This document discusses characteristics of poverty in Pakistan. It analyzes data from Pakistan's 2009-10 Household Integrated Survey to examine factors associated with poverty. Demographic variables like dependency ratio, gender of head of household, family type, and household size showed significant impacts on poverty. Educational attainment of the head of household was also strongly linked to poverty. Previous studies on poverty determinants in other developing countries found links between poverty and factors like household size, education levels, rural residence, and dependency ratios. This study aims to identify key population and household factors that influence poverty differences in Pakistan.
Canonical correlation analysis of poverty and literacy levels in ekiti state,...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study that uses canonical correlation analysis to examine the relationship between poverty and literacy levels in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The study categorized poverty into variables like expenditures, household size, and per capita expenditures. Literacy levels were categorized by years of formal education and educational age groups. The results of the canonical correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between poverty and literacy levels. Some literacy variables also significantly correlated with specific poverty variables. The study concludes that literacy is a strong determining factor of poverty.
Analyzing Rural Poverty Considering Multidimensional Poverty Index: A Case St...Pintu Sheel
This document analyzes rural poverty in Jalma Union, Bangladesh using a multidimensional poverty index (MPI). It first provides background on measuring poverty and discusses literature on official and alternative poverty measures as well as measures of multidimensional deprivation. It then describes the study's methodology, including selecting five dimensions and related indicators to measure MPI. The findings show the level of MPI varies across 10 villages in Jalma Union, with Chakrakhali having the highest MPI of 0.41, indicating it is the poorest village. The analysis provides insights into understanding multidimensional poverty in the rural context of Jalma Union.
Decomposing of Urban Poor / Non-Poor Differential in Childhood Malnutrition a...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The high level of childhood malnutrition due to mortality in India is a major hurdle impeding the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals–3 (SDG–3). The present study aims to quantify the contribution of factors that explain the poor/non-poor gap in malnutrition and mortality status of children 0-5 years in urban India using data from 2015-16 of fourth round National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4).
Methods
For understand the gap in child health between the urban poor and non-poor, and across the selected covariate were used the descriptive statistics. Furthermore Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition and non-liner Fairlie decomposition technique both were used to explain the factors contributing to the average gap in under nutrition between poor and non-poor children in urban India.
This article is about social isolation and food insecurity among the rural old people in Kenya. The Kenya policy on aging (2008) sets a framework of addressing the welfare of the aged. The cradle of this policy is twofold: One is the emerging trend of diminishing roles of the elderly people in contributing to national income and two is the weakening of the traditional social structures which provided for welfare including welfare services for the aged. The study sought to answer the following specifi c questions: To want extent are the rural old socially connected? And what is the level of Food Security for rural citizens aged 60 and above? The objectives of the study were to determine the social networks and therefore, social capital citizens aged 60 and above have and to assess the level of Food Security of
rural citizens aged 60 and above. A total of 117 elderly people (age 60 and above) were randomly sampled. Data was collected using. interview a schedules which was designed to capture information on social isolation and sources of food consumed. To test Food Security level, a modifi ed Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) score was used. The fi ndings of this study was that only 43 percent of the old people are living with a relative in the same house. The rest (57) where living alone. It was established that 82 percent purchased
food from the market. On food consumption there was 100 percent skewness towards grains and cereals (every person reported to be consuming this on a daily basis). On average the older persons in this study have a score of 4.04 X10/9 = 4.5 and falling in the class of food insecure without hunger based on the classifi cation scale.
Multivariate Analysis of Head Count Per Capita Poverty Rate across the 36 Sta...ijtsrd
In this work, we examine that the poverty rate is being influenced by the rate of corruption, conflict and unemployment rate using data obtained from the National Bureau of Statistics 2003 04, 2009 10 and 2019. Using SPSS 23, the results show that corruption, conflict and unemployment rates are statistically significant with an F Statistics value of 1.706 0.185 critical value .Hence, both significantly influence the rate of poverty in Nigeria. The Coefficient Output Summary difference of the variables suggest a model which is fitted as where is poverty rate and the variations in the rate of corruption, conflict and unemployment. The results also show that the poverty rate in Nigeria increases with increases inthe level of corruption, conflict and unemployment rate across the 36 States in Nigeria. Owan, Raphael Asu | Dr. Willie, Clement Etti | Asu Isaac Asu "Multivariate Analysis of Head Count Per Capita Poverty Rate across the 36 States in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46460.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/46460/multivariate-analysis-of-head-count-per-capita-poverty-rate-across-the-36-states-in-nigeria/owan-raphael-asu
This document summarizes a study on rural livelihood structure and poverty in Mkinga District, Tanzania. The study found that gender of household head, marital status, access to finance, dependency ratio, and household size were significantly associated with poverty. Specifically, households headed by females or with more dependents and larger household sizes were more likely to be in poverty. The study also found that access to financial services could help households diversify their incomes and reduce risk of being in poverty. Overall, the study suggests rural livelihoods should not be viewed solely as dependent on agriculture and land access, but require a range of resources to improve living standards and reduce poverty in rural areas.
Canonical correlation analysis of poverty and literacy levels in ekiti state,...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study that uses canonical correlation analysis to examine the relationship between poverty and literacy levels in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The study categorized poverty into variables like expenditures, household size, and per capita expenditures. Literacy levels were categorized by years of formal education and educational age groups. The results of the canonical correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between poverty and literacy levels. Some literacy variables also significantly correlated with specific poverty variables. The study concludes that literacy is a strong determining factor of poverty.
Analyzing Rural Poverty Considering Multidimensional Poverty Index: A Case St...Pintu Sheel
This document analyzes rural poverty in Jalma Union, Bangladesh using a multidimensional poverty index (MPI). It first provides background on measuring poverty and discusses literature on official and alternative poverty measures as well as measures of multidimensional deprivation. It then describes the study's methodology, including selecting five dimensions and related indicators to measure MPI. The findings show the level of MPI varies across 10 villages in Jalma Union, with Chakrakhali having the highest MPI of 0.41, indicating it is the poorest village. The analysis provides insights into understanding multidimensional poverty in the rural context of Jalma Union.
Decomposing of Urban Poor / Non-Poor Differential in Childhood Malnutrition a...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The high level of childhood malnutrition due to mortality in India is a major hurdle impeding the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals–3 (SDG–3). The present study aims to quantify the contribution of factors that explain the poor/non-poor gap in malnutrition and mortality status of children 0-5 years in urban India using data from 2015-16 of fourth round National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4).
Methods
For understand the gap in child health between the urban poor and non-poor, and across the selected covariate were used the descriptive statistics. Furthermore Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition and non-liner Fairlie decomposition technique both were used to explain the factors contributing to the average gap in under nutrition between poor and non-poor children in urban India.
This article is about social isolation and food insecurity among the rural old people in Kenya. The Kenya policy on aging (2008) sets a framework of addressing the welfare of the aged. The cradle of this policy is twofold: One is the emerging trend of diminishing roles of the elderly people in contributing to national income and two is the weakening of the traditional social structures which provided for welfare including welfare services for the aged. The study sought to answer the following specifi c questions: To want extent are the rural old socially connected? And what is the level of Food Security for rural citizens aged 60 and above? The objectives of the study were to determine the social networks and therefore, social capital citizens aged 60 and above have and to assess the level of Food Security of
rural citizens aged 60 and above. A total of 117 elderly people (age 60 and above) were randomly sampled. Data was collected using. interview a schedules which was designed to capture information on social isolation and sources of food consumed. To test Food Security level, a modifi ed Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) score was used. The fi ndings of this study was that only 43 percent of the old people are living with a relative in the same house. The rest (57) where living alone. It was established that 82 percent purchased
food from the market. On food consumption there was 100 percent skewness towards grains and cereals (every person reported to be consuming this on a daily basis). On average the older persons in this study have a score of 4.04 X10/9 = 4.5 and falling in the class of food insecure without hunger based on the classifi cation scale.
Multivariate Analysis of Head Count Per Capita Poverty Rate across the 36 Sta...ijtsrd
In this work, we examine that the poverty rate is being influenced by the rate of corruption, conflict and unemployment rate using data obtained from the National Bureau of Statistics 2003 04, 2009 10 and 2019. Using SPSS 23, the results show that corruption, conflict and unemployment rates are statistically significant with an F Statistics value of 1.706 0.185 critical value .Hence, both significantly influence the rate of poverty in Nigeria. The Coefficient Output Summary difference of the variables suggest a model which is fitted as where is poverty rate and the variations in the rate of corruption, conflict and unemployment. The results also show that the poverty rate in Nigeria increases with increases inthe level of corruption, conflict and unemployment rate across the 36 States in Nigeria. Owan, Raphael Asu | Dr. Willie, Clement Etti | Asu Isaac Asu "Multivariate Analysis of Head Count Per Capita Poverty Rate across the 36 States in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46460.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/46460/multivariate-analysis-of-head-count-per-capita-poverty-rate-across-the-36-states-in-nigeria/owan-raphael-asu
This document summarizes a study on rural livelihood structure and poverty in Mkinga District, Tanzania. The study found that gender of household head, marital status, access to finance, dependency ratio, and household size were significantly associated with poverty. Specifically, households headed by females or with more dependents and larger household sizes were more likely to be in poverty. The study also found that access to financial services could help households diversify their incomes and reduce risk of being in poverty. Overall, the study suggests rural livelihoods should not be viewed solely as dependent on agriculture and land access, but require a range of resources to improve living standards and reduce poverty in rural areas.
