A typical Chinese garden is enclosed by walls and includes one or more ponds, rock works, trees and flowers, and an assortment of halls and pavilions within the garden, connected by winding paths and zig-zag galleries.

1. Chinese
Gardens
By:
MILAN GILL
NAVKARAN GILL
SUMAN BENIPAL
VANYA AGGARWAL
VISHESH KAUSHIK

2. INTRODUCTION
Chinese classical garden, recreates natural landscapes in miniature.
The style has evolved for more than three thousand years, and
includes both the vast gardens of the Chinese emperors and smaller
gardens built by scholars, poets, and former government officials.
• The Chinese consider gardens a serious art form and as with
painting, sculpture and poetry aim to attain in their design
the balance, harmony, proportion and variety that are considered
essential.
• The art of the Chinese garden is closely related to Chinese
landscape painting - it is not a literal imitation of a natural
landscape, but the capturing of its essence and spirit. It is a
landscape painting in three dimensions
• The garden is created by the human hand, but should appear as if
created by heaven.

3. HISTORY
• The origins of the Chinese garden can be traced back to the end
of the Shang Dynasty and the beginning of the Western Zhou
Dynasty.
• The main themes pursued by the architects of gardens of that
period were "natural", "enjoyable", "poetic" and "graphic".
• Sometimes its also called Poetic Garden.
• The garden were an escape from the frustration and
disappointment of the political problems in China.
• It provided a spiritual sense to connect with nature, to come
back to one's inner heart.

4. PHILOSOPHY
• DAOISM
Taoism (modernly: Daoism) is a philosophical and religious
tradition that emphasizes living in harmony. The term Tao
means "way", "path" or "principle", and can also be found in
Chinese philosophies and religions . In Taoism, however, Tao
denotes something that is both the source and the driving
force behind everything that exists.
• YIN AND YANG
"shadow and light", is used to describe how polar opposites or
seemingly contrary forces are interconnected and interdependent
in the natural world, and how they give rise to each other in turn in
relation to each other. Example- mountains and water are opposite
expression of yin yang and must be balanced within the garden.

5. YIN YANG THEORY

6. PRINCIPLES OF CHINESE GARDEN
• 3-FOLD SPACES
-Big garden as a whole
-A several small gardens
-Several garden villas inside each small
garden
• To have human scale living spaces and to
make each garden look like a landscape poem
with landscape pictures

7. CHARACTERISTICS
The classical Chinese garden is enclosed by a wall and
has one or more ponds, a rock garden, trees and
flowers, and an assortment of halls and pavilions
within the garden, connected by winding paths and
zigzag galleries. By moving from structure to
structure, visitors can view a series of carefully-
composed scenes, unrolling like a scroll of landscape
paintings. In these gardens usually the ground is like
that of a mountain area. This kind of garden layout
imitates real terrain. The hills in classical gardens
provide natural surroundings for visitors. Looking at
the hills, people feel as if they live in a mountains
area and enjoy the beauty and stillness of nature.

8. ELEMENTS OF CHINESE
GARDEN
• YANG-Rocks, hills and mountains-male force
• YIN- water –female force
• Plants, trees and vegetation
• Bridges, artificial lakes
• Literary inscriptions

9. ROCKS
• Decorative rocks,
sometimes termed
Chinese scholar’s rocks,
are used both for
structural and sculptural
purposes. The sculptural
Taihu rock is especially
prized because it
represents wisdom and
immortality. Such rocks,
combined with streams
and pools, form the basis
of a garden's plan. The
Chinese word for
landscape, Shan Shui ,
literally means "mountains
and waters“.

10. WATER
• Water is the blood of
a traditional Chinese
garden. The most
important element of
a garden is water, in
any form: ponds,
lakes, streams, rivers
and water-falls. The
movement of flowing
water gives pulsating
life to the garden’s
cliff, stones, bushes
and flowers.

11. PLANTS
• Trees and flowers, especially in
private gardens, are carefully
selected for the overall layout
of the gardens, because of the
limited space. Plants and
flowers reflecting the beauty
of the four seasons are
planted. In spring, peach trees
blossom; in summer, lotuses
blossom; in autumn, the
maple leaves change color;
and in winter, the evergreen,
bamboo and plum trees
provide greenery.
• Among the most popular
flowers are lotuses
(perfections), peonies,
chrysanthemums (courage to
make sacrifices) and orchids.
Special flowers are planted to
attract bees and butterflies.
These small insets make the
gardens more lively.

12. LITERARY INSCRIPTIONS
• Poetry writing and
recitation, along with an
extensive understanding of
classical texts, were
essential requirements in
Chinese religion
. Discovering poetic
inscriptions engraved into
rocks, framing doorways, or
above gateways have long
enhanced the natural
wonders of the Garden and
added another level of
intellectual pleasure to
everyone’s experience.
Poetic inscriptions reveal
deeper meanings of the
Lake Tai rocks, moving
water, symbolic flowers,
and elegant architecture.

13. ARCHITECTURE
• Pavilions, covered
walkways, and
windows are places
which provide view
to the landscape, as
well as objects to be
admired for their own
beauty. An intricately
crafted lattice
window may artfully
frame an object or a
scene.

14. Gateways and the openings

15. Lattice work
Paths and pavements
Uneven and zig –zag . They are like passages of human life.

16. Covered walkways
pavilions

17. SOME ESSENTIALS
• Stillness is essential as the gardens are for meditation,
conversion, poetry, reading.
• These are places also to socialize play music eat, drink
&play games.
• Gardens must have privacy, quietness & protected for
man.
• Garden is planned for every mood and occasion ,day
light and moonlight- all year round and for mist ,rain &
clear skies.
• Boundaries are sub divided or eliminated as according
to Chinese , imaginations must roam freely in the
worldly space. Walls are hidden with creepers.

