology. Therefore, the following recommendations were made: there is need to increase farmers’ capital and credit facilities and make funds accessible to the farmers. Also, it is therefore imperative for Government to ensure that policies that support the adoption of improved agricultural technologies are put in place.
We examined the effect of bank credit on agricultural productivity in Nigeria so as
to ascertain the existence of causal relationship between the dual. To achieve this
objective, the time frame secondary data used in the study includes: written materials
such as books and journals and also the use of time series data such as Agricultural
Gross Domestic Product (AGDP), commercial bank credit to agricultural sectors
(CBCA), Interest rate charges (INT), Government spending on agriculture (GSA), and
Agricultural Credit Guarantee scheme (ACGSF).THE DATA collected were all
sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin. The statistical
tool of analysis is the Toda and Yamamoto granger non causality techniques.
Conversely the variables were exposed to the Unit Root Test to ensure stationarity
both with and without structural break, the Johansen Co-Integration Test which
showed that a long term relationship does not exist among variables and also the
Vector Autoregression Estimates Decompositions Test was also computed to shows
the contribution of each endogenous variable to the forecast of other variables before
the application of the Toda and Yamamoto non granger causality test to determine if
a causal relationship exist among variable of which the result attained was that there
is a unidirectional causality running from ACGSF to AGDP thereby buttressing the
estimate of the VAR model with respect to the role of ACGSF in explaining changes
USE OF MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM BY FARMERS FOR IMPROVE PRODUCTIVITY IN K...ijcseit
This paper shows the use of management information system by farmers for improve productivity in Kayah
state in Myanmar. The objective is to give first a brief overview why MIS is important in the farming sector.
Secondly the paper is aiming on the development of a FMIS that depicts all production processes and their
internal interconnections of a farm accurately. Thirdly this paper mentions what is agricultural
information management and why is it important? Furthermore, the MIS has to allow farmers to easily access all information which are crucial for the farm’s profitability. Finally this paper aims on highlighting
effective issues of management information system and what farmers and researchers have to consider during the implementation process.
Determinants of Co Operative Loan Access among Women Farmers in Oyo State, Ni...ijtsrd
The study focused on the determinants of cooperative loan access among women farmers in Ona Ara and Egbeda Local Government areas of Oyo State, Nigeria. The broad objective of this study is to investigate the activities of women cooperative farmers in food crop production through the use of cooperative loans. Both primary and secondary sources of data were used to gather information and a two stage sampling technique was adopted to investigate 120 women farmers. Descriptive and quantitative statistics, double hurdle model and Pearson Product Moment correlation co efficient r estimate were employed in analysing the data. The result of the analysis indicated that the majority 80.2 of the women farmers were between 31 – 40 years and the mean age was 25 years. This implied that most of the co operative women farmers were young and agile. This may help in farm production activities and therefore, their ability to access and utilise loans appropriately. Again, about 5 percent of the cooperative women farmers had no formal education, 7.5 percent had primary education, while 86.9 percent had secondary education. The average farming experience of the farmers was 5.6 years while the average household size was 4.5 years. In addition, the women farmers were largely 72.6 percent Christians and most of them use the accessed loan facilities for other secondary purposes such as payment of children’s tuition fees, household consumption and liquidating previous debts. This development often led to cases of loan default and poor repayment regime among the women farmers. The age, farming experience and the number of hired labour were some of the significant parameters that determined the level of access to co operative loan facilities. The result of the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Co efficient estimation indicated that about 27 percent of the quantity of food crop output of the women farmers was explained by their level of access to co operative loan facilities. In conclusion therefore, it is important to increase the level of access of women farmers to cooperative credit facilities, so that, they can judiciously use such facilities on food crop production. Cases of loan diversion, among cooperative women farmers should also be discouraged. With this, the level food crop production of the women farmers will be enhanced and ultimately their household income will improve. Olagunju, Oluwaseun Emmanuel | Umebali, Emmanuel. E. "Determinants of Co-Operative Loan Access among Women Farmers in Oyo State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50448.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-economics/50448/determinants-of-cooperative-loan-access-among-women-farmers-in-oyo-state-nigeria/olagunju-oluwaseun-emmanuel
This is an analysis of the impact of credits from formal financial institutions on the
welfare of farmers in Plateau state Nigeria. The study used survey research design and
the instrument of questionnaire to capture input variables, output data and welfare data.
Data was partly fitted into the Cobb-Douglas production function for analysis to
ascertain the impact of credit on productivity, and welfare data were analyzed through
descriptive statistics. It was found that credit available to farmers in Plateau state is
inadequate to significantly raise farm productivity and hence the welfare conditions of
farmers. It was further found that profitability, Net farm Income and welfare status of
borrowers were slightly higher than that of non-borrowers. The study therefore
recommends a renewed commitment of both government and formal financial
institutions towards improved quality and quantity of credit to farmers so as to boost
output and welfare conditions of the farmers in the state
Constraints to Accessing Micro-Credit and Loan Scheme of Bank of Agriculture ...ijtsrd
The study examined constraints to accessing micro-credit/loan scheme of Bank of Agriculture (BOA) among farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria: Implications for extension service delivery. Purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used in selecting one hundred (100) respondents for the study. Data were collected using structured interview schedule/questionnaire and analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean scores and standard deviation. The study revealed that micro-credit/ loan scheme (88.6%) were the most patronized among the rural farmers. Others such as ECOWAS, IFAD project and ATHP programme were not patronized at all, probably because the type of projects sponsored by these credit/loan scheme are not important to the respondents. The respondents (farmers) were highly constrained by late release of funds (M= 1.27), grace period too short (M= 1. 17), excessive bureaucracy (M= 1. 14), too short payback period (M= 1. 13), services not regular (M= 1. 13), among others. The Bank of Agriculture staff also noted that they were constrained by late release of approved funds by head quarters of the Bank of Agriculture (M= 1.43), loan diversion (M= 1.27), poor funding of field officers (M= 1.20), lack of awareness by borrowers (M= 1.10) and insufficient staff (M= 0.93). The study recommends that adequate awareness campaign on the availability of micro-credit/loan scheme by Bank of Agriculture should be created in order for the beneficiaries to be knowledgeable about it. It highlights the need for approval of more funds under the scheme and timely release of funds when needed especially during planting season in order to enable the farmers to make judicious use of it for optimum productivity. Mbah Evangeline N | Jiriko, R | Agada, M.O."Constraints to Accessing Micro-Credit and Loan Scheme of Bank of Agriculture among Farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria: Implications for Extension Service Delivery" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd89.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/89/constraints-to-accessing-micro-credit-and-loan-scheme-of-bank-of-agriculture-among-farmers-in-enugu-state-nigeria-implications-for-extension-service-delivery/mbah-evangeline-n
Determinants of Micro Finance Accessibility among Tomato Farmers in Kokona Lo...AI Publications
This study was carried out to access the Determinants of micro finance accessibility among tomato farmers in Kokona Local Government Area in Nasarawa State. Primary data was collected from 60 tomato farmers from six Communities in Kokona Local Government Area using a structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, percentages, frequency distribution, range and regression analysis. The results indicated that most of the respondents were young and able-bodied who could be productive for agricultural production in a given conducive atmosphere. Majority of the respondents were married and had 30 years and above farming experience. Results of the findings revealed that majority (73.3%) had access to credit while only 26.7% had no access to credit. The result also indicated that majority (80.0%) of the respondents were males while only 20.0% were female. Results from the findings revealed that larger proportion (26.7%) of the respondents had annual income between the range of N100,001- N150,000, while 21.7% had annual income ranging between N200,001- N250,000 and N50,000- N100,000 respectively. The result showed that all of the respondents (100.0%) of the farmers engaged in tomato farming had no access to extension contact.Results also revealed that majority (70.0%) of the respondents had farm sizes ranging from 1-2 hectares. The results of the multiple regression analysis revealed that the value of the multiple regressions co-efficient (R2) was found to be 0.896, implying that the regression model accounted for about 89% of none zero variations in the study.The research work concluded by advocating the establishment of financial institutions in each local government headquarters of Nasarawa State for easy accessibility to loan by farmers.