This document summarizes a study that assesses vulnerability to poverty among rural households in Oromiya, Ethiopia. The study uses secondary data from 2004/05 surveys to examine the extent and determinants of vulnerability. An estimate shows that 17.93% of non-poor households are highly vulnerable, with a mean vulnerability of 0.62. Logistic regression finds that larger household size and an illiterate head significantly increase the probability of vulnerability. The study concludes that poverty reduction strategies need both ex-ante measures to prevent vulnerability as well as ex-post measures to alleviate existing poverty.
This document summarizes and discusses a paper on taking a feminist studies approach to examining eco-food relations. It is divided into three parts. Part A addresses how environmental constraints will further disadvantage women in the food system and impact health and well-being. Part B describes a gender-based livelihood and nutrition intervention in Bangladesh to address constraints facing women farmers. Part C discusses advancing approaches to food justice based on critical nutrition studies and feminist perspectives.
This document provides an overview of migration patterns in India based on census and survey data. Some key points:
1. According to the 2001 census, 30% of India's population, or 307 million people, were migrants based on place of last residence. Interstate migration increased 53.6% over the previous decade.
2. The largest reasons for migration were marriage for women and employment for men. Nearly 14 million people, mostly men, migrated for job opportunities.
3. Rural to rural migration was still the most common, but rural to urban migration is growing. The states with the largest net out-migration were Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
4. Short term migration for seasonal
The paper contributes to the ongoing debate about the influence of demographic change on economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa, with a focus on Namibia. Annual data covering 42 years for total fertility rate, infant mortality rate, age-dependence ratio, population growth and per capita gross domestic product are used to provide insights into how changing demographics of Namibia society may impact its future economic growth. Several techniques including the Autoregressive Distributed Lag bound test, Granger causality test and variance decomposition are utilized in the analysis. The findings reveal the existence of a long-run relationship between economic growth and the key demographic variables. The findings also point toward the presence of a unidirectional causality running from demographic variables to economic growth. Overall, the results support the hypothesis that demographic events account for Namibia's economic growth and subsequently its economic development over the studied period.
Estimating the magnitude and correlates of poverty using consumption approach...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that estimates the magnitude and correlates of poverty in Khyber Agency, FATA, Pakistan using a consumption-based approach. The study finds that 48.1% of households are above the poverty line while 51.9% are below it. Depth and severity of poverty are estimated at 10.52% and 3.7% respectively. Factors found to positively correlate with poverty include dependency ratio, household size, age of head, and residence in kacha (temporary) housing. Negatively correlating factors include landholding, assets, and number of earning household members. A logistic model also finds illiteracy of the head, farming occupation, and lack of education/abroad income to
My contact address
Dr Shahnaj Parveen
Professor
Department of Agricultural Extension Education
Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU)
Mymensingh-2202
Bangladesh
Mobile: ++88-01715 340215
Email: shahnaj1969@gmail.com
The document summarizes a study on intra-household labor distribution and the role of women in family decision making in Bangladesh. It analyzed 3 samples of households and found that:
1) Male members spent more time on productive work like crops and livestock while females spent more on reproductive work.
2) Females spent significant time on productive work as well and their workload increased after joining a poverty-reduction project.
3) After joining the project, 50% of females in some households became more involved in family decision making.
This document summarizes key findings from a Post-Disaster Needs Assessment related to gender equality in Nepal following the 2015 earthquake. It notes that women face increased burdens from additional work hours and responsibilities caring for children. Recovery efforts need to ensure women's equal access and participation. Assessments found most women do not feel their needs are being addressed, and they lack information and feel unheard. Special vulnerabilities exist for female-headed households and minority groups. More work is needed to address gender-based violence and support maternal health. The shelter sector is working to involve women in reconstruction and address their privacy and security needs.
The relationship between unemployment and poverty has been of interest to many a scholar with interest in development economics and social sciences. This paper is an addition to the empirical attempts to re-examine the relationship between unemployment rate and poverty incidence in Nigeria using secondary data sourced from relevant institutions to obtain major Social and Economic indicators spanning within 1980-2015. The study used Trend graph analysis, Correlation coefficient analysis and Granger causality tests in its analyses. As shown from the results, there is a positive-significant correlation between unemployment and poverty in Nigeria. More so, this was corroborated by the Trend graph analysis. It also established that unemployment granger causes poverty in Nigeria as suggests from the Granger causality tests. The economic implication of this result is that poverty is an increasing function of unemployment; and the Error Correction Mechanism (ECM) pointed that short run disequilibrium in the economy can be returned to equilibrium in the long run with a poor speed of adjustment of 6 %. In the light of these findings, this study recommends that efforts should be intensified in Nigeria towards implementation of unemployment reduction policies as this will significantly reduce poverty incidence.
This document summarizes a study that explores how social learning approaches have been applied among smallholder farming families, specifically looking at how socially differentiated and marginalized groups are included. The study analyzes nine projects affiliated with the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) using five evaluative factors to assess how they incorporate social learning. The goals are to understand how marginalized groups participate, the additional benefits of explicitly including them, and the trade-offs between these approaches and development outcomes. The findings suggest that social learning projects including marginalized groups and facilitating two-way learning can increase knowledge relevance and legitimacy, as well as the potential for accelerating sustainable development.
Role of socio cultural factors influence towards food choices among household...oircjournals
This study focused on factors influencing households’ behavior and attitudes towards food choices in Kiambaa sub-county, Kiambu County. Therefore, this study explored socio-cultural factors on household food choices. Structural functionalism and social learning theory provided the theoretical understanding to discuss the relationship between variables. This study employed descriptive design to randomly select a sample of 138 households. Data was collected using interview schedule on a sample of 138 respondents living in Kiambaa sub-county. Data was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively, quantitative data using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Ms-excel computer software to generate frequencies and percentages which were presented discussed and interpreted in line with the study objectives. The findings established statistically significant between social cultural factors and food choices in Kiambaa Sub County. Social interactions at 86% which include the nature of interpersonal relationships, social status at 70% and traditions at 78% in households provided an important set of interpersonal relationships in influencing food choice. This study findings shows majority of women at 86% are actively involved in decision making especially on the food to be eaten at home therefore become the burden carrier of the household activity and balancing other roles as homemaker, mother and income earners. This study concludes that factors influencing food choices are positive and negative therefore it is importance to consider sociological approach to food choices. This study recommends policy and strategic approach to food choices, household target in proper utilization of research findings and further study on assessment of influence of work on behaviour towards food choices.
This document examines the relationship between economic growth and poverty in Nigeria. It finds that despite Nigeria experiencing increased economic growth in recent times, poverty levels remain high. The study uses econometric analysis of time series data and finds a significant and direct relationship between economic growth and poverty in Nigeria, indicating that economic growth has not reduced poverty. It suggests policymakers need to ensure more equitable distribution of national income and improve access to education to help reduce poverty.
The Role of Women in Development 2014: Gender Equality and Sustainable Devel...Dr Lendy Spires
The twin challenges of building pathways to sustainable development and achieving gender equality have never been more pressing. As the world moves towards the post-2015 development agenda, the present World Survey not only shows why each challenge is so important, but also why both challenges must be addressed together, in ways that fully realize the human rights of women and girls and help countries to make the transition to sustainable development.
Dominant patterns of production, consumption and distribution are heading in deeply unsustainable directions (see A/CONF.216/PC/7). Humanity has become a key driver of earth system processes and the over exploitation of natural resources, the loss of key habitats and biodiversity and the pollution of land, seas and the atmosphere are becoming increasingly evident. Scientific understandings are clarifying the huge economic, social and environmental challenges posed by such threats as climate change and the loss of essential ecosystem services, as humanity approaches or exceeds so-called “planetary boundaries” (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2013; Rockström and others, 2009).
Already, human interactions with the environment are producing unprecedented shocks and stresses, felt in floods, droughts and devastated urban and rural landscapes and livelihoods, while many people and places have suffered from a nexus of food, energy, environmental and financial crises. These unsustainable patterns add to poverty and inequality today, especially for the third of the world’s population directly dependent on natural resources for their well-being, and create deep threats for future generations (Unmüßig, Sachs and Fatheuer, 2012). The effects of unsustainable patterns of development intensify gender inequality because women and girls are often disproportionately affected by economic, social and environmental shocks and stresses (Neumayer and Plümper, 2007). The causes and underlying drivers of unsustainability and of gender inequality are deeply interlocked. Both are produced by development models that support particular types of underregulated market-led growth and the persistence of unequal power relations between women and men (Wichterich, 2012).
