1. Government is a system of ruling a country through a group of people responsible for making decisions. Ancient India, China, and Southeast Asian kingdoms were typically ruled by kings or emperors through monarchies. 2. In ancient India, kings ruled from capital cities while provinces were divided among governors. The Mauryan Dynasty unified northern India under an efficient centralized administration from 322-185 BCE. 3. In ancient China, feudal systems developed where kings ruled capital cities while loyal vassals controlled lands and people in provinces. The Qin Dynasty first unified China under an imperial system with standardized policies from 221-206 BCE.

1. Living PastSummary Chapter 4 Government by TNT COURSE Ferry Tanoto

2. What is Government? Gubernare(Latin) which means to steer a ship A group of people who are responsible for ruling a country A system of ruling

3. India, China and Southeast Asia had kings or emperors as their rulers. This type of government is called monarchy

4. Government in Ancient INDIA The kings were regarded as being divine / god-like (representation of the gods on earth) The king only ruled in the capital city and the rest of his kingdom was divided into smaller areas of land called provinces.

5. Government in Ancient India

6. Capital City Location of The king’s palace The nobles (members of his own family) The officials The mantris / ministers (educated priests, holy men) who were respected and given important duties because of their knowledge. They would advise the king on how to rule

7. Inner Provinces Areas closest to the capital city Land of the defeated kings Ruled by a governor (from the capital king’s relative) who reported directly to the capital king and watched over many officials The officials: Collected taxes from the farmers and the traders Maintained law and order Worked as judges in the law courts

8. Outer Provinces Ruled by the defeated local kings Paid tax to the king in the capital city The king from the capital city often visited the outer provinces by riding an elephant The king from the capital city also kept strong armies to watch over the local kings

9. Border Zones Overlap power with the neighbouring kings People living here may choose to which king they wanted to show their loyalty to

10. The Mauryan Dynasty (c.322 – 185 BCE) Established by Chandragupta Maurya by overthrowing the king of Magadha during the chaos caused by the invasion of the Greek emperor, Alexander the Great (326BCE) Centralized rule Pataliputra was the capital city. The kingdom was divided into provinces ruled by trusted officials. The cities were ruled by committees. Chandragupta set up a WAR OFFICE that consisted of thousands of soldiers and war elephants

11. The Mauryan Dynasty (c.322 – 185 BCE) According to a Greek visitor, Megasthenes, Chandragupta believed in having an efficient system of justice. Chandragupta improved the welfare of his people For easy travel, he built roads, including the Great Royal Highway that connected Pataliputra to the northwestern border area of Chandragupta’s empire. He built and maintained good irrigation system for agriculture The whole northern India was unified under the Mauryan dynasty until c.185 BCE

12. The Chola Dynasty (850 – 1267 CE) Unified the kingdoms of the south Centralized rule

13. Government in Ancient China

14. Government in Ancient China Feudalism during the Shang Dynasty (1523-1027 BCE) The king only ruled the capital city The other areas were given to the king’s loyal men, called the feudal shi. The feudal shigave tribute, like grain and precious gifts, as a form of respect to the king These areas were called the feudal states.

15. Feudal Shi during the Shang Dynasty They owned the lands and controlled the people living there The people, the farmers, gave food to the shi, built roads, and other services. In return, they would get protections from the bandit and were allowed to cultivate the land and

16. Feudal Shi during the Western Zhou Dynasty They respected and supported the king Peaceful kingdom Ruler was the Mandate of Heaven, the Son of Heaven The people believed that if the ruler became selfish or corrupt, the people would suffer great hardships. And this reason was used to overthrow the Shang Dynasty

17. Feudal Shi during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty The king couldn’t control the shi anymore because they became greedy for more land Fighting between the shi broke out and lasted for 232 years (the Period of Warring State) During this period, Northern China was broken into several competing kingdoms, each with its own king

18. Qin Dynasty Centralized government or unitary system of government Qin Shihuangdi, the first emperor of Qin, defeated the shi and unified them under the China’s imperial unification The kingdom was divided into 36 provinces. Each province was ruled by A military governor, in charge of an army A civilian governor, in charge of everyday matters An inspector, watched over the two governors

19. Qin Dynasty Uniform law applied throughout China Standard measures and coins Unified script or writing system Cruel and strict law enforcement Opposing scholars were killed

20. The Civil Service Consists of the government departments and the people who work in them Before the Han dynasty, the civil service consisted of the rich and powerful families

21. The Civil Service during the Han Dynasty Han Wudi, the emperor, decided that good government depended on attracting the best brains and not just the best blood The Imperial Civil Service Examination (include Law and History) Han Wudi set up the first imperial university to teach Law and History to those who wanted to take the exam (scholar official)

22. Government in Ancient Southeast Asia Southeast Asia consisted of 4 major kingdoms Funan Khmer Srivijaya Melaka

23. Khmer Kingdom Covered Cambodia, Thailand, Laos and Vietnam Capital city : Angkor Built hundreds of stunning stone temples Government officials were called mratan, who were in charge of taxation, justice, the army, and organizing the labour The king was a divine ruler

24. Khmer Kingdom The king’s palace was the home of the gods The palaces became temples after the kings died The kings were also the middlemen between the gods and the people (the kings would tell the wishes of one party to the other)

25. Cultural Adaptation Adoption of features of a foreign government that were useful and rejected those that were not suited for their local environment Example: when the rulers converted to Islam (c 14th century CE), they stopped seeing themselves as gods. However, they continued to use Indian emblems of kingship such as the sacred royal umbrella

26. Government in The Melaka Sultanate Ruled by Parameswara The wealthiest and the most powerful kingdom in the history of Southeast Asia During the 15th century CE, Melaka controlled the whole of the Malay Peninsula as well as the eastern part of Sumatra

27. Government in The Melaka Sultanate

28. Capital City Ruled by a sultan Sultan was assisted by 4 ministers The chief minister, bendahara The finance minister, bendahari The chief of police, temenggong The commander of the navy and army, laksamana The custom magistrates, syahbandars, greet foreign traders and take care of their needs

29. Provinces Ruled by governors (appointed by the sultan) Provided manpower Sources of rice, fish, and vegetables Provided natural product – tin, for making coins

30. Vassal States A state that is mostly independent but is also under the protection of a stronger king Ruled by the sultan’s relatives, they paid tribute to the sultan

31. The Melaka Sultanate Foreign Affair Policy and Strategy Parameswara formed a friendship with the powerful chinese emperor Married a muslim princess from Pasai (in North Sumatra) and converted to Islam and won the support of rich Indian- Muslim and Arab traders The trading headquarters were shifted from north Sumatra to Melaka