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This document provides guidance on conducting a literature review. It explains that a literature review is important to identify what is already known about a topic and avoid duplicating previous research. A literature review should place the research in the context of prior work. Literature reviews can be done before and after selecting a research topic. The review should focus on peer-reviewed articles, with higher priority given to systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials. The document provides tips for searching literature databases and grouping findings. The goal of a literature review is to justify the research and chosen methodology.
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This document provides an overview of conducting literature reviews. It defines what a literature review is, explains its importance and purpose, and identifies different types of literature and resources. The document outlines the steps of conducting a literature review, including identifying primary and secondary sources. It emphasizes using peer-reviewed, relevant and current sources. Finally, it lists several electronic databases and other resources that can be used to locate literature, such as PubMed, CINAHL and Cochrane.
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Literature review
This document discusses the literature review process. It defines a literature review as a broad, comprehensive, and critical analysis of scholarly publications and materials on a topic. The purposes of a literature review are to discover existing knowledge on a subject, identify gaps or inconsistencies, and determine an appropriate research design. A literature review can be used to establish a theoretical framework, refine research questions and hypotheses, and discuss findings in quantitative research. Both primary sources from original researchers and secondary sources from other authors may be included. The review should be critically evaluated based on criteria like comprehensiveness, inclusion of relevant concepts, and logical organization leading to identification of needs for further research or practice changes.
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This document discusses evidence-based medicine, specifically meta-analyses and systematic reviews. It defines a systematic review as a rigorous collection and summary of primary studies on a focused question. Meta-analyses use quantitative methods to combine results across multiple studies. The document emphasizes that meta-analyses must be conducted systematically and transparently to prevent bias. It provides guidance on critically appraising overviews by assessing whether results are valid, summarizing the results, and determining if the results will help patient care. Key factors in evaluating validity include focused questions, appropriate study selection criteria, comprehensive searches, and measures to control for bias like duplicate data extraction.
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2. The authors of a review article analyze and interpret research conducted by other researchers.
3. An evidence summary builds upon review articles by critically appraising the available evidence to provide clinicians with recommendations for practice.
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This document outlines the steps for formulating a research problem:
1. Select a broad research area from literature and personal experience.
2. Review literature and theories to understand what has been done and how the research could expand knowledge or test theories.
3. Delimit the topic to a more specific research problem.
4. Evaluate the problem for significance, researchability, and feasibility considering factors like time, cost, and ethics.
5. Formulate a final statement of the research problem that is clear, concise, and measurable.
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This document discusses identifying research gaps in academic literature. It defines a research gap as a question or problem that existing studies have not answered in a research area. Research gaps are significant because they provide direction for novel contributions and establish credibility. The document outlines different types of research gaps, such as knowledge gaps, evidence gaps, and methodological gaps. It provides guidance on identifying gaps through exhaustive literature reviews and noting unexplored issues or limitations in previous works. Challenges in identifying gaps include the large amount of information and hesitation to challenge established ideas. The document recommends using a framework like a concept matrix to systematically characterize and verify gaps. It emphasizes highlighting previous relevant research and clearly justifying the need to address particular gaps.
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This document discusses identifying research gaps. It explains that a research gap is an unexplored, less explored, or inadequately explored area of knowledge that could add to the field if studied further. Identifying research gaps is important to rationalize and justify a research study. Potential sources of identifying gaps include personal experiences, reviewing previous related studies and their suggested further research, meta-analyses, popular topics on journals, and discussions with supervisors and colleagues. The document provides guidance on what a research gap is, why identifying one is important, and potential ways to find a gap.
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This document outlines the key components and processes of research methodology, including defining research and distinguishing it from merely gathering information. It discusses the motivation, components, and processes of research, including topic selection, literature review, data acquisition and analysis, and reporting. It emphasizes that research should address an important question and advance knowledge through a systematic process of increasing understanding of a phenomenon.
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Potential Research Gaps in Medicine: Future Topics for PhD Researchers
Research gap is the gap in the knowledge in a field of study. Research is an investigation; a quest to find something; prove or disprove a hypothesis; what the researcher studies to establish facts is the research gap; what a researcher researches about is the research gap.