Such development patterns rely on and reproduce gender inequalities, exploiting women’s labour and unpaid care work. The same development trajectories also produce environmental problems, as market actors seek and secure profit in ways that rely on the overexploitation of natural resources and the pollution of climates, land and oceans. Such market-led pathways are leading in directions that are unsustainable in social and ecological terms, and ultimately in economic ones too, undermining the conditions for future progress. Growing international debate now highlights the need to move economies and societies onto more sustainable paths, whether to avert crisis and catastrophe, or enable prosperity through “green economies”.
Off-farm employment in rural areas can be a major contributor to rural poverty reduction and decent rural employment. While women are highly active in the agricultural sector, they are less active than men in off-farm employment. This study analyzes the determinants of participation in off-farm employment of women in rural Uganda. The study is based on a field survey conducted in nine districts with the sample size of 1200 individual females. A two-stage Hechman’s sample selection model was applied to capture women’s decision to participate and the level of participation in non-farm economic activities. Summary statistics of the survey data from rural Uganda shows that: i) poverty and non-farm employment has a strong correlation, implying the importance of non-farm employment as a means for poverty reduction; and ii) there is a large gender gap to access non-farm employment, but the gender gap has been significantly reduced from group of older age to younger generation. The econometric results finds that the following factors have a significant influence on women’s participation in off-farm employment: education level of both the individual and household head (positive in both stages); women’s age (negative in both stages); female-headed household (negative in first stage); household head of polygamous marriage (negative in both stages); distance from major town (negative in the first stage); household size (positive in the second stage); dependency ratio (negative in the second stage); access to and use of government extension services (positive in the first stage); access to and use of an agricultural loan (negative in the second stage); and various district dummies variables. The implications of these findings suggest that those policies aimed at enhancing the identified determinants of women off-farm employment can promote income-generating opportunities for women groups in comparable contexts. In order to capitalize on these positive linkages, policies should be designed to improve skills and knowledge by providing education opportunities and increasing access to employment training, assistance services and loans for non-farm activities and by targeting women in female-headed, large and distant households. The government should increase investments in public infrastructure and services, such as roads, telecommunications and emergency support.
This document discusses a study that aimed to assess the determinants of poverty in Mkinga District, Tanzania. The study found that nearly 93% of respondents in the area were poor. Using an ordinal regression model and data from 210 households, the study identified several factors associated with poverty in the area, including gender (with women more affected), smaller land size, smaller farm size, larger household size, and higher dependency ratio. The study recommends empowering people, especially women, to participate in economic activities using local resources to alleviate poverty in the district.
8 facts on how poverty affects a childrens life. If you want to make a change, please visit http://donate.worldvision.org/ (not affiliated with me). Every SINGLE $ helps! Thank you.
Day 3
Ms. R A Jena, Director, Perspective Planning, Planning Commission
A Fragmentary Account of the State and Nature of Poverty in India
S P Mittal, Principal Scientist (Retd), Central Soil and Water Research Institute
Sukhomajri, The Watershed Experience
Field Trip
Madhu Sarin, Environmental activist on forest rights and tribal rights
S P Mittal, Principal Scientist (Retd), Central Soil and Water Research Institute
Issues affecting child poverty in JamaicaTaitu Heron
A look at the issues affecting child poverty in Jamaica. By Taitu Heron, Manager of the Social Development and Gender Unit, Social Policy, Planning and Research Division, of the Planning Institute of Jamaica. 2008. UNICEF seminar on programming for children.
The document discusses the Islamic concepts of halal (lawful) and haram (unlawful) as they relate to earning and spending wealth. It provides 10 hadith from the Prophet Muhammad emphasizing that Muslims should only seek halal wealth through legitimate means, avoid doubtful sources of income, and not consume haram wealth, as doing so could prevent one from entering heaven.
1) The document discusses the concept of the "vicious cycle of poverty", where poor families remain in poverty for multiple generations due to a lack of resources and opportunities to escape poverty.
2) Key factors that perpetuate the cycle of poverty include a lack of financial capital, education, and social connections that could help individuals rise out of poverty.
3) The document argues that the concept of the vicious cycle of poverty has drawbacks, as it does not fully or accurately define poverty, explain the intentions of impoverished individuals, or provide solutions to break the cycle.
The document discusses halal standards and processes according to Islamic law. It provides verses from the Quran that outline prohibited and permitted foods, including prohibitions on pork, blood, carnivorous animals, and alcohol. It defines halal foods as those permitted by Allah and outlines guidelines for selecting halal foods, including ensuring lawful slaughter and prohibiting contamination with haram materials. Specific rules for halal slaughter are outlined, including requirements that the slaughterer be Muslim and mention Allah during slaughter.
This document summarizes a study that assesses vulnerability to poverty among rural households in Oromiya, Ethiopia. The study uses secondary data from 2004/05 surveys to examine the extent and determinants of vulnerability. An estimate shows that 17.93% of non-poor households are highly vulnerable, with a mean vulnerability of 0.62. Logistic regression finds that larger household size and an illiterate head significantly increase the probability of vulnerability. The study concludes that poverty reduction strategies need both ex-ante measures to prevent vulnerability as well as ex-post measures to alleviate existing poverty.
This document summarizes and discusses a paper on taking a feminist studies approach to examining eco-food relations. It is divided into three parts. Part A addresses how environmental constraints will further disadvantage women in the food system and impact health and well-being. Part B describes a gender-based livelihood and nutrition intervention in Bangladesh to address constraints facing women farmers. Part C discusses advancing approaches to food justice based on critical nutrition studies and feminist perspectives.
This document provides an overview of migration patterns in India based on census and survey data. Some key points:
1. According to the 2001 census, 30% of India's population, or 307 million people, were migrants based on place of last residence. Interstate migration increased 53.6% over the previous decade.
2. The largest reasons for migration were marriage for women and employment for men. Nearly 14 million people, mostly men, migrated for job opportunities.
3. Rural to rural migration was still the most common, but rural to urban migration is growing. The states with the largest net out-migration were Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
4. Short term migration for seasonal
The paper contributes to the ongoing debate about the influence of demographic change on economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa, with a focus on Namibia. Annual data covering 42 years for total fertility rate, infant mortality rate, age-dependence ratio, population growth and per capita gross domestic product are used to provide insights into how changing demographics of Namibia society may impact its future economic growth. Several techniques including the Autoregressive Distributed Lag bound test, Granger causality test and variance decomposition are utilized in the analysis. The findings reveal the existence of a long-run relationship between economic growth and the key demographic variables. The findings also point toward the presence of a unidirectional causality running from demographic variables to economic growth. Overall, the results support the hypothesis that demographic events account for Namibia's economic growth and subsequently its economic development over the studied period.
Estimating the magnitude and correlates of poverty using consumption approach...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that estimates the magnitude and correlates of poverty in Khyber Agency, FATA, Pakistan using a consumption-based approach. The study finds that 48.1% of households are above the poverty line while 51.9% are below it. Depth and severity of poverty are estimated at 10.52% and 3.7% respectively. Factors found to positively correlate with poverty include dependency ratio, household size, age of head, and residence in kacha (temporary) housing. Negatively correlating factors include landholding, assets, and number of earning household members. A logistic model also finds illiteracy of the head, farming occupation, and lack of education/abroad income to
My contact address
Dr Shahnaj Parveen
Professor
Department of Agricultural Extension Education
Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU)
Mymensingh-2202
Bangladesh
Mobile: ++88-01715 340215
Email: shahnaj1969@gmail.com
The document summarizes a study on intra-household labor distribution and the role of women in family decision making in Bangladesh. It analyzed 3 samples of households and found that:
1) Male members spent more time on productive work like crops and livestock while females spent more on reproductive work.
2) Females spent significant time on productive work as well and their workload increased after joining a poverty-reduction project.
3) After joining the project, 50% of females in some households became more involved in family decision making.
This document summarizes key findings from a Post-Disaster Needs Assessment related to gender equality in Nepal following the 2015 earthquake. It notes that women face increased burdens from additional work hours and responsibilities caring for children. Recovery efforts need to ensure women's equal access and participation. Assessments found most women do not feel their needs are being addressed, and they lack information and feel unheard. Special vulnerabilities exist for female-headed households and minority groups. More work is needed to address gender-based violence and support maternal health. The shelter sector is working to involve women in reconstruction and address their privacy and security needs.