Assessment of the Perception of Farming Households on Off Farm Activities as ...ijtsrd
The overall purpose of the study was to assess the perception of farming households on off farm activities as a livelihood coping strategy in Wudil local government area of Kano State, Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was used for the study. At stage one, purposive sampling technique was used to select two 2 wards cikingari and sabongari for the study. At stage two, seven 7 farmers’ cooperatives were picked based on convenience and accessibility. At the final stage, simple random sampling was employed to select ten 10 respondents from each of the farmers’ cooperatives, this give a total of seventy 70 sample size for the study. Both primary and secondary data were used, these were derived from administration of structured questionnaire and review of relevant literatures. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, ranking and standard deviation were used to analyze the four specific objectives. Findings of the research shows that majority 38.57 of the respondents go into fishing activities during off farm season, followed by those who diversify into clay pot making and carpentry work constituting 11.43 , and 10 respectively. As regards the respondents’ perception of off farm income activities those that strongly agreed to the statement “there was reduced level of idleness crime rate as a result of involvement in off farm activities” constitute the highest mean value of X=4.64 , followed by agreement to‘there was improvement in procurement of inputs as a result of involvement in off farm activities’ constitute X=4.37 .It was also revealed that there was a tangible increase in the annual income of respondents after involvement in off farm activities. The major constraints identified were inadequate startup capital, high cost of equipment and transportation and inadequate storage facilities. It is therefore recommended that there should be provision of credit facilities to enable rural dwellers boost their income, subsidized prices of equipment and also provision of stable electricity supply and storage facilities to help preserve perishable products. Elachi M. S | Imam. A | Ngwu S | Ogundele, O. T "Assessment of the Perception of Farming Households on Off-Farm Activities as a Livelihood Coping Strategy in Wudil Lga of Kano State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35696.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/35696/assessment-of-the-perception-of-farming-households-on-offfarm-activities-as-a-livelihood-coping-strategy-in-wudil-lga-of-kano-state-nigeria/elachi-m-s
Determinants of Farmers’ Adoption of Agricultural Development Programme Exten...BRNSS Publication Hub
The study analyzed the determinants of farmers’ adoption of Agricultural Development Programme (ADP)
extension technology packages in Ivo L.G.A of Ebonyi State. Multistage sampling procedure was employed
to select 80 farmers and eight extension agents who formed the respondents for the study. Data were
collected through the aid of questionnaire and interview schedule whereas the analysis was done using
descriptive and inferential statistics suiting each specific objective. The result showed that most of the
farmers (82.50%) and extension agents (75%) were males, respectively. Evidence showed that the mean age
of the farmers was 37 years while the mean age of the extension agents was 44 years. It was obvious that
67.50% and 75% of the farmers and extension agents were, respectively, married. The mean annual income
of the farmers and extension agents was ₦98,070 and ₦504,200, respectively. The result showed further
that about 81.9% change in the dependent variable (adoption of extension technology packages) was caused
by variations of socio-economic characteristics included in the regression model. The following were the
research recommendations; educational facilities should be made available for rural farmers to enhance
easy adoption of ADP extension technology packages to enhance production; government and NGOs should
endeavor to subsidize the cost of ADP extension technology packages to enhance easy adoption by rural
farmers; and credit institutions are advised to give farmers loans to enhance their accessibility of ADP
extension technology packages in the area
Determinants of Micro Finance Accessibility among Tomato Farmers in Kokona Lo...AI Publications
This study was carried out to access the Determinants of micro finance accessibility among tomato farmers in Kokona Local Government Area in Nasarawa State. Primary data was collected from 60 tomato farmers from six Communities in Kokona Local Government Area using a structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, percentages, frequency distribution, range and regression analysis. The results indicated that most of the respondents were young and able-bodied who could be productive for agricultural production in a given conducive atmosphere. Majority of the respondents were married and had 30 years and above farming experience. Results of the findings revealed that majority (73.3%) had access to credit while only 26.7% had no access to credit. The result also indicated that majority (80.0%) of the respondents were males while only 20.0% were female. Results from the findings revealed that larger proportion (26.7%) of the respondents had annual income between the range of N100,001- N150,000, while 21.7% had annual income ranging between N200,001- N250,000 and N50,000- N100,000 respectively. The result showed that all of the respondents (100.0%) of the farmers engaged in tomato farming had no access to extension contact.Results also revealed that majority (70.0%) of the respondents had farm sizes ranging from 1-2 hectares. The results of the multiple regression analysis revealed that the value of the multiple regressions co-efficient (R2) was found to be 0.896, implying that the regression model accounted for about 89% of none zero variations in the study.The research work concluded by advocating the establishment of financial institutions in each local government headquarters of Nasarawa State for easy accessibility to loan by farmers.
Factors Influencing Adoption of Improved Agricultural Technologies (IATs) amo...Premier Publishers
The study examined factors influencing adoption of improved agricultural technologies (IATs) among smallholder farmers in rural communities of Kaduna State.The study was conducted in Giwa and Sabon-gari Local Government Areas. Three objectives guided the study. The study adopted a descriptive research design. Purposive sampling technique was employed to select the farming communities for the study. Two rural communities (Bassawa and Shika) were purposely selected out of 16 villages primarily because of their age-long agricultural technologies. The sample size of the study was 200 smallholder farmers made up of 100 farmers from each of the communities which were purposively selected. Primary data were collected using a structured interview schedule, focus group discussion and in-depth interview while the secondary data which relate to the objectives of the study were collected from the office of the Kaduna State Agricultural Development Project (ADP) and National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services (NAERLS), ABU, Zaria. Data were analyzed using frequency and percentages. Results from the findings of the study revealed a positive significant (p<0.05) influence on adoption of agricultural technology and farmers’ educational levels, gender and age also had a positive significant influence on the adoption of technology. Therefore, the following recommendations were made: there is need to increase farmers’ capital and credit facilities and make funds accessible to the farmers. Also, it is therefore imperative for Government to ensure that policies that support the adoption of improved agricultural technologies are put in place.