How to Conduct a Literature Review
This document provides guidance on conducting a literature review, including selecting research questions, choosing relevant sources and search terms, running searches in bibliographic databases, and screening results. Key steps include breaking the research question into concepts, identifying subject headings and text words for each, running searches and combining results, and applying practical and methodological screening criteria to identify the most useful studies. The goal is to synthesize current knowledge on the topic to support new research.
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Research Presentation instructions
Research Question andCitations
The Research Presentation begins with a research question and a bibliographic search. You should identify 2 to 4 studies that address the same research question. Please send your References to me with citations written in APA style --see APA Manual of Style, 6th ed. -- no later than the date listed in the Calendar. I will use your Research Question to peruse the titles to make sure they look like original reports of empirical studies that are all on the same research question, and I will do an APA check on one of your citations. No grade will be taken; however, part of your presentation grade depends on using appropriate articles and writing your References page in APA style. If you are in doubt about whether a study is an "original report of an empirical study," feel free to attach it to the Citations and RQ email. Please start early on this assignment and plan to spend several hours searching for the right kind of articles that are all on the same research question. If you need assistance with APA style, please consult the Kail and Cavanaugh text References for many examples of APA-style reference citations.
A sampling of possible topics is listed here, but please feel free to examine other topics of interest. It helps to define your topic in terms of the “effects of X on Y in Z population.” For example:
Effects of X...
...on Y...
...in Z population
Example Research Questions
pretend play, parenting conflict, violence, divorce, alcoholism, daycare, self-esteem, social isolation, untimely death of family member, homelessness, early reading, eating disorders
intelligence, creativity, school achievement, social well-being language development, attachment, identity, physical health, dating practices
preschoolers, elementary school students, children, high school students, infants, adolescents, seniors, young adults
1. What are the effects of pretend play on language development in preschoolers?
2. What are the effects of pretend play on school achievement in elementary school students.
3. What are the effects of family violence on social well-being in adolescents?
4. What are the effects of peer pressure on academic achievement in middle-schoolers?
NB: Please make sure that the items you choose for each "variable" in your research question work together sensibly.
Examples of relevant journals at the ISU Cunningham Memorial Library include: Developmental Psychology, Human Development, Infancy, Adolescence, Child Development, Social Development, Childhood and Adolescence, Family and Community Health, Family Relations and Child Development, Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, Journal of Educational Psychology, Journal of Child Language. There are many other journals that also publish empirical reports of studies on human development. Increasingly, reputable journals are available online. If you have a question about a given source, ...
Review of Related LiteratureAt this point you should make an ini.docx
Review of Related Literature
At this point you should make an initial foray into the professional literature, the formal record of other people’s experiences, to try to better understand the problem on which you are focusing. The literature may suggest other ways of looking at your problem and help you to identify potential promising practices that you might use in your classroom to correct the problem. To borrow the words of Kemmis (1988), “Can existing research throw any light on your situation and help you see it more clearly?” (p. 55).
Reviewing the literature is a valuable contribution to the action research process that could actually save you time. Often, teacher researchers think that they know what their problem is but become stymied in the process because they weren’t really sure what they were asking. Taking time to immerse yourself in the literature allows you to reflect on your own problems through someone else’s lens. You can locate yourself within the research literature and find support for what you are doing or be challenged by what other researchers have done and how they have tackled a particular problem.
At the end of the process, you ought to be informed enough about the literature that you could talk to colleagues about the major themes that emerged. Similarly, you should be able to talk about “promising practices” that were discussed.
Sometimes, teacher researchers will claim that they cannot find any published research related to their area of focus. This invariably leads to questions of relevance and importance. After all, if nobody else has researched the problem, perhaps it is not worthy of investigation! However, as the following personal and serious illustration demonstrates, lack of published research on a topic does not mean that the topic is not important. About 15 years ago my son, who was five years old at the time, inexplicably began to pass blood in his urine—a pretty scary sight for any parent. After many invasive medical tests over a six-month period, we finally opted for a procedure that required general anesthesia in order to determine the cause of the blood. The surgeon emerged from the operating room and pronounced, “I have some good news, and I have some bad news!” The good news was that the surgeon was able to diagnose the cause of the internal bleeding—a rare, benign, and non-life-threatening condition called trigonitis. The bad news was that the surgeon was unable to tell us why our son had developed the condition or how to treat it! I was shocked at this revelation from the surgeon, a pediatric urology specialist. How could my son be bleeding internally and there not be a medical explanation? The surgeon responded that, because the condition was rare, benign, and non-life-threatening, it simply did not warrant research! My point here is not to be melodramatic but rather to make a case for the importance of your own research, regardless of whether it has been researched (and published) by other pr ...
