Exploring the links between household time and food choices in Guatemala
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This presentation was given by Jennifer Twyman (CIAT), as part of the Annual Gender Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on 25-27 September 2018 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, hosted by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and co-organized with KIT Royal Tropical Institute. Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-conference-2018/
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Exploring the links between household time and food choices in Guatemala
- 1. Exploring the links between household time use and food choices in Guatemala CGIAR Annual Gender Scientific Conference and Capacity Development Workshop 25–28 September 2018 ILRI Campus, Addis Ababa Jennifer Twyman Gender Research Leader, CIAT j.twyman@cigar.org
- 2. The Project: His and Hers, time and income: How intra-household dynamics impact nutrition in agricultural households • Understand how farm-household decision-making processes combine income/price incentives, nutrition knowledge, household characteristics and time use constraints to shape food choices.
- 3. The Team Since 1967 / Science to cultivate change Joanna van Asselt, PhD Student Juliana Muriel Elizabeth Peleaz Lucy (Emma ) Cosenza, MSc Student Guatemala partners: CRS Khanti
- 4. Motivation (1): Gender considerations in agriculture and nutrition projects Agriculture • How to increase women’s participation? • What are men’s & women’s roles in agricultural production? (Agriculture for) Nutrition • Target women, therefore we are doing gender work. • What are men’s & women’s roles in household food security, diets, and nutrition? How are household decisions around food made? What are the intra-household gender dynamics that influence food choices? Specifically, about how men and women use their time and income and the impact on household diet?
- 5. Motivation (2): Women’s empowerment and nutrition, synergies or trade-offs? • Women’s (economic) empowerment is often associated with women earning income and having control of that income. – Increased household income increased food budget, more diverse diets, and improved nutrition. – Less time for household & care responsibilities purchasing more processed, convenient foods that may be less nutritious. • Assumes men do not take on these responsibilities (or no re- allocation of time use among household members).
- 6. Specific research questions 1. Does an increase in income result in more diverse food choices? 2. How do income incentives affect household food consumption through time allocation decisions? 3. Does nutrition information result in more diverse food choices? 4. Do households in which women have higher empowerment have different consumption patterns compared to households where women are less empowered?
- 7. Where did we conduct our study? Guatemala Prevalence of stunting (49.8%). Overweight affects more that 50% of women in reproductive age (Rameriz-Zea et al., 2014).
- 8. Study sites and sample Region Department Municipality #of communitiesby municipality #Households EAST (white and mestizo inhabitants) Zacapa La Union 9 78 Chiquimula Olopa 5 47 Region Department Municipality # of communities by municipality # Households WEST (strong indigenous influence) San Marcos Nuevo Progreso 5 88 La Reforma 4 37 TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS= 250 TOTAL INDIVIDUAL SURVEYS= 500
- 9. Methods Household information: Demographics, land tenure, farm characterization and production, labor, food security and poverty indicators, food availability, expenses and income Anthropometric measures: height and weight for principal man and woman, and one child > 6 months and < 5 years Individual Information (couple headed households): A-WEAI components Choice experiment and Labor preference game (couple headed households) Household Level (n=250) Individual Level (n=500) FIELD WORK TIMELINE DATA COLLECTION 1. Survey pre-test, Enumerators Training and Field work OCT-DIC 2017 2. Data entry and data quality checks (‘data cleaning’) JAN-MAY 2018 3. Beginning of data analysis phase JUN-OCT 2018
- 10. Some preliminary results Household Dietary Diversity Obs. Mean Min Max HDDS 250 7.324 2 10 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 %OfHouseholds The household consumed [...] yesterday? Household size (average) 6.4 Annual total Income (USD) (average) 257210 USD per working day
- 11. 3 INCOME LEVELS (Each person plays with the 3 levels of income but the order is random across and inside households) 2 PRODUCT MIXES (FOOD ONLY, FOOD + NON-FOOD PRODUCTS) 50 GTQ (~7 USD) 75 GTQ (~10 USD) 100 GTQ (~14 USD) Food choice experiment: Method 50 GTQ (~7 USD) 6 ROUNDS- WOMEN 6 ROUNDS-MEN 1 INCOME LEVEL 2 PRODUCT MIXES 2 ROUNDS-JOINTLY Coupon or voucher for purchases at local store Value: 50 GTQ
- 12. Food Choice Experiment: Preliminary Results Only Food Choices Food + Products choices Income 50 GTQ (~7 USD) 5.4 4.2 Income 75 GTQ (~10 USD) 6.6 4.9 Income 100 GTQ (~14 USD) 7.3 5.6 Average food groups selected per session
- 13. Additional results from the food choice experiment 1. Nutrition information did not impact food choices. 2. Most chosen foods: cereals, vegetables, beans and tubers. 3. At 50 GQT and 75 GQT income levels men and women’s choices are quite similar. 4. At the high income level (100 GQT) choices change: – Men more frequently choose fruits, eggs, and alcohol (only men bought alcohol). – Women increase their demand for meat, sausages and dairy. 5. Women’s choices more stable across the 3 income levels than men’s when considering only food. But when non- food products are also considered, this is not the case.