We examined the effect of bank credit on agricultural productivity in Nigeria so as
to ascertain the existence of causal relationship between the dual. To achieve this
objective, the time frame secondary data used in the study includes: written materials
such as books and journals and also the use of time series data such as Agricultural
Gross Domestic Product (AGDP), commercial bank credit to agricultural sectors
(CBCA), Interest rate charges (INT), Government spending on agriculture (GSA), and
Agricultural Credit Guarantee scheme (ACGSF).THE DATA collected were all
sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin. The statistical
tool of analysis is the Toda and Yamamoto granger non causality techniques.
Conversely the variables were exposed to the Unit Root Test to ensure stationarity
both with and without structural break, the Johansen Co-Integration Test which
showed that a long term relationship does not exist among variables and also the
Vector Autoregression Estimates Decompositions Test was also computed to shows
the contribution of each endogenous variable to the forecast of other variables before
the application of the Toda and Yamamoto non granger causality test to determine if
a causal relationship exist among variable of which the result attained was that there
is a unidirectional causality running from ACGSF to AGDP thereby buttressing the
estimate of the VAR model with respect to the role of ACGSF in explaining changes
USE OF MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM BY FARMERS FOR IMPROVE PRODUCTIVITY IN K...ijcseit
This paper shows the use of management information system by farmers for improve productivity in Kayah
state in Myanmar. The objective is to give first a brief overview why MIS is important in the farming sector.
Secondly the paper is aiming on the development of a FMIS that depicts all production processes and their
internal interconnections of a farm accurately. Thirdly this paper mentions what is agricultural
information management and why is it important? Furthermore, the MIS has to allow farmers to easily access all information which are crucial for the farm’s profitability. Finally this paper aims on highlighting
effective issues of management information system and what farmers and researchers have to consider during the implementation process.
Determinants of Co Operative Loan Access among Women Farmers in Oyo State, Ni...ijtsrd
The study focused on the determinants of cooperative loan access among women farmers in Ona Ara and Egbeda Local Government areas of Oyo State, Nigeria. The broad objective of this study is to investigate the activities of women cooperative farmers in food crop production through the use of cooperative loans. Both primary and secondary sources of data were used to gather information and a two stage sampling technique was adopted to investigate 120 women farmers. Descriptive and quantitative statistics, double hurdle model and Pearson Product Moment correlation co efficient r estimate were employed in analysing the data. The result of the analysis indicated that the majority 80.2 of the women farmers were between 31 – 40 years and the mean age was 25 years. This implied that most of the co operative women farmers were young and agile. This may help in farm production activities and therefore, their ability to access and utilise loans appropriately. Again, about 5 percent of the cooperative women farmers had no formal education, 7.5 percent had primary education, while 86.9 percent had secondary education. The average farming experience of the farmers was 5.6 years while the average household size was 4.5 years. In addition, the women farmers were largely 72.6 percent Christians and most of them use the accessed loan facilities for other secondary purposes such as payment of children’s tuition fees, household consumption and liquidating previous debts. This development often led to cases of loan default and poor repayment regime among the women farmers. The age, farming experience and the number of hired labour were some of the significant parameters that determined the level of access to co operative loan facilities. The result of the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Co efficient estimation indicated that about 27 percent of the quantity of food crop output of the women farmers was explained by their level of access to co operative loan facilities. In conclusion therefore, it is important to increase the level of access of women farmers to cooperative credit facilities, so that, they can judiciously use such facilities on food crop production. Cases of loan diversion, among cooperative women farmers should also be discouraged. With this, the level food crop production of the women farmers will be enhanced and ultimately their household income will improve. Olagunju, Oluwaseun Emmanuel | Umebali, Emmanuel. E. "Determinants of Co-Operative Loan Access among Women Farmers in Oyo State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50448.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-economics/50448/determinants-of-cooperative-loan-access-among-women-farmers-in-oyo-state-nigeria/olagunju-oluwaseun-emmanuel
This is an analysis of the impact of credits from formal financial institutions on the
welfare of farmers in Plateau state Nigeria. The study used survey research design and
the instrument of questionnaire to capture input variables, output data and welfare data.
Data was partly fitted into the Cobb-Douglas production function for analysis to
ascertain the impact of credit on productivity, and welfare data were analyzed through
descriptive statistics. It was found that credit available to farmers in Plateau state is
inadequate to significantly raise farm productivity and hence the welfare conditions of
farmers. It was further found that profitability, Net farm Income and welfare status of
borrowers were slightly higher than that of non-borrowers. The study therefore
recommends a renewed commitment of both government and formal financial
institutions towards improved quality and quantity of credit to farmers so as to boost
output and welfare conditions of the farmers in the state
Constraints to Accessing Micro-Credit and Loan Scheme of Bank of Agriculture ...ijtsrd
The study examined constraints to accessing micro-credit/loan scheme of Bank of Agriculture (BOA) among farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria: Implications for extension service delivery. Purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used in selecting one hundred (100) respondents for the study. Data were collected using structured interview schedule/questionnaire and analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean scores and standard deviation. The study revealed that micro-credit/ loan scheme (88.6%) were the most patronized among the rural farmers. Others such as ECOWAS, IFAD project and ATHP programme were not patronized at all, probably because the type of projects sponsored by these credit/loan scheme are not important to the respondents. The respondents (farmers) were highly constrained by late release of funds (M= 1.27), grace period too short (M= 1. 17), excessive bureaucracy (M= 1. 14), too short payback period (M= 1. 13), services not regular (M= 1. 13), among others. The Bank of Agriculture staff also noted that they were constrained by late release of approved funds by head quarters of the Bank of Agriculture (M= 1.43), loan diversion (M= 1.27), poor funding of field officers (M= 1.20), lack of awareness by borrowers (M= 1.10) and insufficient staff (M= 0.93). The study recommends that adequate awareness campaign on the availability of micro-credit/loan scheme by Bank of Agriculture should be created in order for the beneficiaries to be knowledgeable about it. It highlights the need for approval of more funds under the scheme and timely release of funds when needed especially during planting season in order to enable the farmers to make judicious use of it for optimum productivity. Mbah Evangeline N | Jiriko, R | Agada, M.O."Constraints to Accessing Micro-Credit and Loan Scheme of Bank of Agriculture among Farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria: Implications for Extension Service Delivery" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd89.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/89/constraints-to-accessing-micro-credit-and-loan-scheme-of-bank-of-agriculture-among-farmers-in-enugu-state-nigeria-implications-for-extension-service-delivery/mbah-evangeline-n
Determinants of Micro Finance Accessibility among Tomato Farmers in Kokona Lo...AI Publications
This study was carried out to access the Determinants of micro finance accessibility among tomato farmers in Kokona Local Government Area in Nasarawa State. Primary data was collected from 60 tomato farmers from six Communities in Kokona Local Government Area using a structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, percentages, frequency distribution, range and regression analysis. The results indicated that most of the respondents were young and able-bodied who could be productive for agricultural production in a given conducive atmosphere. Majority of the respondents were married and had 30 years and above farming experience. Results of the findings revealed that majority (73.3%) had access to credit while only 26.7% had no access to credit. The result also indicated that majority (80.0%) of the respondents were males while only 20.0% were female. Results from the findings revealed that larger proportion (26.7%) of the respondents had annual income between the range of N100,001- N150,000, while 21.7% had annual income ranging between N200,001- N250,000 and N50,000- N100,000 respectively. The result showed that all of the respondents (100.0%) of the farmers engaged in tomato farming had no access to extension contact.Results also revealed that majority (70.0%) of the respondents had farm sizes ranging from 1-2 hectares. The results of the multiple regression analysis revealed that the value of the multiple regressions co-efficient (R2) was found to be 0.896, implying that the regression model accounted for about 89% of none zero variations in the study.The research work concluded by advocating the establishment of financial institutions in each local government headquarters of Nasarawa State for easy accessibility to loan by farmers.
