Viral disease

1. VIRAL DISEASE
MR. MANOJ MEHTA
CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGIST

2. INFLUENZAINFLUENZA
Influenza, commonly called "the flu," is an illness caused by RNA
viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae the influenza viruses that
infect the respiratory tract of many animals, birds and humans.

3. Influenza is spread mainly from person to person by droplet
infection or droplet nuclei created by sneezing, coughing or
talking. The portal of entry of the virus is the respiratory tract
Influenza Viruses Are Divided Into Three Types
Influenza A
Influenza B
Influenza C
Mode of Transmission

4. Origin of Pandemics
Influenza

5. Origin of Pandemics
Influenza

6. Fever (usually 100 F-103 F in adults and often even higher in
children)
 Cough,
 Sore throat,
 Runny or stuffy nose,
 Headache,
 Muscle aches,
 Extreme fatigue
Signs And Symptoms

7. Signs And Symptoms

8. PREVENTION and control
Preventing influenza is a yearly vaccination approximately 2
weeks before the “flu season” begins.
Vaccine is trivalent, meaning that it provides resistance to three
strains of influenza viruses
Inactivated subunit (TIV) vaccine
 intramuscular
 trivalent
 split virus and subunit types
 duration of immunity 1 year or less
Live attenuated vaccine (LAIV)
 intranasal
 trivalent
 duration of immunity at least 1 year

9. Measles
Measles is a RNA virus in the family of Paramyxoviridae
Measles is a highly contagious viral infection.
It is exanthematous disease with fewer, cough,coryza (rhinitis) an
conjunctivitis.
Measles is transmitted via respiratory droplets, or direct contact wit
nasal/throat secretions, from infected individuals.
The incubation period is 14 days until appearance of rash.

10. Fever
Dry cough
Coryza
Sore throat
Inflamed eyes (conjunctivitis)
Tiny white spots with bluish-white centers on a
red background called Koplik's spots
Koplik’s spots
Signs And Symptoms

11. TREATMENT
No specific antiviral treatment
Antibiotics only for Bacterial ear infection,Pneumonia
Nutritional support
Oral rehydration solution for dehydration
Encourage to eat and drink
Vitamin A two doses given 24 hours apart that help prevent
Eye damage, Blindness.
Death reduction from measles by 50%

12. Immunization
High coverage with a two doses schedule is needed to prevent
measles epidemic
9-12 months of age – first doses
Second doses at least 1 month after 1st dose
For infant at high risk – minimum age of 6 months
Dosage- 0.5 ml on thigh or upper arm
 Gives subcutaneous
Storage 2-8˚C
Keep away from sunlight
PREVENTION and control

13. HIV/AIDHIV/AID
SS
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that causes acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in humans in which
progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening
opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive.

14. Mode of Transmission

15. Mode of Transmission
Sexual Contact: Male-to-male
Male-to-female or vice versa
Female-to-female
Blood Exposure: Injecting drug use/needle sharing
Occupational exposure
Transfusion of blood products
Perinatal: Transmission from mother to baby
Breastfeeding
Occupational Transmission: Health care worker/ hospital staff
Laboratory workers
Other routes: Organ transplantation
Artificial insemination

16. Signs And Symptoms
Stage I: Acute infection: fever, night sweats, malaise, diarrhoea.
Stage II: No symptoms, for 1-10 years
Stage III: Lymphadenopathy on all body
Stage IV: AIDS symptoms & signs: Fever, diarrhoea, meningitis,
candidiasis TB, lymphoma, pneumonia, septicaemia

17. Signs And Symptoms
Diarrhea, which is usually persistent or Chronic
Dry cough
Fever of above 37C (100F) lasting for Weeks
Night sweats
Permanent tiredness
Shortness of breath
Swollen glands lasting for weeks
Weight loss
White spots on the tongue or mouth
Blurred vision

18. Health education,
Avoid multiple partners –
Use of protective during intercourse .
Use sterile needles each time for injection
Never share needles
Avoid unnecessary blood transfusions
All pregnant women should be tested for HIV
PREVENTION and control

19. HEPATITIS
B
Hepatitis B is a double stranded virus which a member of the
Hepadnavirus Family
Hepatitis B is a serious disease caused by a virus that infects
the liver can cause lifelong infection, cirrhosis (liver scarring),
liver cancer, liver failure and death cancer.
Incubation Period : Ranges from 30 days to 180 days

20. Mode of Transmission
Percutaneous
 Injecting drug use
 Occupational, household (needle stick, non-intact skin)
(Needle stick 33%)
 Therapeutic (contaminated equip, unsafe injections)
 Transfusions and transplants from infectious donors
Permucosal
 Sex with infected partner
 Birth to infected mother (perinatal)
 Household (exposure to infected contact)

21. Signs And Symptoms
Nausea & vomiting
Loss of appetite
Fatigue
Fever
Dark urine
Pale stool
Jaundice
Stomach pain and abdominal discomfort

22. Passive immunization if given prophylactically or within hours
of infection.
Hepatitis vaccine should always be given who are in high risk.
Particularly if the subject is at risk of re-infection.
It is indicated for sexual contacts of acute sufferers, babies
born to HbsAg-positive mothers and victims of parenteral
Exposure (needle stick) to HbsAg-positive blood
PREVENTION and control