- 14. What are men’s and women’s labor preferences between agricultural and household/care tasks? If paid for household work, will they switch from the traditional gender division of labor? Labor preference choice experiment Some preliminary results • Also asked women (men) when their husband (wife) should switch – very similar results. • Other choices: own ag plot v. another’s home, another’s ag plot v. own home, another’s ag plots v. another’s home
- 15. 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Men Women Empowermentindexover5domains Contribution of each indicator to empowerment in Guatemala sample Workload Group membership Control over use of income Access to and decisions on credit Ownership of assets Input in productive decisions Indexes (A-WEAI) All range from zero to one; higher values = greater empowerment. An individual who has achieved ‘adequacy’ in 80% or more of the weighted indicators is consider ‘empowered’ Total Men Women A-WEAI (5DE)*** 0.8938 0.8074
- 16. Summary and Next Steps 1. As expected, an increase in income is correlated with more diverse food choices. • Compare to reported household income from farm and non-farm sources. 2. Nutrition information was not correlated to more diverse food choices. • Explore in more detail if different food groups were chosen. 3. Men and women’s labor preference follow patterns of gender norms. • Analyze if men’s and women’s time allocation is related to HDD.
- 17. Summary and Next Steps 4. Women are most empowered in domains of time and income and most disempowered in domains of resources and leadership. • Analyze how women’s empowerment (A- WEAI: 5DE & Gender Parity) is related to HDDS, actual and choice experiments. 5. Compare results of food choice experiment between husbands, wives, and joint. • Whose preferences dominate? • Is there any correlation with women’s empowerment?
- 18. THANKS!!
- 19. The Project: His and Hers, time and income: How intra-household dynamics impact nutrition in agricultural households • IMMANA • Understand how farm-household decision-making processes combine income/price incentives, nutrition knowledge, household characteristics and time use constraints to shape food choices. Dietary Diversity (food choices) Nutrition Time Allocation Crop Prices Wages Nutrition Info
- 20. Food Choice Experiment Preliminary Results
Editor's Notes
- Guatemala provides an interesting case of the double burden of malnutrition. Where consuming a quality diet is not yet something affordable for many people. Guatemala has the highest prevalence of stunting (49.8 percent) In Latin America, and the sixth highest prevalence of stunting among children under five in the world (Guatemala: Nutrition Profile – usaid) Additionally the Overweight affects more that 50% of the women in reproductive age We implemented the study in two regions of Guatemala, one with strong indigenous influence (West), and one with more white and mestizo population (East).
- We started the pre-testing of the surveys and field work last year, between October and December. We collected data at household level related with topics as: family composition, land tenure, farm production, labor, food security and poverty indicators, food availability, expenses and income. We also collect individual data from the main couple in the household, we included in this survey the short version of WEAI, anthropometric measures and conducted two games, the first one was a food choice game and second one was a labor preferences game. After data entry and quality checks between January to may of this year we just have started our analysis phase.
- The HDDS represents the food groups choices made by the households the previous day. The closer to 12, the more diversified the household diet. Mode: 8 Median: 8
- With the food choice game we wanted to measure how food decisions vary with income changes and nutritional information. We analyze differences among men and women within the household, and relate these to household nutrition. How does the game works ?: First, men and women play the food choice game separately, across three different budget levels (50, 75 and 100 quetzals) with two combinations, in the first one they can buy only food and the second one beside food they can allocated their income in non food products (as household cleaning supplies, personal care products, etc.). And then they play jointly but only for the lowest income (50 quetzals). After the game we provided them a voucher with 50 quetzals to do real purchases in the main store of the village.
- From the data we can see that : Diversity, that is to say, the number of food groups selected increases with the income. But food diversity decreases when people have non-food products to choose from The number of food groups selected by men and women are quite similar And with the voucher that we gave to the households we found that in average they selected 3.5 food groups what is near to the game results during the session when people besides food have other non food products to choose.
- As part of time use analysis we use a labor preference game to understand what are men’s and women’s labor preferences between household tasks and agricultural production at various income levels. With this game we wanted to identify at what income level men and women would switch from agriculture work to household tasks. Results tend to follow traditional gender norms: Women prefer housework and men prefer agricultural production work. Women switch to household task at lower income levels than men. More analysis will come
- We also measure the empowerment with short version of the WEAI tool. The nearest WEAI to 1 greater empowerment. I not going in deep but we can see that in Guatemala women are highly empowered but less than men. The domains that contribute most to Guatemalan women’s empowerment are control over the use of income (20%) and have a manageable workload. Los dominios que contribuyen mas al empoderameinto de la mujeres son el control sobre el uso de los recursos, la carga de trabajo (en el caso de la mujer el tiempo dedicado a trabajar es menor que en los hombre, las mujeres se consideran menos pobres en el uso del tiempo) y el aporte en la decisions de produccion. Prueba de diferencia ttest
- Other important thing that we find is when we disaggregate choices by information and non-information we didn’t find significant differences in the average of food groups (K-wallis test)