MODELLING THE PREDICTION OF FARMERS' LOAN REPAYMENT IN PRIMARY AGRICUTURAL CO...IAEME Publication
Money, the vital element of economy, is indispensable to Agriculturists too. In India the farming community is subject to various vagaries to continue to be farmers and boost GDP of our Nation. In this Co-operative banks also play an important role despite the low percentage of repayment by farmers promptly coupled with high level of pressure for farmers for loan for continuing agricultural activities while the resource is requiring its cost to make it readily available at the time of all farming activities. There are many socio psychological factors. Affecting recovery of lending institutions resulting in a hard situation for credit societies and banks to continue lending. Here the study is on factors that could predict ways and means of recovery from farmers.
Impact of Microcredit on Socio-Cultural Status of Members of Wshgs; A Study i...iosrjce
Odisha is a mineral rich state in India but the economy of the state mainly dependents on
agricultural. Majority of the population belongs to rural areas; therefore rural sector is the main source of
economic development and manpower in the state. The western part of the state is rich with industrialization
whereas the eastern part of the state is rich with highly futile lands. In eastern part one of the costal district is
Jagatsinghpur. Development of rural areas is essential for the enhancement of overall economy and for the
betterment of rural communities. The aim of the present study was to find the impact of microcredit on sociocultural
status of the WSHG members in rural areas of district Jagatsinghpur. The universe for the present
study was all WSHG of the said district. The Sample of 187 respondents was selected from the targeted
population using the simple random sampling technique. A survey was conducted to carry out the study in which
a close ended structured questionnaire. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to draw the results
from the study. Through descriptive analysis, the study clearly demonstrated that microcredit has played a
positive role in improving the socio cultural status of members of WSHGs. In this regard the study observed that
microcredit played the positive role in changing and improving the women empowerment in the state.
Socioeconomic Determinants of Loan Repayment among the Agric. Loan Schemebene...iosrjce
The study examined the socioeconomic factors influencing loan repayment among the
beneficiariesagricultural loan scheme in the Unity bank of Nigeria PLc in kaduna metropolis. Multi stage
sampling technique was used in the study in which seven branches of the unity bank of Nigeria plc were
purposively selected and in each branch 10 beneficiaries who collected agric loan in2007/2008 cropping season
were selected using simple random sampling technique making a total sample size of seventy respondents. The
data were collected using structured questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics and multiple
regression analysis. The result of the analysis revealed that,majority (75.72%) of the loan beneficiaries were
males and those with age range of 21-40 constituted75.72% with amean age of 38.6. Majority (51.42%) of the
respondents collected above N200,000 as a loan. Beneficiaries who repaid N1, 000-N20, 000and more than
N100, 000 out of the total amount collected constituted 24.29% and 27.14% respectively.The result of the z-test
revealed a significant difference between the amount applied by the farmers and the amount disbursed by the
Unity bank plc. The result of the Double log multiple regression analysis revealed that age of respondent
(p<0.001)><0.01) significantly influence loan repayment by the respondents.
The major problems encountered by the respondents include, high bureaucratic procedures, high rate of interest
and amount given was short of amount applied for. The bank should increase the share of agriculture in the
loanable funds available to it and relaxed the bureaucratic procedures involved before accessing the loan.
Government need to come up with a policy of lowering the interest rate on loans to agricultural sector and
provide efficient extension services to farmers so as to improve the yield obtainable from their farming
enterprise and hence their income
Influence of Cooperative Credit on Cassava Production in Anambra State, NigeriaYogeshIJTSRD
The study analyzed the influence of cooperative credit on cassava production. A multi stage sampling technique was used to select 120 respondents in the study area and structured questionnaire was administered for data collection. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the socio economic characteristics of the respondents while multiple regressions using exponential form was used to quantitatively determine the influence of credit obtained and utilized on cassava output. It showed that 36.7 of the respondents were above 60 years of age which can be grouped as aged this revealed that majority of the farmers there are within their prime age and can utilize credit obtained effectively and efficiently. 76.7 of these farmers were males while the remaining 23.3 were females, majority of the respondents were married and 84.2 of them had formal education. Average amount requested by the farmers was N212, 600,000 but N185, 725,000 was approved this shows that the farmers in that location are small scale farmers which they need to upgrade to large scale in order to produce in large quantity and have durable profit. Influence of credit on cassava output showed that 89.7 of the regression was explained by the regessors. The result revealed that the farming experience with credit use, interest rate charged, total expenditure on production, and loan repayment period were the major significant that influence cassava output. Also, the hypothesis results revealed that credit obtained and utilized had significance influence on cassava output. And concluded that cassava production in the study area is worthwhile embarking on and that credit enhances the farmer’s production, which was reflected in their cassava output. Therefore recommended that credit institutions or lending agencies should lend money to the small scale farmers to improve their productivity, financial institutions in the country should see to the smooth spending of the credit received to avoid diversion of credit. Nwafor, Grace Obiageli | Umebali, Emmanuel E. "Influence of Cooperative Credit on Cassava Production in Anambra State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43931.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/43931/influence-of-cooperative-credit-on-cassava-production-in-anambra-state-nigeria/nwafor-grace-obiageli
Sustainability of Microfinance: A Case of Tea SACCOs in Kericho, Buret and Bo...World-Academic Journal
Tea SACCOs are tea based rural SACCOs formed by tea growers, whose functions are to keep member’s savings in form of shares, savings accounts and deposit accounts among others. Little is known about the factors influencing financial sustainability of Tea SACCOs. The study covered all six Tea SACCOs in Kericho, Bomet and Buret districts in the Rift valley province of Kenya. Analysis involved evaluating growth in net worth, administrative efficiency, loan portfolio quality, staff productivity and transaction costs. The study found that the growth of net assets had been on the decline over the years, loan portfolio was poor and default rates were high. According to the indicators evaluated, Tea SACCOs had not yet reached their full potential in outreach and that high transaction costs hindered their financial sustainability.