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To enhance the knowledge and skills of the health professionals on health system research proposal development.
Use the Capella library to locate two psychology research articles.docx
Use the Capella library to locate two psychology research articles: a quantitative methods article and a qualitative methods article. These do not need to be on the same topic, but if you have a research topic in mind for your proposal (see Assessment 5), you may wish to pick something similar for this assessment. Read each article carefully.
Then, in a 2–3-page assessment, address the following elements:
1 Summarize the research question and hypothesis, the research methods, and the overall findings.
2 Compare the research methodologies used in each study. In what ways are the methodologies similar? In what ways are they different? (Be sure to use the technical psychological terms we are studying.)
3 Describe the sample and sample size for each study. Which one used a larger sample and why? How were participants selected?
4 Describe the data collection process for each study. What methods were used to collect the data? Surveys? Observations? Interviews? Be specific and discuss the instruments or measures fully—what do they measure? How is the test designed?
5 Summarize the data analysis process for each study. How was the data analyzed? Were statistics used? Were interviews coded?
6 In conclusion, craft 1–2 paragraphs explaining how these two articles illustrate the main differences between quantitative and qualitative research.
Additional Requirements
· Written communication: Written communication should be free of errors that detract from the overall message.
· APA formatting: Your assessment should be formatted according to APA (6th ed.) style and formatting.
· Length: A typical response will be 2–3 typed and double-spaced pages.
Font and font size: Times New Roman, 12 point.
Research Methods
There are many different types of research studies, and the type of study that is done depends very much on the research question. Some studies demand strictly numerical data, such as a comparison of GPA among different college majors or weight loss among different types of eating programs. Others require more in-depth data, like interview responses. Such studies might include the lived experience of people that have been through a terrorist attack or understanding the experience of being physically disabled on a college campus. While there are a number of different types of studies that can be done, all of them fall under two basic categories: quantitative and qualitative.
Quantitative Research
Quantitative research deals with numerical data. This means that any topic you study in a quantitative study must be quantifiable—grades, weight, height, depression, and intelligence are all things that can be quantified on some scale of measurement. Quantitative data is often considered hard data—numbers are seen as concrete, irrefutable evidence, but we have to take into account a number of factors that could impact such data. Errors in measurement and recording of such data, as well as the influence of other factors outside those in the study, make for ...
1.0 Literature Review Topic.pdf
This document provides guidance on writing a literature review for a medical microbiology course. It discusses including an introduction that establishes the focus and purpose, a main body that summarizes, analyzes, and critically evaluates sources, and a conclusion that summarizes key findings and implications. The main body should use well-structured paragraphs and may be divided into subsections. Students are expected to write approximately a 3000-word literature review on determining the causes of antimicrobial resistance using 20-30 references in the Harvard referencing style. The review will be graded based on content, organization, referencing, and following guidelines.
Litrature review
Review of literature is one of the most important steps in the research process.
Literature review helps the researcher to get used to the related material on the study
Gives an overview of the field of inquiry on what has been already said about the topic.
Literature reviews also provide a solid background for a research paper’s investigation.
It also provide the knowledge about the problems faced by the previous researchers’ while studying same topic
To know about Research in Medical (1).pptx
This document provides an overview of research in medical and health fields. It discusses the importance of health research, defines different types of medical research including basic, applied, quantitative, qualitative, experimental and non-experimental research. It also outlines various research methodologies like descriptive research, exploratory research, cross-sectional research, longitudinal research and case study research. The document emphasizes that medical research facilitates learning, highlights issues, and helps advance treatment, diagnosis and understanding of human health problems through the scientific method.
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Literature review
- 1. DOING THE LITERATURE REVIEW SELECTING RESOURCES Shelly Warwick, MLS, Ph.D.