The relationship between unemployment and poverty has been of interest to many a scholar with interest in development economics and social sciences. This paper is an addition to the empirical attempts to re-examine the relationship between unemployment rate and poverty incidence in Nigeria using secondary data sourced from relevant institutions to obtain major Social and Economic indicators spanning within 1980-2015. The study used Trend graph analysis, Correlation coefficient analysis and Granger causality tests in its analyses. As shown from the results, there is a positive-significant correlation between unemployment and poverty in Nigeria. More so, this was corroborated by the Trend graph analysis. It also established that unemployment granger causes poverty in Nigeria as suggests from the Granger causality tests. The economic implication of this result is that poverty is an increasing function of unemployment; and the Error Correction Mechanism (ECM) pointed that short run disequilibrium in the economy can be returned to equilibrium in the long run with a poor speed of adjustment of 6 %. In the light of these findings, this study recommends that efforts should be intensified in Nigeria towards implementation of unemployment reduction policies as this will significantly reduce poverty incidence.
This document summarizes a study that explores how social learning approaches have been applied among smallholder farming families, specifically looking at how socially differentiated and marginalized groups are included. The study analyzes nine projects affiliated with the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) using five evaluative factors to assess how they incorporate social learning. The goals are to understand how marginalized groups participate, the additional benefits of explicitly including them, and the trade-offs between these approaches and development outcomes. The findings suggest that social learning projects including marginalized groups and facilitating two-way learning can increase knowledge relevance and legitimacy, as well as the potential for accelerating sustainable development.
Role of socio cultural factors influence towards food choices among household...oircjournals
This study focused on factors influencing households’ behavior and attitudes towards food choices in Kiambaa sub-county, Kiambu County. Therefore, this study explored socio-cultural factors on household food choices. Structural functionalism and social learning theory provided the theoretical understanding to discuss the relationship between variables. This study employed descriptive design to randomly select a sample of 138 households. Data was collected using interview schedule on a sample of 138 respondents living in Kiambaa sub-county. Data was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively, quantitative data using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Ms-excel computer software to generate frequencies and percentages which were presented discussed and interpreted in line with the study objectives. The findings established statistically significant between social cultural factors and food choices in Kiambaa Sub County. Social interactions at 86% which include the nature of interpersonal relationships, social status at 70% and traditions at 78% in households provided an important set of interpersonal relationships in influencing food choice. This study findings shows majority of women at 86% are actively involved in decision making especially on the food to be eaten at home therefore become the burden carrier of the household activity and balancing other roles as homemaker, mother and income earners. This study concludes that factors influencing food choices are positive and negative therefore it is importance to consider sociological approach to food choices. This study recommends policy and strategic approach to food choices, household target in proper utilization of research findings and further study on assessment of influence of work on behaviour towards food choices.
This document examines the relationship between economic growth and poverty in Nigeria. It finds that despite Nigeria experiencing increased economic growth in recent times, poverty levels remain high. The study uses econometric analysis of time series data and finds a significant and direct relationship between economic growth and poverty in Nigeria, indicating that economic growth has not reduced poverty. It suggests policymakers need to ensure more equitable distribution of national income and improve access to education to help reduce poverty.
The Role of Women in Development 2014: Gender Equality and Sustainable Devel...Dr Lendy Spires
The twin challenges of building pathways to sustainable development and achieving gender equality have never been more pressing. As the world moves towards the post-2015 development agenda, the present World Survey not only shows why each challenge is so important, but also why both challenges must be addressed together, in ways that fully realize the human rights of women and girls and help countries to make the transition to sustainable development.
Dominant patterns of production, consumption and distribution are heading in deeply unsustainable directions (see A/CONF.216/PC/7). Humanity has become a key driver of earth system processes and the over exploitation of natural resources, the loss of key habitats and biodiversity and the pollution of land, seas and the atmosphere are becoming increasingly evident. Scientific understandings are clarifying the huge economic, social and environmental challenges posed by such threats as climate change and the loss of essential ecosystem services, as humanity approaches or exceeds so-called “planetary boundaries” (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2013; Rockström and others, 2009).
Already, human interactions with the environment are producing unprecedented shocks and stresses, felt in floods, droughts and devastated urban and rural landscapes and livelihoods, while many people and places have suffered from a nexus of food, energy, environmental and financial crises. These unsustainable patterns add to poverty and inequality today, especially for the third of the world’s population directly dependent on natural resources for their well-being, and create deep threats for future generations (Unmüßig, Sachs and Fatheuer, 2012). The effects of unsustainable patterns of development intensify gender inequality because women and girls are often disproportionately affected by economic, social and environmental shocks and stresses (Neumayer and Plümper, 2007). The causes and underlying drivers of unsustainability and of gender inequality are deeply interlocked. Both are produced by development models that support particular types of underregulated market-led growth and the persistence of unequal power relations between women and men (Wichterich, 2012).
Such development patterns rely on and reproduce gender inequalities, exploiting women’s labour and unpaid care work. The same development trajectories also produce environmental problems, as market actors seek and secure profit in ways that rely on the overexploitation of natural resources and the pollution of climates, land and oceans. Such market-led pathways are leading in directions that are unsustainable in social and ecological terms, and ultimately in economic ones too, undermining the conditions for future progress. Growing international debate now highlights the need to move economies and societies onto more sustainable paths, whether to avert crisis and catastrophe, or enable prosperity through “green economies”.
Off-farm employment in rural areas can be a major contributor to rural poverty reduction and decent rural employment. While women are highly active in the agricultural sector, they are less active than men in off-farm employment. This study analyzes the determinants of participation in off-farm employment of women in rural Uganda. The study is based on a field survey conducted in nine districts with the sample size of 1200 individual females. A two-stage Hechman’s sample selection model was applied to capture women’s decision to participate and the level of participation in non-farm economic activities. Summary statistics of the survey data from rural Uganda shows that: i) poverty and non-farm employment has a strong correlation, implying the importance of non-farm employment as a means for poverty reduction; and ii) there is a large gender gap to access non-farm employment, but the gender gap has been significantly reduced from group of older age to younger generation. The econometric results finds that the following factors have a significant influence on women’s participation in off-farm employment: education level of both the individual and household head (positive in both stages); women’s age (negative in both stages); female-headed household (negative in first stage); household head of polygamous marriage (negative in both stages); distance from major town (negative in the first stage); household size (positive in the second stage); dependency ratio (negative in the second stage); access to and use of government extension services (positive in the first stage); access to and use of an agricultural loan (negative in the second stage); and various district dummies variables. The implications of these findings suggest that those policies aimed at enhancing the identified determinants of women off-farm employment can promote income-generating opportunities for women groups in comparable contexts. In order to capitalize on these positive linkages, policies should be designed to improve skills and knowledge by providing education opportunities and increasing access to employment training, assistance services and loans for non-farm activities and by targeting women in female-headed, large and distant households. The government should increase investments in public infrastructure and services, such as roads, telecommunications and emergency support.
This document discusses a study that aimed to assess the determinants of poverty in Mkinga District, Tanzania. The study found that nearly 93% of respondents in the area were poor. Using an ordinal regression model and data from 210 households, the study identified several factors associated with poverty in the area, including gender (with women more affected), smaller land size, smaller farm size, larger household size, and higher dependency ratio. The study recommends empowering people, especially women, to participate in economic activities using local resources to alleviate poverty in the district.
8 facts on how poverty affects a childrens life. If you want to make a change, please visit http://donate.worldvision.org/ (not affiliated with me). Every SINGLE $ helps! Thank you.
Day 3
Ms. R A Jena, Director, Perspective Planning, Planning Commission
A Fragmentary Account of the State and Nature of Poverty in India
S P Mittal, Principal Scientist (Retd), Central Soil and Water Research Institute
Sukhomajri, The Watershed Experience
Field Trip
Madhu Sarin, Environmental activist on forest rights and tribal rights
S P Mittal, Principal Scientist (Retd), Central Soil and Water Research Institute
Issues affecting child poverty in JamaicaTaitu Heron
A look at the issues affecting child poverty in Jamaica. By Taitu Heron, Manager of the Social Development and Gender Unit, Social Policy, Planning and Research Division, of the Planning Institute of Jamaica. 2008. UNICEF seminar on programming for children.
The document discusses the Islamic concepts of halal (lawful) and haram (unlawful) as they relate to earning and spending wealth. It provides 10 hadith from the Prophet Muhammad emphasizing that Muslims should only seek halal wealth through legitimate means, avoid doubtful sources of income, and not consume haram wealth, as doing so could prevent one from entering heaven.
1) The document discusses the concept of the "vicious cycle of poverty", where poor families remain in poverty for multiple generations due to a lack of resources and opportunities to escape poverty.
2) Key factors that perpetuate the cycle of poverty include a lack of financial capital, education, and social connections that could help individuals rise out of poverty.
3) The document argues that the concept of the vicious cycle of poverty has drawbacks, as it does not fully or accurately define poverty, explain the intentions of impoverished individuals, or provide solutions to break the cycle.
The document discusses halal standards and processes according to Islamic law. It provides verses from the Quran that outline prohibited and permitted foods, including prohibitions on pork, blood, carnivorous animals, and alcohol. It defines halal foods as those permitted by Allah and outlines guidelines for selecting halal foods, including ensuring lawful slaughter and prohibiting contamination with haram materials. Specific rules for halal slaughter are outlined, including requirements that the slaughterer be Muslim and mention Allah during slaughter.