Determinants of Willingness to Pay for Private Extension Services by Crop Far...Premier Publishers
The study analysed determinants of willingness to pay for private extension services among crop farmers in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Abuja, Nigeria. Primary data were collected from respondents using a structured questionnaire. Data were analysed using simple descriptive statistics and logit regression model. From the results, the mean age of respondents was 39 years. The mean annual income of respondents was N504,811.1 (SD = N767,997.7). Many (49.4%) of the farmers interviewed had between 6 – 10 persons in their households with an average household size of 8 persons. Majority (79.4%) of the respondents were male while only 20.6% of the respondents were female. Socioeconomic factors influencing crop farmers’ willingness to pay for private extension found in the study were age, income, membership of cooperatives and frequency of extension visits. Age was significant at 10% while Income and membership of cooperatives were both significant at 5% respectively. However, frequency of extension visits was significant at 1%. There should be deliberate policies that will draw younger Nigerian into farming as the study reveals that willingness to pay for private extension increases within the younger generation of farmers. Younger farmers have the innovativeness to incorporate vital innovations and modern technologies in farming.
Sustainability of Microfinance: A Case of Tea SACCOs in Kericho, Buret and Bo...World-Academic Journal
Tea SACCOs are tea based rural SACCOs formed by tea growers, whose functions are to keep member’s savings in form of shares, savings accounts and deposit accounts among others. Little is known about the factors influencing financial sustainability of Tea SACCOs. The study covered all six Tea SACCOs in Kericho, Bomet and Buret districts in the Rift valley province of Kenya. Analysis involved evaluating growth in net worth, administrative efficiency, loan portfolio quality, staff productivity and transaction costs. The study found that the growth of net assets had been on the decline over the years, loan portfolio was poor and default rates were high. According to the indicators evaluated, Tea SACCOs had not yet reached their full potential in outreach and that high transaction costs hindered their financial sustainability.
how can I sell my pi coins for cash in a pi APPDOT TECH
You can't sell your pi coins in the pi network app. because it is not listed yet on any exchange.
The only way you can sell is by trading your pi coins with an investor (a person looking forward to hold massive amounts of pi coins before mainnet launch) .
You don't need to meet the investor directly all the trades are done with a pi vendor/merchant (a person that buys the pi coins from miners and resell it to investors)
I Will leave The telegram contact of my personal pi vendor, if you are finding a legitimate one.
@Pi_vendor_247
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how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
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1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
Latino Buying Power - May 2024 Presentation for Latino CaucusDanay Escanaverino
Unlock the potential of Latino Buying Power with this in-depth SlideShare presentation. Explore how the Latino consumer market is transforming the American economy, driven by their significant buying power, entrepreneurial contributions, and growing influence across various sectors.
**Key Sections Covered:**
1. **Economic Impact:** Understand the profound economic impact of Latino consumers on the U.S. economy. Discover how their increasing purchasing power is fueling growth in key industries and contributing to national economic prosperity.
2. **Buying Power:** Dive into detailed analyses of Latino buying power, including its growth trends, key drivers, and projections for the future. Learn how this influential group’s spending habits are shaping market dynamics and creating opportunities for businesses.
3. **Entrepreneurial Contributions:** Explore the entrepreneurial spirit within the Latino community. Examine how Latino-owned businesses are thriving and contributing to job creation, innovation, and economic diversification.
4. **Workforce Statistics:** Gain insights into the role of Latino workers in the American labor market. Review statistics on employment rates, occupational distribution, and the economic contributions of Latino professionals across various industries.
5. **Media Consumption:** Understand the media consumption habits of Latino audiences. Discover their preferences for digital platforms, television, radio, and social media. Learn how these consumption patterns are influencing advertising strategies and media content.
6. **Education:** Examine the educational achievements and challenges within the Latino community. Review statistics on enrollment, graduation rates, and fields of study. Understand the implications of education on economic mobility and workforce readiness.
7. **Home Ownership:** Explore trends in Latino home ownership. Understand the factors driving home buying decisions, the challenges faced by Latino homeowners, and the impact of home ownership on community stability and economic growth.
This SlideShare provides valuable insights for marketers, business owners, policymakers, and anyone interested in the economic influence of the Latino community. By understanding the various facets of Latino buying power, you can effectively engage with this dynamic and growing market segment.
Equip yourself with the knowledge to leverage Latino buying power, tap into their entrepreneurial spirit, and connect with their unique cultural and consumer preferences. Drive your business success by embracing the economic potential of Latino consumers.
**Keywords:** Latino buying power, economic impact, entrepreneurial contributions, workforce statistics, media consumption, education, home ownership, Latino market, Hispanic buying power, Latino purchasing power.
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
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when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
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Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
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3.[24 33]socioeconomic characteristics of beneficiaries of rural credit
1. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online)
Vol 2, No 5, 2011
Socioeconomic Characteristics of Beneficiaries of rural credit
Muhammad Amjad Saleem
Government College of Commerce & Management Sciences
Dera Ismail Khan (Pakistan)
Abstract
Agriculture is not only the backbone of our food, livelihood and ecological security system, but is also the very
soul of our sovereignty. In Pakistan population density is high and has been increasing day by day and
agricultural land has been decreasing because of fragmenting or converting it into residential plots. To meet the
domestic food requirements and raising standard of life use of improved production technologies developed by
research is must. In this behalf government of Pakistan has been extending loan to poor farmers for adoption of
new farm technology; a capital intensive technology. Right adoption of new farm technology depends on
different demographic factors of farmers. Therefore objective of the paper was to see who benefits more of
credit. Primary data regarding different determinants effecting well being of farmers after use of credit was
collected from 320 farmers who participated in credit using stratified sampling technique through structured
questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA and Linear regression model was applied with the help of SPSS.
Education and visiting agriculture information centre were found significant suggesting younger more educated
farmers who visits information centre be provided credit ,as they had ability to improve their standard.
Keywords: Rural credit; house hold economic welfare
Introduction
International prose asserts that rural credit began alleviating poverty quite a lot of decades ago when
organization of different nations started testing the notions of lending to the people who were on the breadline
.According to Vogt (1978), credit may provide people a chance to earn more money and improve their standard
of living
Agriculture sector in Pakistan is contributing nearly 22% to the national income of Pakistan (GDP) and
employing just about 45% of its workforce. As much as 67.5% of country’s population living in the rural areas
is directly or indirectly reliant on agriculture for its livelihood (Government of Pakistan, 2008).Agriculture as a
segment depends more on credit than any other segments of the financial system because of the seasonal
variations in the farmers’ returns and a varying tendencies from subsistence to commercial farming. Most small
farmers cannot back their farming business from their inadequate savings. These farmers therefore require
support in the form of assembly credit in order to take up relevant technologies to improve their farm
productivity and income (Ater et al., 1991).
Dera Ismail Khan division lies in the arid zone of Pakistan and is located in the extreme south of the Khyber
Pakhton Khawa Province at the bank of river Indus. Total geographic area of 0.73 million hectares out of which
only 0.24 million hectares is cultivated. About one third of the cultivated area is irrigated while the other two
third depends on rainfall and hill torrents for its moisture requirements. Main stay of peoples of this area is
agriculture and over 75% population derives its earning directly or indirectly from agriculture, till recently,
farmers are a poor segment of population of this district. Their income is quite meager. Technical know how is
limited. Where farmers of study area need practical guidance in the application of new farm technical know how
there they need credit to apply this capital intensive technology. Therefore main objective of paper was to see
socioeconomic characteristics of farmers who has ability to improve their standard as a result of using rural
credit in their farms and hence a good impact on the economy of the area.
