GRF 2nd One Health Summit 2013: Presentation by Robyn Alders, Tufts University, University of Sidney

1. Livestock Risks and Opportunities:
Newcastle Disease & Avian Influenza
in Africa
Emma Gardner1 and Robyn Alders1,2
1Tufts
University
2 University of Sydney
Nov 18 2013

2. Collaborators
Funding sources

3. Newcastle disease virus: overview
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1st Isolated in 1926 with global distribution
Regular outbreaks in developing countries
Strain classification Clinical characteristics
Velogenic
Mesogenic
Lentogenic
Avirulent
Neurotropic: High mortality characterized by
neurologic and respiratory signs
Viscerotropic: High mortality characterized by
diarrhea and hemorrhagic intestinal lesions
Clinical disease with some mortality
Mild or subclinical respiratory disease with no
mortalities
No disease but viral replication and shedding

4. Epidemiology
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Infects 200+ bird species
A disease of
backyard/village poultry
Can kill up to 90% of village
flocks
Most important poultry
disease
Barrier to food security and
improved livelihoods
OIE listed disease

5. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza:
Overview
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Many strains of avian influenza exist
Severity varies depending on strain
H5N1 strain:
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Up to 100% mortality rate in chickens
Zoonotic: human cases fatality >50%
H5N1 first isolated in China, 1997
H5N1 in Africa: 1st outbreak in early 2006

6. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza
H5N1
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Jan-Jun 2006:
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Burkina Faso
Cameroon
Egypt
Cote D’Ivoire
Niger
Nigeria
Sudan
2007:
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Benin
Ghana
Togo

7. Clinical Signs
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Newcastle disease
Sudden death
Lethargy
Head and neck swelling
Respiratory
Neurologic
Diarrhea (green)
Cyanosis
Decreased egg production
Facial edema – Virulent
Newcastle Disease
HPAI
 Sudden death
 Depression
 Swelling of the head– Avian
Facial edema
 Respiratory influenza
 Neurologic
 Diarrhea (green or white)
 Cyanosis
 Decreased egg production

8. Newcastle disease reporting: An
African perspective
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Did HPAI H5N1 in African countries affect ND
reporting to OIE?
Short answer: No
Methods:
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World Animal Health Information Database:
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Counted new outbreaks from 54 African Union countries
12 years: 2000-2011
Microsoft Excel: descriptive statistics & paired t-test

9. Count of ND outbreak annual reports to
OIE 2000-2011

10. ND: Mean annual outbreaks (CV)
Egypt
0.0
Namibia
0.62 (0.66)
Algeria
0.0
Zimbabwe
0.77 (1.47)
Senegal
0.13 (1.40)
Burkina Faso
0.95 (1.03)
Swaziland
0.25 (1.80)
Botswana
1.01 (1.40)
Mozambique
0.28 (0.87)
Ethiopia
1.26 (0.59)
Kenya
0.31 (1.85)
Guinea
1.85 (0.8)
Nigeria
0.31 (2.27)
Tanzania
1.99 (0.80)
South Africa
0.32 (1.45)
Zambia
2.05 (0.82)
Benin
0.38 (0.43)
Ghana
4.06 (0.97)
Angola
0.47 (1.08)
Togo
6.04 (0.90)
Cameroon
0.51 (0.66)
Lesotho
9.3 (1.65)

11. Significant changes in outbreak reports
Country
Mean
outbreaks by
poultry pop.
2000-2005
*Burkina
Faso
CV
Mean outbreaks by
poultry pop.
2006-2011
CV
0.29
2.27
1.60
0.51
Zambia
1.19
3.27
2.92
1.46
Guinea
2.90
0.37
1.61
1.42

12. Significant changes in ND outbreak annual
reports before and after HPAI H5N1
Orange = increased
reports
Yellow = decreased
reports
Red = HPAI +ve

13. Conclusions
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Prioritize research into cost efficient
surveillance for poultry diseases
Additional support required for laboratory
diagnosis
Findings question sensitivity of HPAI
surveillance activities
Implications for detection of future HPAI
outbreaks?
Opportunity for integrated surveillance to
reduce pandemic risk and support food
security

14. Thank you!
Questions welcome