Bob asked Yunus about the concepts of halal and haram in Islam. Yunus explained that halal refers to things that are permissible according to the Quran and teachings of Prophet Muhammad, while haram refers to things that are prohibited. As an example, Yunus noted that Islam prohibits the consumption of blood, as blood contains uric acid which can be harmful.
This document discusses factors affecting economic growth and development and the vicious circle of poverty. It defines economic growth as an increase in real GDP per capita over time, while economic development brings both quantitative and qualitative changes through initiatives like infrastructure, health, education, etc. Key factors influencing growth are discussed as capital formation, natural resources, trade, and economic systems. Non-economic factors include human capital, technology, political freedom, social organization, and corruption. The vicious circle of poverty is then examined in terms of how low capital, labor, and technology can perpetuate poverty through mechanisms like low savings, child labor, and lack of infrastructure and innovation.
Housing: Opportunity, Security, and Empowerment for the Pooridspak
This document discusses housing as an important dimension of poverty reduction in Pakistan. It makes several key points:
1) Housing is a fundamental human need that provides security, but rapid urbanization and population growth have resulted in a shortage of over 4 million housing units in Pakistan, forcing many to live in slums.
2) Adequate housing ensures opportunity, security, and empowerment, which are key pillars for reducing poverty. Inadequate housing creates insecurity and disempowerment among the poor.
3) The number of households is growing faster than the population in most countries due to decreasing household sizes. This increases the demand for housing, posing challenges for housing supply especially in urban areas of developing nations
determinants of Intrahousehold income inequalityiqbaljaveduol
Inequality has emerged at macro level but by finding the solutions of the problem our debate comes to the micro level. By exploring the root causes of income inequality at micro level we cannot ignore the role of a household head for effective planning for their children. The purpose of this study is to estimate the income inequality of households and to find the impact of the most relevant factors on the income inequality at a household level. The data about 400 household including 2266 individuals is extracted from the Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) which is conducted in 2015-16 under special survey namely Household Integrated Income and Consumption Survey.
This approach to family welfare analysis is a new dimension may become controversial as the hypothesized explanatory variables mostly belongs to household head who has decision making powers, as the determinants of intra-household inequality. The significance of most of the variables shows some reality that household head in some way become the reason of intra-household inequality. Though some results are not according to expectations such as negative relationship of intra-household inequality and household size but this is trending result as a positive sign towards more sharing and cooperation within a family. The positive relationship between number of females and within family inequality is a call for sound policies to reduce gender gap and get women into mainstream economy. The fall in occupations such as farming and livestock sector and other elementary occupations are also becoming the reason of intra-household inequality which needs policy maker’s attention.
A STUDY ON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF AGRICULTURAL FARMERSClaudia Acosta
This document provides an overview of a study conducted on the socio-economic status of farmers in 10 blocks across West Bengal. Data was collected on the demographics, monthly income/expenditure, income/expenditure from agriculture, living patterns, and cultivation profiles of farmers in each block. The majority of farmers were found to be middle-aged, educated up to secondary level, and had average or below average income/expenditure compared to Indian farmers overall. Specific blocks in North 24 Parganas and Medinipur districts were then compared to analyze differences in socio-economic status within those districts.
11.the impact of macroeconomic policies and programs on poverty problemsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the impact of macroeconomic policies in Nigeria on poverty from 1980-2002. Two regression models were used to examine the relationship between poverty, GDP, and other economic variables. The study found that:
1. Poverty in Nigeria increased substantially from 1980-2002, with the average poverty rate being higher after structural adjustment programs were introduced compared to before.
2. Key macroeconomic indicators like GDP growth, unemployment, and exchange rates deteriorated from 1980-2002, suggesting macroeconomic policies did not effectively address rising poverty.
3. Regression analysis found a relationship between rising poverty and factors like declining GDP, high inflation, unemployment, and exchange rate depreciation over
The impact of macroeconomic policies and programs on poverty problemsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the impact of macroeconomic policies and programs on poverty in Nigeria from 1980 to 2002. Two regression models were used to analyze the relationship between poverty and GDP. The study found that Nigeria's macroeconomic policies have not addressed the upward trend in poverty levels based on economic indicators like inflation, unemployment, and exchange rates. Some of the key causes of poverty identified included corruption, inconsistent macroeconomic policies, high population growth, and over-reliance on oil exports. The incidence of poverty in Nigeria increased from around 15% in 1960 to 28% in the 1980s.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Annotated BibliographyGonzález, M. (2005). Access to Mental Heal.docxdurantheseldine
Annotated Bibliography
González, M. (2005). Access to Mental Health Services: The Struggle of Poverty Affected Urban Children of Color. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal,22(3), 245-256.
In this peer reviewed article, the author discusses that urban children of color especially those from low income families are at a greater risks of developing mental health problems. These children are also less likely to receive effective child mental health services as a result of poverty and so their health conditions continue to deteriorate. In this article the author put forth the barriers to mental health care as experienced by children of color together with their families. Gonzalez also stresses on the role of the social work in helping the children of color in urban areas access and benefit from mental health services.
De los Reyes-Aragon, C., Amar Amar, J., De Castro Correa, A., Lewis Harb, S., Madariaga, C., & Abello-Llanos, R. (2016). The Care and Development of Children Living in Contexts of Poverty. Journal of Child and Family Studies,25(12), 3637-3643.
The authors of this articles discuss that the circumstances under poverty can influence a child’s development. The study examines the development level of children that living in low income rural regions in Northern Colombia. Through their research, 18% of the assed children had developmental delay for their respective age groups. According to them, there is need for the improvement of the environmental conditions to help parents improve their caregiving practices.
Wong, Ma, & Chan. (2017). The impact of poverty on children in out-of-home care services in a Chinese context and the application of multiple family group therapy to enrich their family lives. Children and Youth Services Review,
This article focusses on Chinese children who were placed in out of home care in Hong Kong. These are children for disadvantaged families. The authors discuss that these children suffered mental illness, and substance abuse. The authors discuss on the best practices to rehabilitate these children.
Loha, E., Deressa, W., Solomon, T., Atsbeha, H., Hailu, A., & Lindtjørn, B. (2017). Anaemia among children in a drought affected community in south-central Ethiopia. PLoS One,12(3), E0170898.
This articles in addition discuses that children from low income families and poor regions are most likely to be diagnosed with anaemia. An increase in the prevalence of anaemia was observed in regions that had experienced draught and food shortage. Malaria is another disease they found out to be common in children living in low income areas.
Machell, Kyla ; Disabato, David ; Kashdan, Todd .Social Indicators Research, 2016, Vol.126(2), pp.845-861.
According to this article, the poor neighborhoods have little support from the government as far as developmental of rehabilitations centers, vocational training centers and guidance and counselling centers. These are the places useful for youths who did not complete school .
The document discusses arguments for and against population growth in developing countries. It presents three main arguments made by those who believe rapid population growth is not a problem: 1) underdevelopment, not population growth, is the core issue; 2) population control efforts are a conspiracy by capitalist countries to maintain dependence; 3) population growth can be desirable for increasing labor supply and market size. It also discusses factors influencing population growth rates like women's status and education levels, rural-urban migration patterns, and resource consumption in developed versus developing nations.
This document summarizes a study on poverty transitions in rural Bangladesh between 1996-97 and 2006-07. It finds that while poverty declined substantially over this period, some households remained chronically poor. Initial characteristics like education levels and assets affected poverty status, as did common shocks like illness and death of earners. Life histories revealed that dowry payments combined with health expenses sometimes pushed households into chronic poverty. The study concludes there is still work to do in increasing education, building assets, and providing protection from risks like illness through mechanisms like microinsurance.
This document is a sociology assignment submitted by Mohit Lilhare to their professor Dr. Deepika Gupta. It analyzes poverty as a social problem in India. It begins by thanking those who helped with the assignment, including defining key terms like social problems and poverty. It then discusses types of poverty, estimates of poverty in India, causes of poverty like population growth and colonial exploitation, and government programs to alleviate poverty like MGNREGA and Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana. It concludes that while poverty rates have decreased in India, a comprehensive approach is still needed to fully eradicate poverty.
The document summarizes the key findings of the 2007 Jamaica Survey of Living Conditions. Some of the main findings include:
- Real per capita consumption continued to increase over the past 10 years. Consumption inequality and gender-based inequality declined. Poverty rates reached their lowest level in the past 20 years.
- Educational enrollment increased at all levels. The number of out-of-school youth declined. Academic achievement improved.
- Health insurance coverage and health-seeking behavior improved. However, access to affordable medications in rural areas needs further improvement.