Literature
Getting access to credit helps the poor improve their productivity and management skills and hence, increase
their income and other benefits such as health care and education. Pragmatic evidence can be originated from
various papers, such as (Morduch, 1995; Gulli, 1998; Khandker, 1998; Pitt and Khandker, 1998; Zeller, 2000;
Parker and Nagarajan, 2001; Khandker, 2001; Khandker and Faruque, 2001; Coleman ,2002; Pitt and Khandker,
2002; Khandker, 2003)
Quach, Mullineux and Murinde (2003) found that household credit contributes positively and significantly to the
economic wellbeing of households in terms of per capita expenditure, per capita food expenditure and per capita
non-food expenditure. The positive effect of credit on household economic wellbeing was apart from whether
the households were poor or better-off.
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Every budding borrower faced a credit limit because of asymmetries of information between borrowers and
lenders and the imperfect enforcement of loan contracts. At the national level, access to bank credit was
positively and significantly influenced by age, being male, household size, education level, household per capita
expenditure and race (Kavanamur, 1994; Okurut et al, 2004; Okurut, 2006; Diagne et al,2000;Giagne and Zeller
2001). Small landholder farmers were too poor to benefit from any kind of credit, and that, even if they had
access to ample credit and inputs, their land constraints were so cruel that any increase in productivity would fall
short of guaranteeing their food security (Fredrick and Bokosi, 2004). The formal lenders took on strict
collateral rudiments to lessen dodging thus straightening out poor from the process. Status, the dependency ratio
of households, and the amount of credit applied for by the household were recognized as the determinants of
credit rationing by the bank. The low level of proceeds and asset escalation made the poor household
unappealing and caused high-risk contour for formal lenders (Duong et al, 2002; Pal, 2002; Barslund and Tarp,
2007). Credit was not a profiting activity for small farmers (Saboor et al, 2009). Literacy was positively and
significantly related with saving due to interventions in credit by farmers Panda (2009) household size, number
of visit by extension agent, farm size,hired Labour, agrochemical, fertilizer and seedling were positively related
with income, while age, educational level and Level of participation were negatively related to income earned
by the farmers due to interventions in credit. Among these variables, farm size was the most significant (Kudi et
al, 2009).If agriculture credit is methodically institutionalized for small farmers; agricultural progress can be
materialized. Due to small holdings, low crop yields and small income, there is very petite saving among the
best part of Pakistani farmers (Abedullah et al, 2009).The farmers with upper level of education had better
thoughtful about the role of credit in getting modern technology and the role of technology to augment output
therefore were demanding large amount of credit as compared to farmers with low down education. Large
farmers could afford to take bigger amount of credit because they had relatively large piece of land to put in the
bank as collateral
Methodology
Primary data from 320 farmers who participated in farm credit were collected using stratified sampling
technique on farm and farmers’ characteristics affecting wellbeing of farmers with the help of structured
questionnaire and interview as used by many researchers such as (Nunung et al, 2005,Oladosu, 2006; Faturoti et
al, 2006).Apart from various closed end questions on different determinants that might effect well being,
questionnaire also contained a question with such attributes that were indicators of change in well being of
farmers for frequency count. Such attributes were also designed on five scales for knowing regression impacts
of different determinants on well being of farmers. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for
frequency counts, correlation check and ANOVA test. Regression analysis was applied to know cause and effect
on the works of (Oladosu, 2006; Kizilaslan and Omer, 2007;Olagunju, 2007).
Modeling
The General Linear Model is commonly estimated using ordinary least square has become one of the most
widely used analytic techniques in social sciences (Cleary and Angel 1984). Most of the statistics used in social
sciences are based on linear models, which means trying to fit a straight line to data collected. Ordinary least
square is used to predict a function that relates dependent variable (Y) to one or more independent variables (x1,
x2, x3…xn). It uses linear function that can be expressed as
Y = a + bXi + ei
Where
a Constant
b Slope of line
Xi Independents variables
ei Error term
Hence to assess contribution of different determinants in wellbeing due to intervention in farm credit Linear
Regression Model was expressed as follow
Y (Well being of farmers) = a (constant) + X1 (Age) +X2 (Education) + X3 (Family size) + X4 (Farm size) +
X5(Farming experience) + X6 (Numbers of times credit attained) + X7(Visiting agricultural information system)
+ ei (Error term)
Analysis and Interpretation
Table 1 indicates that before taking credit mostly farmers lacked personnel transport facilities, entertainments
facilities communications facilities, furnished houses, better health and education facilities etc. After using
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credit for production purpose, now 180 farmers out of 320 possessed TV, 198 out of 320 had telephone facility,
182 out of 320 got motor cycle facility, 268 out of 320 had car facility, 254 out of 320 built new furnished
houses, 214 out of 320 had got admitted their children in private schools for better education, 188 out of 320 got
access to better health facilities and 224 out of 320 could enjoy visiting other cities.
Table 1 Change in living standard of farmers after use of farm credit
Possessions Frequency(BLA) Frequency ALA)
More land 150 170
TV 140 180
Telephone 122 198
Motor cycle 138 182
Car 52 268
New house 66 254
Send child to govt schools 162 158
Send child to private schools 106 214
Seeing doctor in cities 132 188
Eating in restaurants 62 258
Keeping livestock for business 44 276
House renovation 168 152
Member in an organization 82 238
Visit other cities 96 224
BLA= Before loan attainment, ALA=After loan attainment
300
250
200
Before
150
After
100
50
0
Detailed
discussion of impact of using agricultural credit on living standard with respect to different farms and
farmers characteristics
Age
Impact of use of agricultural credit on middle-aged farmers (31 years to 45 years) to improve their living
standard was more than lower (15 years to 30 years) or upper (46 or above) age group of farmers (table2).
Table 2 Descriptive statistics of the Impact of using farm loan on living standard with respect to age
Age % of
Possessions Total
15-30 31-45 46-above 31-45
More land 46 68 56 170 40
TV 50 68 62 180 37.77778
Telephone 64 66 68 198 33.33333
Motor cycle 56 66 60 182 36.26374
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Car 68 110 90 268 41.04478
New house 80 94 80 254 37.00787
Send child to govt schools 50 66 42 158 41.77215
Send child to private schools 52 92 70 214 42.99065
Seeing doctor in cities 52 70 66 188 37.23404
Eating in restaurants 72 98 88 258 37.9845
Keeping livestock for business 82 112 82 276 40.57971
House renovation 46 56 50 152 36.84211
Member in an organization 66 102 70 238 42.85714
Visit other cities 68 78 78 224 34.82143
Source: - Field survey
Middle-aged farmers mostly paid more attention on the education of their children. Out of 214 farmers who paid
attention on the education of there children 92 (43%) belonged to middle age group Out of 238 respondents who
after taking benefits from use of credit for their agriculture production improved their living standard being a
member of an organization 102(42.85%) belonged to middle ages farmers led to 70 farmers of upper age group.