- 2. WHY A LITERATURE REVIEW IS IMPORTANT FOR YOU To find out if what you think is an unknown is a known To find out if what you think is a known is an unknown To find out what approaches others have taken toward the problem/concept, etc. Avoid unnecessary duplication of research Identify key works and information on the subject Identify methods relevant to your research To find experts in your field you could contact Learn terminology
- 3. WHY A LITERATURE REVIEW IS IMPORTANT FOR YOUR READERS Ties your research to previous research – places it in context Shows questions/issues/approaches to topic taken by others Supports the reason your research is important
- 4. WHEN DO YOU DO THE LIT REVIEW? A lit review is helpful A) Before you formulate your final topic A quick search of the literature – especially narrative review articles to determine areas that need further research within your area of interest B) After you focus on a topic you will need to do a detailed search of the literature to make sure you are fully conversant with current ideas, issues and methods
- 5. WHAT LITERATURE SHOULD YOU SEARCH? You should focus on peer-reviewed articles You can start with narrative reviews that address your topic Then move to articles that report on research The type of research articles you will need will depend on your topic
- 6. REMEMBER THE EVIDENCE PYRAMID Meta Analysis Systematic Reviews Randomized Controlled Trials Cohort Studies Case Control Studies Case Series/Case Reports Animal Research
- 7. DIFFERENCES IN STUDY TYPES IN THE PYRAMID Animal Studies – studies using animals not humans Case Series and Case Reports – reports of the treatment of individual patients or a single patient. No use of control group. No statistical validity. Case Control Studies – retrospective studies comparing patients with a specific condition or outcome to those without the condition or outcome to determine exposures or causes. Can show statistical relationship but not necessarily a causal relationship. Cohort Studies – prospective observational studies of patients already being treated or who have had exposure. Studied group is often compared to general population or similar population not treated. Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials (RCT) – treatment of real patients under controlled conditions – including randomization to treatment or no treatment and blinding of which group the individual is assigned from both the patient and individual(s) providing follow-up and collecting results. Systematic Reviews - based on extensive literature search to identify studies that focus on a highly defined question. Results summarized according to predetermined criteria. Not to be confused with Review articles that review the literature on a topic and are usually not exhaustive. Meta-analysis – goes beyond the Systematic Review to combining results of studies using accepted statistical methodology to produce a single conclusion.
- 8. USING THE RIGHT TYPE OF STUDY FOR YOUR TOPIC Type of Question Suggested best type of study Diagnosis prospective, blind comparison to a gold standard Therapy RCT > cohort > case control > case series Prognosis cohort study > case control > case series Harm/Etiology RCT > cohort > case control > case series Prevention RCT > cohort study > case control > case series Clinical Exam prospective, blind comparison to gold standard Cost Benefit economic analysis
- 9. CASTING A WIDE NET Most literature reviews would start with Medline Depending on your topic/type of study you might expand to: Raw data from such organizations as the CDC, WHO, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene White Papers (reports) published by government and non-government groups, such as those that study or advocate for those with disease and conditions, independent study groups such as The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (these would not be indexed in PubMED) Treatment Guidelines – AHRQ, National Guidelines Clearing House
- 10. FORMAT OF THE LITERATURE REVIEW The literature view is a narrative. Can list authors by name or refer to studies by reference numbers Example with authors name: Colbert and Stewart 7 & 8 find that this mode of treatment is effective, while Moe, Larry & Curley’s 1 & 5 results are mixed and Abbott & Costello 3-4 find no efficacy. Example without authors names: Some studies 7 & 8 find that this mode of treatment is effective, while others1 & 5 report mixed results and yet others 3-4 find no efficacy.
- 11. METHOD TO YOUR MANUSCRIPT Literature can also include a review of publications regarding the method you are using for your study to: Compare and contrast methods used in related studies and establish the rationale for using the method you selected.
- 12. WAYS OF GROUPING STUDIES IN THE LITERATURE REVIEW Can group by Studies that share similar methods Nature of findings (positive, negative, neutral) Theories underlying study Strength of study (more attention to stronger studies, but mention of weaker studies)
- 13. HINTS ON WRITING STYLE Use present tense to describe general principles or results .(e.g. results indicate…) Use past tense to describe past findings (As Colbert‘s 2010 study found ….). Try for crisp active sentences.
- 14. REMEMBER The major purpose of the literature review is to show why you study is necessary and that the methods you are using for it are valid.