- While living standards generally improved, vulnerabilities remained for female-headed households in rural areas and improvements were needed in housing quality in rural areas.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF WOMEN IN DETERMINING THE CONSUMPTION PATTERN IN THE HOUSE...amita marwaha
This document summarizes a study on the significance of women in determining consumption patterns in households in Uttar Pradesh, India. It discusses different models of intrahousehold resource allocation, including unitary and collective models. It finds that women's decision-making power and control over resources positively impacts children's health and nutrition, especially for girls. Data from the National Family Health Survey in Uttar Pradesh shows inequalities between boys and girls in areas like breastfeeding duration, healthcare access, and survival rates. The study aims to determine if increasing women's power within households can help reduce gender discrimination and better equalize well-being for boys and girls.
Determinants of food insecurity in addis ababa city, ethiopiaAlexander Decker
This study examined the determinants of food insecurity among households in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia using survey data from 140 households. The Tobit regression model identified several significant determinants of food insecurity. Household size, income, age and education level of the household head, income from remittances/gifts, and ownership of a bank account were found to increase or decrease the likelihood of food insecurity. Policy recommendations include addressing the challenges faced by larger households and improving income generation opportunities to reduce food insecurity.
11.determinants of food insecurity in addis ababa city, ethiopiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the determinants of food insecurity among households in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The study used a survey of 140 households and a Tobit regression model to analyze the data. The regression found that 6 of the 11 independent variables had a significant impact on household food insecurity. Larger household size, lower household income, older household head age, lower education level of the head, not having a bank account, and less income from remittances/gifts were associated with greater food insecurity. The study aimed to identify the key factors influencing food insecurity in urban areas to help policymakers address the problem.
This document discusses trends in poverty in Georgia between 2009 and 2011 based on survey data. It finds:
- Overall poverty decreased, with the percentage of households and children living below the relative poverty line falling 2 and 3 percentage points respectively.
- However, child poverty rates remain higher than other groups, with 9.4% of children living in extreme poverty.
- It considers how further increasing social programs like pensions, targeted social assistance, and introducing a universal child benefit could help reduce child poverty levels. Simulations show such policies could reduce extreme and relative child poverty significantly.
1) The document reviews population trends, poverty, and their links in the Philippines compared to other Southeast Asian countries.
2) While the Philippines has experienced modest declines in poverty, the number of poor has increased due to rapid population growth. Large family sizes also negatively impact investments in education and health.
3) Better fertility control and economic growth are needed to alleviate poverty in the Philippines, though interventions must consider poor households' preferences and ability to freely choose family size. More research is still needed to fully understand these complex relationships in the Philippine context.
Academic Performance of the Grade VIII Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program 4P...YogeshIJTSRD
This document summarizes a study that assessed the academic performance of Grade VIII students in Dipolog City, Philippines who were beneficiaries of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps), a conditional cash transfer program. The study aimed to determine the students' demographic profiles, their levels of academic performance, factors affecting performance, and relationships between factors and performance. It found that students' academic performance was satisfactory based on their previous grades. However, the study concluded that there were no significant relationships found between the demographic factors, performance factors, and students' academic performance.
Academic Performance of the Grade VIII Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program 4P...YogeshIJTSRD
This study aimed to assess the academic performance of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program 4Ps beneficiaries of the Grade VIII Students in Dipolog City Division South District. To find out the significant relationship between the factors affecting the academic performance and the academic performance and final grade in the previous grade level of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program 4Ps beneficiaries. Employing documentary, descriptive correlation method of research, frequency count, percentage, weighted mean, ANOVA and Pearson r from 181 students of Grade VIII in Dipolog City South District Dipolog City. On the other hand, results revealed that students academic performance was satisfactory in terms of the final grade in the previous grade level. A conclusive statement drawn based on the results of the research found no significant relationship between all factors affecting academic performance and the academic performance of 4Ps beneficiaries. Sarah Mae C. Aranas | Marilyn G. Barbaso | Genevieve Q. Bermudez | Joan Abigail N. Pelpinosas | Edelene A. Tecson "Academic Performance of the Grade VIII Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) Beneficiaries in Dipolog City Division South District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd40078.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/40078/academic-performance-of-the-grade-viii-pantawid-pamilyang-pilipino-program-4ps-beneficiaries-in-dipolog-city-division-south-district/sarah-mae-c-aranas
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Characteristics of poverty in pakistan
1. Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Online)
Vol 2, No.5, 2012
Characteristics of Poverty In Pakistan
Dr Saidatulakmal Binti Mohd1* Madiha Riaz2
1. Senior Lecturer,School of Social Science, University Sains Malaysia
2. PhD Student,School of Social Science, University Sains Malaysia
* E-mail of the corresponding author: madihatarar@hotmail.com
Abstract
Poverty is a multidimensional conception and usually it is defined by focusing narrowly on income poverty or
broadly by including lack of access to opportunities for raising standards of living. Strategies aimed at poverty
reduction need to identify factors that are strongly associated with poverty and agreeable to modification by policy.
This study uses integrated Household Survey (2009-10) data collected by Federal Bureau of Statistics Pakistan to
examine probable determinants of poverty status, employing bivariate models. In general, this study tries to seek in
depth knowledge of the key factors like demographic factors and human capital variables that account for poverty
differentials in Pakistan. The demographic variables show significant impact on poverty status of the household,
especially dependency ratio, sex of the head of the household, family type and household size. These all are found to
be of supreme important in defining poverty. The educational attainment of the head of the household is also found to
be very important factor that is associated with poverty. If policy makers target the education of head of household in
order to get rid of this evil vicious circle of poverty then it might be establish more effective, powerful and
sustainable tool.
Keywords; Poverty status, Demographic variables, human capital variables, Poverty Differentials
1. Introduction
Poverty refers to either lack of command over commodities in general or inability to obtain a specific type of
consumption (food, clothing, housing etc.) deemed essential to constitute a reasonable standard of living in a society.
Living standard is not determined by income and consumption alone, but non-economic aspects such as life
expectancy, mortality, access to clean drinking water, education, health, sanitation, electricity and security are also
important measures of well being. Critical variables that contribute to improve living standards are health facilities,
drinking water, sanitation facilities, and availability of public utilities etc.
In developing countries nutrition and health is common problem which get severity in case of poverty. This situation
provokes a vicious circle of low productivity, low wages, malnutrition, ill-health and low working capacity. The
interaction between poor health and working conditions and poverty determines a distinctive morbidity-mortality
pattern among poor community, which is due to the combination of malnutrition.
The eradication of poverty has been a subject of debate in world for decades, yet it was in recent years that
seriousness of the situation was realized globally and specific efforts were taken in this direction. In the same way
reducing poverty has the remained main objective of the policy makers in Pakistan. The living conditions of
Pakistan’s poor and poverty alleviation have gained more importance since the adoption of Millennium Development
goals (MDGs).
The existing work on poverty in Pakistan shows that a large number of efforts have been made to estimate the rate of
poverty in Pakistan during the last two decades. However, this study is not concerned with the measurement of
poverty rather this focuses on the dynamics and determinants of poverty which categorize the entire population into
different classes/bands like non-poor, transitory poor and extremely poor. It employs bivariate logit model using
Pakistan Household Integrated Survey (2009-10) conducted by Federal Bureau of Statistics Pakistan to identify the
factors like demographic factors and human capital variables, which strongly effect the household or individual’s
likelihood of entering or exiting poverty status.
Overall, this study aims to examine the impact of key factors related to population and household environment that
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account for poverty differentials in Pakistan.
2. Review of Literature
The review of different studies in which poverty nexus is explored with different perspectives is presented in the
subsequent section. In general, these studies have used different methodologies, including ordinary least squares
regression where the dependent variable is continuous, logistic regression where the dependent variable is binary and
quantile regression where the dependent variable is income.
The effects of different economic and demographic variables on the probability of a household being in poverty in
Costa Rica was analayzed by Rodriguez and Smith (1994)they used a logistic regression model to estimate. The
authors found that the probability of being in poverty is higher, the lower the level of education and the higher the
child dependency ratio, as well as for families living in rural areas.
There is considerable evidence of a strong negative correlation between household size and consumption (or income)
per person in developing countries. The poor devote a high share of their income to goods such as food, tap water,
cooking utensils, firewood and housing etc. Ravallion and Lanjouw (1995) test the robustness of the relationship
between poverty and household size using Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (PIHS) and results confirm the
negative relationship between household size and poverty, as the size of household increases the probability of being
poor will increase.
McCulloch and Baulch (1998) have investigated poverty dynamics in rural Pakistan using a unique five-year panel
data set from the second half of the 1980s. Their results confirm that while the incidence of income poverty in the
panel is high, with between one-fifth and one-third of households in any year having incomes below the poverty line,
turnover amongst the poor is also rapid. Conventional poverty status (Logit) regressions show that the probability of
a household being in poverty is increased by its household size, the dependency ratio and district of residence but
decreased by secondary education, land, the value of livestock and other assets owned. The age and sex of the
household head together with basic education did not, however, alter a household’s poverty status. This study also
investigates which household characteristics and geographic variables were associated with the probabilities of
entering or exiting poverty using a partial likelihood proportional hazards model. Household size was found to
increase the probability of entering poverty and decrease the probability of exiting poverty. This effect is consistent
with the effect of this variable in standard poverty status regressions. However, neither the dependency ratio not
district dummies, which were important in the poverty status regressions, have much impact on the probability of
entry and exit from poverty.