Table 3 Impact of following farm and farmers characteristics (using ANOVA)
Sum of
Variable Levels df Mean Square F Sig
Squares
Age Between group 6.621 2 3.311 .349 .706
With in Group 3009.379 317 9.493
Total 3016.000 319
Education Between group 36.823 2 18.412 1.959 .143
With in Group 2979.177 317 9.398
Total 3016.000 319
Farming Between group 28.392 2 14.196 1.506 .223
Experience With in Group 2987.608 317 9.425
Total 3016.000 319
Family Size Between group 24.855 2 12.428 1.317 .269
With in Group 2991.145 317 9.436
Total 3016.000 319
Farm Size Between group 227.961 2 113.981 12.960 .000
With in Group 2788.039 317 8.795
Total 3016.000 319
Numbers of times Between group 724.433 2 362.217 50.107 .000
credit attained With in Group 2291.567 317 7.229
Total 3016.000 319
Out of 268 respondents who improved their standard having personal transport facility after the use of credit for
agricultural production 110(41%) belonged to middle age group followed by 90 farmers of upper age group
Thirty seven percent respondents now had better health facilities. Age group had no significant impact
(p=0.706) on living standard (table3).Change in living standard depends upon income and also upon developed
communication & transport means, religious and social values attached with the change. Farmers of either age
changed their living standard when they had better income.
Education
Better educated farmers in study area improved their living standard more than illiterates and low educated
farmers after taking benefits from the use of credit for crop productivity (table 4).
Table 4 Descriptive statistics of the Impact of using farm loan on living standard with respect to education
Education
% of above
Possessions Up to Up to Above Total
secondary
primary secondary secondary
More land 28 68 74 170 43.52941
TV 36 78 66 180 36.66667
Telephone 44 74 80 198 40.40404
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Motor cycle 34 74 74 182 40.65934
Car 54 110 104 268 38.80597
New house 54 96 104 254 40.94488
Send child to Govt schools 28 64 66 158 41.77215
Send child to private schools 42 96 76 214 35.51402
Seeing doctor in cities 40 72 76 188 40.42553
Eating in restaurants 50 103 104 257 40.46693
Keeping livestock for business 50 112 114 276 41.30435
House renovation 26 62 64 152 42.10526
Member in an organization 40 102 96 238 40.33613
Visit other cities 48 88 88 224 39.28571
Source: - Field survey
Forty three point fifty three percent (43.53%) respondents among those respondents who now had more
farmlands after use of farm credit were educated above secondary level.Out of 152 respondents who had better
residence than before using credit for crop productivity 64 (42.10%) were educated above secondary level
followed by 62 farmers who were educated up to secondary level. Among 182 and 198 respondents who got
access to more transport and communication facilities than before using credit 74 (41.65%) and 80 (40.40%)
respondents respectively belonged to those farmers who had education above secondary level. Education
affected insignificantly (p=0.143) the living standard of the farmers (table3). Farmers of any education level got
possessions of those food and non-food items that improved their standard of living when they had more income
due to agricultural growth after using farm credit for adoption
Farming experience
More experienced farmers (experience of 21years or above) improved their living standard more than less
experienced farmers after the use of farm credit (table5). Out of 268 respondents who improved them in getting
personal Out of 198 respondents who got access to better communication facilities after the use of credit for
crop productivity 102(51.52%) respondents had more than 20 years of farming experience. Out of 152
respondents who now lived in renovated houses after the use of credit for crop productivity 76 (50%)
respondents belonged to those farmers who had more than 20 years of farming experience. Out of 257 farmers
who could entertain them in restaurants after the use of credit for crop productivity124 (48.25%) were highly
experienced conveyance after the use of credit for crop productivity 120(44.78%) belonged to those respondents
who had more than 20 years of farming experience led to 92 respondents who had farming experience of
11years to 20 years. Among 224 respondents who now could visit other cities110 (49.10%) respondents were
highly experienced farmers.
Table 5 Descriptive statistics of the Impact of using farm loan on living standard with respect to farming
experience
Farming Experience (in years) % Of 21
Possessions Total
& Above
1-10 11-20 21-above
More land 34 60 76 170 44.70588
TV 44 50 86 180 47.77778
Telephone 38 58 102 198 51.51515
Motor cycle 34 64 84 182 46.15385
Car 56 92 120 268 44.77612
New house 52 88 114 254 44.88189
Send child to ovt schools 38 50 70 158 44.3038
Send child to private schools 50 76 88 214 41.1215
Seeing doctor in cities 40 58 90 188 47.87234
Eating in restaurants 49 84 124 257 48.24903
Keeping livestock for business 66 92 118 276 42.75362
House renovation 32 44 76 152 50
Member in an organization 56 84 98 238 41.17647
Visit other cities 38 76 110 224 49.10714
Source: - Field survey
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Farming experience group had no significant impact (p=0.223) on change in living standard (table3). Farmers
with any farming experience in study area changed their standard of living when they saw change in other
fellows.
Family size
Respondents who had medium family size (6 members to 10 members) raised their living standard more than
those respondents who had small family size (1 member to 5 members) or big family (more than 10 members)
after use of credit for crop productivity (table 6).
Table 6 Descriptive statistics of the Impact of using farm loan on living standard with respect to family size
.
Family Size (in members) % 0f
Possessions Total
1-5 6-10 11-above 6-10
More land 60 76 34 170 44.70588
TV 46 100 34 180 55.55556
Telephone 48 112 38 198 56.56566
Motor cycle 58 94 30 182 51.64835
Car 78 140 50 268 52.23881
New house 74 136 44 254 53.54331
Send child to Govt schools 38 84 36 158 53.16456
Send child to private schools 56 124 34 214 57.94393
Seeing doctor in cities 52 114 22 188 60.6383
Eating in restaurants 72 145 40 257 56.42023
Keeping livestock for business 86 144 46 276 52.17391
House renovation 40 90 22 152 59.21053
Member in an organization 74 118 46 238 49.57983
Visit other cities 54 138 32 224 61.60714
Source: - Field survey
Out of 257 respondents who had now better food opportunities than before use of credit for crop productivity
145 (56.42%) respondents belonged to those farmers who had medium family size. Out of 276 respondents who
had now more livestock than before use of credit for crop productivity 144 (52.17%) respondents belonged to
those farmers who had medium family size.Out of 268 respondents who had now personal conveyance than
before use of credit for crop productivity 140(52.23%) respondents belonged to those farmers who had medium
family size. Out of 224 respondents who were able to visit other cities after use of credit for crop
productivity138 (61.61%) respondents belonged to those farmers who had medium family size. Out of 254
respondents who lived in new house after use of credit for crop productivity 136 (53.54%) respondents belonged
to those farmers who had medium family size. Out 214 respondents who had got admitted their children in
private schools for better education after using credit for crop productivity 124 (57.94%) respondents belonged
to those farmers who had medium family size. Out of 188 respondents who got better health facilities after using
credit for crop productivity 114(60.63%) respondents belonged to those farmers who had medium family size.