18. CLASSIFICATION OF CHINESE
GARDENS
TYPE
• Imperial garden
• Scholar garden
• Temple garden
• Imperial hunting park
• Cemetery garden
• Natural scenic park
• College garden
• Courtyards
EXAMPLE
• Summer palace, Beijing
• Garden of friendship, Sydney
• Confucian Temple Garden ,
Suzhou , china
• Chengde Imperial Hunting Park
• Hangzhou West Lake Natural
Scenic Park
• Yuelu Academy Changsha
College Garden

19. IMPERIAL GARDEN (ROYAL GARDEN)
Imperial gardens are large and grandiose, and
were built using natural mountains and
waterways. These gardens highlight scenic
spots of China's different regions blend
themes of gods and legends with anecdotes of
well-known historical personalities. Particular
attention was given to the connection of
independent sceneries within the garden.

20. THE SUMMER PALACE
• The summer Palace, located
approximately twelve kilometers to the
northwest of Beijing's city , was first built
in 1750 and rebuilt in 1886. An
outstanding example of imperial gardens
in classical Chinese style,
• The Summer Palace spreads on an area of
2.9 million square meters , three fourths
of which are water surfaces. Its major
attractions are the Wenzhou (longevity)
Hill and the Kunming (Jade Spring)Lake.
• The garden is a showcase of pavilions in
diversified, exotic designs which are
strung together by a corridor more than
seven hundred meters in length and a
seemingly unending chain of balustrades
of snow-white marble.
• With western hills simmering in the
background, the Summer Palace is strewn
with postcard perfect sceneries, including
the Yuquan (Jade Spring)Pagoda, the
Kunming Lake, and the bridge with
seventeen arches.

21. •The total length of the Long
Corridor is 728 meters, with
crossbeams under the roof
dividing it into 273 sections.
Along its course, there are four
octagonal pavilions with
double eaves, two on each side
of the Cloud-Dispelling Gate.
The pavilions symbolize the
four seasons (spring, summer,
autumn, winter)
•The three-storied tower,
situated on a hill, is about 40
meters (131 feet) high and
has a complicated structure.
It has eight facades and
quadruple-layered eaves, and
the whole is supported by
eight pillars of lignum vitae
wood. It is the center of
Summer Palace

22. SCHOLAR GARDEN (PRIVATE GARDEN)
Private gardens were relatively small with small
mountains and waterways. Most only measured
one hectare and very few were four or five
hectares. Within such a confined space, particular
attention was given to incorporating small
buildings, manmade mountains and waterways,
and to the placement of vegetation and
decorations. The theme of the garden varied
according to the taste of the owner, some
showed the owner's upright and outspoken
character and others presented the owner's
pursuit of a plain and simple life.

23. CHINESE GARDEN OF FRIENDSHIP
DARLING HARBOUR,SYDNEY
Modelled on the typical private gardens of the Ming Dynasty, the garden offers an
insight into Chinese heritage and culture.
The Chinese Garden of Friendship is nestled at the south end of Darling harbor.
Entering the gardens is like walking backwards in time into the quiet solitude of
ancient Chinese architecture and it's relationship with nature.
The garden combines the elements of water, plants, stone and architecture.
FEATURES:
Running water, towering willow trees, cool lagoons with lotus plants and large
colorful fish all make this an idyllic spot to read a book or recharge your batteries. It
really is something special. The gardens occupy several acres combining waterfalls,
lakes, pavilions, sculpture and animals; the fish and the ibis.
The key features to look out for are the Courtyard of Welcoming Fragrance, Dragon
Wall, Water Pavilion of Lotus Fragrance, Twin Pavilion, Gurr, Rock Forest, and the
Penjing.

24. ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES
The Garden was designed and built by Chinese landscape architects and
gardeners, and is governed by the Taoist principles of 'Yin-Yang' and the five
opposite elements - earth, fire, water, metal and wood. These principles also
stress the importance of Qi, the central force of life and energy.
Yin-Yang plays such a vital role that just one missing element would disrupt the
garden's harmony and balance. However when combined perfectly, the five
elements form a fluid and nurturing environment.
Everything you see in the Chinese Garden has been hand-picked and
meticulously placed to capture the five elements and the energy of Qi.

25. TEMPLE GARDEN
Temple gardens are attached to temples and
were built in approximately the same manner
as private gardens, but with a greater
emphasis on tranquillity. Temple gardens are
an integral part of temple complex and
influence the design of the overall temple,
thus temples have a gardenlike atmosphere.

26. CONFUCIAN TEMPLE GARDEN,
SUZHOU, CHINA

27. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CHINESE AND
OTHER JAPANESE GARDEN
CLASSICAL CHINESE GARDEN HAD A NOTABLE INFLUENCE ON THE EARLY
JAPANESE GARDEN HOWEVER , LATER THEY BECAME MORE AUSTERE
THAN CHINESE GARDENS FOLLOWING THEIR OWN AESTHETIC
PRINCIPLES.
• Bridges are common to both Chinese and Japanese gardens but the
Japanese bridge is likely to be a gentle curving arch whereas the Chinese
bridge would most likely use stones placed zig zag -in an effort.
• Water is common but in the Japanese garden, it generally is presented as
flowing water, while in Chinese gardens it is still ..
• Japanese gardens have gazebos as the prime feature whereas the Chinese
gardens have small pools and bamboo water channels.
• Japanese layouts are on the basis of mat format. Where as Chinese
gardens not have any specific layout proportion.
• Chinese gardens are introvert. And Japanese gardens are extrovert.