The DOGEV is an attractive model from the class of discrete choice models for modeling determinants of poverty
across poverty categories (absolute poor, moderate poor) which was applied by Fissuh and Harris (2005) for micro
level data from Eritrea Household Income and Expenditure Survey 1996-97 to examine the determinants of poverty
in Eritrea.Household size defined by adult equivalent units has a significant negative effect on the welfare status of a
household. The size of the effect of household size on poverty is not the same across the categories. Age of
household head was not found to be significant in linear terms in all poverty outcomes. However, the coefficient of
age squared was found to be negative and significant in the moderate poor category only. Even though education is
negatively correlated with poverty, basic education does not suffice. This indicates that education is not sufficient
condition to escape from poverty but there are other factors, which affect poverty of a household in conjunction with
education. The coefficient of schooling is higher (absolute terms) in the absolute poor category than in the other
categories. The probability of a household being non-poor is a concave function of the number of employed persons
per household. Besides, regional unemployment rate was found to be positively associated with poverty.
The determinants of poverty in Uganda by using logistic regression model was examined by Adebua, et al
(2002).This study shows that household with better educated heads are less likely to be poor and large households
are more likely to be poor. This confirms that the larger the household size, the poorer the household is. This is
because the large number of household members would likely be children who are unproductive and yet they take a
big proportion of household income in terms of schooling requirement, medical attention, food and clothing.
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The studies reviewed above has analyzed the different determinants of poverty applying different methodologies A
review of the existing work on poverty shows that a large number of attempts have been made to estimate the
incidence of poverty all over the world during the last two decades. However, in this study we focused on the
dynamics and determinants of poverty which categorize the entire population into different classes/bands like non-
poor, transitory poor and extremely poor, we are interested to estimate the effect of demographic and human capital
variables on the bands of poor; this is novelty of the study.
3. Plan of Study
Modeling poverty is art which changes shape having same meaning. There are basically two approaches in modeling
determinants of poverty. 1 The first approach 2 is based on the regression of consumption expenditure per adult
equivalent against potential explanatory variables.
The second approach is to model poverty by employing a discrete choice model. The practice of discrete choice
models in the analysis of determinants of poverty has been popular approach. The discrete choice model has a
number of attractive features in comparison to the regression approach. The regression approach unlike the discrete
choice models does not give probabilistic estimates for the classification of the sample into different poverty
categories. In a sense we cannot make probability statements about the effect of the variables on the poverty status of
our economic agents.
The discrete choice analysis proceeds by employing binary logit or probit model to estimate the probability of a
household being poor conditional upon some characteristics. In some cases the households are divided into more
than two categories and then employ multinomial logit model or ordered logit model is used to identify the factors
which affect the probability a household being poor conditional upon a set of characteristics.
The approach we will follow intends to investigate the determinants affecting the probability of being non-poor,
transitory poor or extreme poor. In this study we will use the Bivariate logit model.
3.1 Bivariate Logit Model
We assumed that the probability of being in a particular poverty category is determined by an underlying response variable that captures the true
*
economic status of an individual. In the case of a binary poverty status (i.e., being poor or non-poor), let the underlying response variable Y be
defined by the regression relationship.
yi
*
¦ X cE c u
i i ………………. (1)
Where E ' [E1 , E 2 ,......, E k ] and X i' [1, X i 2 , X i 3 ,......., X ik ]
In equation (1) Y* is a latent variable and defined as
Y =1 if y* 0 and
Y= 0 otherwise ………………. (2)
From equation (1) and equation (2) we can derive the following expressions.
Pr ob( yi 1) Pr obu i ! ¦ xi E
4. 1
See Harris and Fissuh (2005)
2
This approach works by regressing consumption expenditure (in log terms) on the household, community and
common characteristics which are supposed to determine household welfare, for example Glewwe (1990), Muller
(1999) and Canagarajah and Portner (2003). This approach rests on a heroic assumption that higher expenditure
implies higher utility and vice versa.
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1 F ¦ xi E
9. Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org
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Vol 2, No.5, 2012
prob(Z ij 1) )(D j E ' xi ) )(D j 1 E ' xi ) …. (8)
Where ) is the cumulative logistic distribution and the D 'j s are the equivalents of the Ds in equation (6). The likelihood and log-likelihood
functions for the model can be given by equations (9) and (10) respectively, as:
n m
––[)(D E ' xi ) )(D j 1 E ' xi )]
Z ij
L j …….. (9)
i 1 j 1
n k
L* log L ¦¦ Z
i 1 j 1
ij log )[(D j E ' xi ) )(D j 1 E ' xi )] ...…. (10)
Equation (10) can be maximized in the usual way, and can be solved iteratively by numerical methods, to yield maximum likelihood estimates of
the model (see Maddala 1983).
3.1.1 Data Sources
The analysis in this study is based on micro data taken from the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (PIHS 2009-
10) Household Integrated Survey (HIES 2009-10). These household surveys is conducted by the Federal Bureau of
Statistics provide comprehensive information about household consumption expenditure, income and different socio-
economic indicators that are essential for poverty analysis. The sample size of these household surveys is substantial
enough to allow representative estimates. The total sample considered here comprises of 15000 households.
The data set has many missing observations. These problems are omnipresent in most developing countries. As a
result data had to be cleaned for the missing information and anomalies and the effective sample size was 13000.
3.1.2 Construction of Variables
This study uses consumption as a welfare and poverty status indicator instead of Income because consumption
measures welfare achievement and exhibit less seasonal variability moreover people willingly mention their
consumption pattern rather than income. This study defines poor as population living on less than $1.25 a day at
2005 international prices. That is 1.25US dollar per day= Rs 3375 per capita per month is required to get out of
poverty line. The headcount ratio, i.e. proportion of poor households among total households is used as a measure of
poverty. We categorized dependent variable into three mutually exclusive categories. We assume that a typical
household belongs to one of three mutually exclusive categories.
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Table 1 Definitions of dependent Variable
Variable Definition
Dependent variable
1-Extremely poor 1. Extremely poor households are that whose per capita per month expenditure are less than 0.5 of poverty line.
2-Transitory poor 2-Transitory poor households are those who’s per capita per month expenditure lies between the “0.75 of line.
3-Non-poor 3-Non-poor households are that whose per capita per month expenditure is above the poverty line.
Table 2 Definition of Explanatory Variables
VARIABLE DEFINITION
Age of head of household Age of head of household is measured in complete years and is treated as a continuous variable.
Female–male ratio. To see the impact of gender composition in a household on poverty status, the total number of females to total number of
males in a household is treated as female-male ratio and it is used a continuous variable in the model.
Dependency ratio. The dependency ratio is defined as the ratio of number of members (18 years and 64 years) to household size and
treated as continuous variable.
Family type. The family type is entered in to the model as a binary variable, representing nuclear and joint family. Nuclear family
consists of parents and unmarried children.
Household size. The sum of household members in a household is called household size and it is treated as a continuous variable.
Sex of head of household. The sex of household head has been taken as a binary variable as, HH_SEX =1, if head of the household is male=0,
otherwise
Head work or not: To see the role of household head’s work in effecting poverty status, we use the head’s work as a binary variable.
HH_WRK= 1, if household head does any work for wages. =0, otherwise.
Educational status of head: EDU2 = 1, if household head has primary education.
= 0, otherwise.
EDU3 = 1, if household head has higher secondary education.
= 0, otherwise.
EDU4 = 1, if household head has college education.
= 0, otherwise.
EDU5 = 1, if household head has higher education.
= 0, otherwise.
The base category for these variables will be no formal education of the household head.
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4. Empirical Findings
4.1 Bivariate Logit Model
In this model the dependent variable is categorized as poor and non-poor and the model is estimated by using
Maximum Likelihood technique. Result in Table 3 is for Bivariate logit model where poverty is dependent variable.
Table 3 Dependent Variable is Poverty
Variable Marginal Effects
Demographic variables -0.1500* (0.00)
-0.0060* (0.00)
Sex of head of household
0.0533* (0.00)
Age of head of household
0.0099** (0.09)
Household size
-0.0901* (0.00)
Female-male ratio
0.1900* (0.00)
Family type
Dependency ratio
-0.0417* (0.00)
Human capital Work Status Variables -0.0750* (0.00)
Education of household head; 1-5 years -0.1299* (0.00)
Education of household head; 6-10 years -0.1456* (0.00)
Education of household head; 11-14 years
Education of household head; 16 years or above -0.0455* (0.00)
Head work for income -6302.6913
13000
Log likelihood
Number of observations
Probabilities of Critical Values at 1%, 5%, 10% are indicated significance by *, **, *** respectively
All the demographic variables are highly significant and show vital impact on poverty. The results indicate that the
age of the head of household reduces the probability of the household being poor and it is significant at 1% level of
significance. In the literature higher age is correlated with higher productivity and hence impacts poverty status
negatively. Our results also validate this assertion.