Family size had no significant impact (p=0.269) on standard of living (table3). Farmers in study area changed
their living standard because where they earned more due to increased crops productivity after taking benefits
from using farm credit there they accepted effects of having better communication and transport facilities
provided them from government.
Farm size
Impact of using credit for farming purpose on welfare of farmers was more on those farmers who had small
farm lands (up to 400 canal) than those farmers who had farms of medium size (401 canal to 800 canal) or big
size (more than 800 canal). Greater attention of small farmers for their welfare was on livestock, better eating,
becoming member in organizations, visiting other cities, personal conveyance, Communication facilities and
better housing respectively (table7).
Table 7 Descriptive statistics of the impact of using farm loan on living
standard with respect to Farm Size
Farm Size (In canal) % Of
Possessions Total
1-400 401-800 801-above 1-400
More land 116 12 42 170 68.23529
TV 120 24 36 180 66.66667
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Telephone 138 24 36 198 69.69697
Motor cycle 130 20 32 182 71.42857
Car 186 30 52 268 69.40299
New house 164 36 54 254 64.56693
Send child to govt schools 96 34 28 158 60.75949
Send child to private schools 142 28 44 214 66.35514
Seeing doctor in cities 128 34 26 188 68.08511
Eating in restaurants 173 38 46 257 67.31518
Keeping livestock for business 180 46 50 276 65.21739
House renovation 104 24 24 152 68.42105
Member in an organization 164 24 50 238 68.90756
Visit other cities 154 34 36 224 68.75
Source: - Field survey
Out of 276 respondents who enhanced their livestock 180 respondents were those farmers who had small
farmlands. Out of 257 respondents who had better food opportunities than before use of credit for crop
productivity 173 respondents were those farmers who had small farmlands. Out of 238 respondents who were
members in organizations after use of credit for crop productivity 164 respondents belonged to those farmers
who had small farmlands. Out of 224 respondents who visited other cities for entertainment after using credit for
crop productivity 154 respondents belonged to those farmers who had small farmlands. Out of 198 respondents
who had better communication facilities than before use of credit for crop productivity 138 respondents
belonged to those farmers who had small farmlands. Farm size had significant impact (p=0.000) on living
standard of farmers (table3). Farmers who had small farms used new farm technology more than farmers who
had farms of other sizes to enhance their agriculture products from small piece of land. Hence generated more
income to meet necessities of life and to change standard of living.
Numbers of times credit attained (in years)
Impact of participation in credit for agricultural productivity on living standard of the farmers was more on
those farmers who took credit for 1 to 2 times than those farmers who participated in credit from 3 times to 5
times and 6 times or above (table 8).
Table 8 Descriptive statistics of the Impact of using farm loan on living standard with respect to period
of credit
Possessions Period of Credit taken % 0f 1-2
Years
1-2 years 3-5 years 6-10 years Total
More land 78 86 6 170 45.88235
TV 108 72 0 180 60
Telephone 110 88 0 198 55.55556
Motor cycle 108 68 6 182 59.34066
Car 134 120 14 268 50
New house 128 114 12 254 50.3937
Send child to Govt schools 80 72 6 158 50.63291
Send child to private schools 100 108 6 214 46.72897
Seeing doctor in cities 114 66 8 188 60.6383
Eating in restaurants 142 101 14 257 55.25292
Keeping livestock for business 124 132 20 276 44.92754
House renovation 86 58 8 152 56.57895
Member in an organization 112 120 6 238 47.05882
Visit other cities 130 86 8 224 58.03571
Source: - Field survey
The indicators, which were given more attention for improvement in living standard among others, were foods,
health, education for children, conveyance, visiting other cities, housing, Livestock for business and becoming
members in organizations etc. Out of 188 respondents who had access to better health facilities than before use
of credit for crop productivity 114 (60.63%) respondents were those farmers who obtained credit for one or two
times (in years). Out of 180 respondents who had television facility after use of credit for crop productivity in
order to get information of about and to entertain themselves 108 (60%) were those respondents who obtained
credit one or two times. Out of 198 respondents who had telephone facility than before using credit for crop
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productivity 110 respondents were those farmers who obtained credit for one time or two times. One hundred
and eight respondents (59.34%) out of 182 respondents who had motorcycle (personal conveyance) facility than
before using credit for crop productivity were those farmers who obtained credit for one time or two times. Out
of 224 respondents who could visit other cities for enjoyment after using farm credit 130 (58%) respondents
belonged to those farmers who obtained credit one time or two times. Credit taken period affected living
standard significantly (p=0.000, table3). Mostly farmers were not willing to take credit more than 5 times
because of risk bearing. Hence farmers who took credit for few times tried their best for the right use of credit to
enhance their agriculture and got more profit. Hence became able to improve their livings.It can be seen from
table 9 that education, family size and farm size were positively correlated with well being,
Table 9 Correlation between Dependent and independent variables
Independent variables
Dependent
Variable Age Family Farm Size Agricultural Farming
Education NTCA
(years) Size (acres) information experience
Living -0.176 -0.003
Standard -0.122 0.133 0.043 0.031 -0.032
Sig. (2- 0.002 0.952
tailed) 0.030 0.017 0.444 0.576 0.572
While age, farming experience, visiting agriculture information centre and numbers of times credit attained were
negatively correlated. It means younger, more educated big farmers who participated in credit and visited
agriculture information centre few times changed their living standard. Education had positively significant
impact and visiting agriculture information centre for getting help how to apply new farm technology had
negatively significant impact on wellbeing of farmers (table 10).
Table 10 Regression impacts of different independent variables on dependent variable well being
Adjusted
Model R R Square F Sig.
R Square
.242 .058 .037 2.768 .008
Unstandardized Standardized
Independent variables
Coefficients Coefficients t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
(Constant) 3.304 .559 5.913 .000
Age (years) -.013 .012 -.096 -1.128 .260
Education .038 .021 .131 1.809 .071
Family size -.006 .028 -.013 -.218 .828
Farm Size (acres) 2.230E-5 .000 .024 .440 .660
Numbers of times credit attained -.021 .046 -.028 -.464 .643
Farming experience .007 .011 .055 .656 .512
Agricultural information -.071 .024 -.175 -3.011 .003
It means that highly educated farmers got more benefits of using farm credit. They visited agriculture
information centre to know better use of new farm technology only few times because centre was not easily
accessible. The F-statistics shows that the explanatory variables included in the model collectively had
significant impact on well being. The R2 and Adjusted-R2 values suggest that below 5 percent variations in the
well being were explained by the explanatory variables included in the model. The analysis revealed findings
that rejected null hypothesis and confirmed that credit is very important for agricultural productivity.
Conclusion
From the findings of present survey it is concluded that different determinants used in the model were
collectively important in explaining impact on well being. But education and demonstrative effect is more
significant. However R2 = 0.058 and adjusted R2 = 0.037 values were not distinctive in explaining impact.
More educated younger farmers with either family and farm size and farming experience are provided credit as
they were more adoptive. Extension services be easily accessible for them so that they may take full advantage
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Vol 2, No 5, 2011
of obtaining credit through application of this credit in adoption of new farm technology and to raise their
income and hence their living standard.
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