Regarding the effect of household size, estimates indicate that larger household size indicates 5% more likely to be
qualifying poor and this variable is significant at 1% level of significance. This shows that larger household size
enhance the poverty status of a household. This is a general finding in the poverty literature (see for instance
Lanjouw and Ravallion1995).
The estimated coefficient of the sex of the head of household shows that there is 15% more likelihood to be non-
poor if the head of household is male and it is significant at 1% level of significance.
The variable “dependency ratio” shows that there is a positive correlation between poverty status and dependency
ratio. The estimated coefficient shows that there is 19% more likelihood to be poor for 1% more dependency. It
confirms that the higher the dependency ratio, lower will be the welfare of the household via the lower per capita
income.
The variable ‘family type” is significant at 1% level of significance and indicate that nuclear families are 9% more
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likely to be non-poor, as compared to those households which have joint family system. This shows that in nuclear
families due to lower dependency ratio and less time requirement for other household activities, women can spare
more time to participate in earning activities, especially with their male counterparts. The estimated coefficient of
“female-male ratio” shows that household with higher female-male ratio are more likely to be poor and it is
significant at 5% level of significance. This confirms the fact that female’s members in Pakistan are mostly
constrained by their customs, social and religious norms from work outside the household and attitudes towards
participation might also discouraging.
Human capital is measured by the education level of the household head and work status is measured by the
household head’s work for income. Estimation shows that schooling of the head of household has a significant effect
on poverty status. The education variable appears to be key variable since the coefficients of all the dummy variables
representing various education levels of household head are statistically significant at 1% level of significance.The
estimated coefficient of these variables indicates the increase in the probability of being non-poor due to having the
corresponding level of education. Thus for example household in which household head’s education level is 1-5
years of schooling, the probability of being non-poor is 4% higher than in the household in which household heads
are illiterate. This increment in probability goes to 7%, 13% and 15% point if household head has 6-10, 11-14 and 16
years or above education level respectively. The variable “head work ” indicate that the household where the head
work for income are 5% more likely to be non- poor as compared to those household where the head don’t work and
it is significant at 1% level of significance.
4.2 Ordered Poverty Status
We have ordered the sample into three mutually exclusive categories: non-poor (category0), transitory poor
(category1) and extremely poor (category2), with household in category 2 being most affected by poverty. The
estimated coefficients and marginal effects are given in Table-4
Transitory Poor Extremely poor
(Marginal Effects) (Marginal Effects)
Demographic variables -0.0092* (0.00) -0.0076* (0.00)
-0.1598* (0.02) -0.1323* (0.01)
Sex of head of household
0.0457 * (0.00) 0.0669* (0.00)
Age of head of household
0.0222 * (0.00) 0.0331* (0.01)
Household size
-0.0555 * (0.02) -0.029* (0.00)
Female-male ratio
0.1999 * (0.00) 0.1789* (0.00)
Family type
Dependency ratio
-0.0521* (0.00) -0.0097* (0.00)
Human Capital Work Status Variables
-0.0792 * (0.00) -0.0177* (0.03)
Education of household head; 1-5 years
-0.1012* (0.01) -0.0282* (0.00)
Education of household head; 6-10 years
-0.1152 * (0.02) -0.0310* (0.00)
Education of household head; 11-14 years
-0.0340* (0.00) -0.0110* (0.00)
Education of household head; 16 years-AB
Head work for income
-9750.7113
13000
Log likelihood
Number of observations
Probabilities of Critical Values at 1%, 5%, 10% are
indicated significance by *, **, *** respectively
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In general, it is interesting to note that those factors that are important in the bivariate model are still important in the
ordered logit model. More importantly, results show clearly the dynamics of poverty on different categories.
Results show that almost all the variables are statistically significant at 1%level of significance. Regarding the effect
of household size, estimate indicates that higher household size decreases the probability of being non-poor, if other
things remain constant. Result indicate that with larger household size there is 4%and 6% less probability being non-
poor, which fall in transitory poor and extremely poor categories respectively. Dependency ratio has negative effect
on the poverty status of the household. Results show that the dependency ratio reduces the probability of those
households to be non-poor by 19% and 17%, which lies in transitory poor and extremely poor respectively. The
variable female-male ratio has same impact on poverty status as dependency ratio and household size, but its effect is
less than for above variables. As estimation shows that there is 2% and 3%less likelihood to be non-poor for the
households, which belongs to transitory poor and extremely poor category.
The male sex of the household head has significant impact on different poverty categories. The estimated results
show that it raises the probability of being non-poor for households by 15% and 13% which lie in the transitory poor
and extremely poor respectively. Though the age of the head is significant but it impact on different poverty
categories are very minor. Family type shows reasonable effect on poverty status of the household in different
poverty categories. The estimated results shows that nuclear families increase the probability of households to be
non-poor as compared to joint families by 5% and 3% for those household which belong to transitory poor and
extremely poor categories respectively.
The effect of years of schooling completed by the head of household on poverty status is found to be non-uniform
across different poverty categories. This may suggest that education impacts poverty status differently in these
categories and result shows that in general education is more important for transitory poor group. Results show that
having primary level, higher secondary level, college level and university level of education increase the probability
of being non-poor by 3%,6%,10%,12% and 1%,2%,3%,3% to those household head which have no education level
in transitory poor and extremely poor categories respectively.
The estimated coefficient of head work indicates that the households where the head work for income increase the
probability of being non-poor as compared to those households where the head don’t work for income by 3% and 1%
in transitory poor and extremely poor category respectively.
Conclusion
The objective of this study is to measure and analyze the demographic and Human Capital variables effects on
poverty discrepancy in Pakistan.
All the demographic variables show significant impact on poverty status of the household, specially dependency
ratio, sex of the head of the household, family type and household size are found to be of paramount importance in
reducing poverty particularly in transitory poor category.
Our results are also in keeping with generally accepted theory. Having a large household is generally correlated with
poverty status. This is because the larger the number of household member would likely to be children, who take a
big proportion of household income in terms of school requirements, medical attention, food and clothing. While a
high dependency ratio decreases earning potential in relation to needs and therefore increase the risk of poverty
(Lipton 1983).
The educational attainment of the head of the household is found to be the most important factor that is associated
with poverty. Lack of education is a factor that accounts for a higher probability of being poor. Thus promotion of
education is a central factor in addressing problems of transitory and extreme poverty. This indicate that education is
vital for boosting the productivity of the human factor and making people more aware of opportunities for earning a
living and there is generalized evidence in household surveys and censuses that education is positively correlated
with earnings [Schultz (1988); Psacharopoulous (1985); Blaug (1976)]. Higher earnings in turn are associated to
lower poverty levels.The headwork for income variable also shows significant impact on poverty status of
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household.
Based on our results, the following policy implications are derived from this study which are expected to contribute
to the poverty reduction strategy being pursued by Pakistan:
x The educational attainment of the head of the household is found to be most important factor associated
with poverty. Thus promotion of education is central in addressing problems of transitory and extreme
poverty.
x Relating to the above point, the importance of female education in poverty reduction should be noted. We
have found that female- headed household are more likely to be poor than household of which the head is a
male and that female education plays a key role in reducing poverty. Thus promoting female education
should be an important element of poverty reduction polices. Because there is evidence that female
education and fertility are negatively correlated, such policies have an impact on household size and
dependency ratios, which are important determinants of poverty. Thus investing in female education would
indeed be productivity enhancing and poverty reducing.
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Fishery Commodity Chain Trap vis-à-vis Global Quality Standards:
An Analysis of the Kerala Marine Fishery
D Rajasenan* and Rajeev B
Centre for the Study of Social Exclusion and Inclusive Policy (CSSEIP), Athithi Bhavan Building, Cochin
University of Science and Technology, Cochin -682022, Kerala, India
*E-mail of the corresponding author: rajasenan@gmail.com, rajasenan@cusat.ac.in
Abstract
The article examines the commodity chain trap of marine fishery in Kerala, at both material and value terms, and its
ramifications in the globalised fishery chains. The marketing chains both material and value, are very complex in
nature since they involve many types of markets and large number of intermediaries and participants. The article also
scrutinizes the sensitivity of consumers’ and country’s responses in terms of dietary and hygienic standards relating
to seafood trade. In addition, it discusses the devastating effect about the recent stipulations like the US Bio-
Terrorism Act and Shrimp anti-dumping duty on the Kerala fishery products.
Keywords: commodity chain trap, marketing chain, marine fishery, quality assurance standards, sea food trade,
material chain, price spread, value chain, bio-terrorism, shrimp anti-dumping.
1. Introduction
Kerala, the southernmost State of India with 2.8 percent of the population, having 10 percent of the Indian coastline,
77
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