This document discusses different approaches to literary criticism including reader-response, Marxism, feminism, queer theory, formalism, historical-biographical, and deconstruction. It also outlines standards for evaluating literature such as artistry, intellectual value, suggestiveness, spiritual value, permanence, universality, and style. Critical approaches examine elements like social classes, gender representations, inherent textual features, author's life, and conflicting meanings. Literary standards assess qualities like how well elements work together to convey meaning, intellectual stimulation, emotional appeal, moral influence, lasting relevance, broad appeal, and original style.

2. ABOUT THE INSTRUCTOR

4. WHAT IS LITERATURE?

5. SIGNIFICANCE OF
LITERATURE

6. 1. It helps us grow both personally and
intellectually.
2. It links us with the world of which we are part.
3. It enables us to transcend our immediate time,
place, and culture and to make connections with
other human beings and their concerns.
4. It encourages us to develop mature empathy
with all forms of life---- human, animal, and plant.
5. It stimulates our sense of imagination and
ingenuity.
6. It allows us to see the world in different vantage
points.
7. Literature reminds us that we are human beings.

7. CRITICAL
APPROACHES

8. READER-RESPONSE
APPROACH

9. READER-RESPONSE
APPROACH
• Interaction between the reader and
the piece of literature.
• Reader carries his/her attitude,
intelligence, schema, and
experience to make sense of the
text without making reference to
the author.
• Meaning is independent from its
creator.

10. MARXISM

11. MARXISM
• It focuses on class conflicts and
distinctions by emphasizing social,
economic, and political inequalities
as exemplified by the characters in
a literary work--- superior and
inferior, strong and influential,
weak and insignificant.
• Structural violence/oppression

12. FEMINISM

13. FEMINISM
• Women in the society and how
they were personified in literature
• It defies the stereotyped
representation of women grounded
on the idea or notion that they are
only secondary to men in terms of
their economic, social, and poltical
roles.

14. QUEER THEORY

15. QUEER THEORY
• It scrutinizes, problematizes and
criticizes the role of gender in
literature.
• It advocates recognition on both
homosexuals and lesbians as
sexual preferences or identities to
what we consider as normal and
natural.

16. FORMALISM

17. FORMALISM
• It focuses on the inherent features
of a text.
• It capitalizes on form rather than
content.
• These features encompass the
literary elements and devices such
as plot, character, setting, point of
view and conflict as well as how
they work together to support the
theme and to form organic unity.

18. HISTORICAL-BIOGRAPHICAL
APPROACH

19. HISTORICAL-BIOGRAPHICAL
APPROACH
• It embraces the idea that text and
author are inseparable, thus, in
order to make sense of the text,
the reader must dig the author’s
life history to know what
compelled him from writing the
text.
• It enables the reader to have
greater knowledge from which to
draw conclusion by understanding
the way of life on a certain period.

20. MORAL-INTELLECTUAL
APPROACH

21. MORAL-INTELLECTUAL
APPROACH
• It concerns itself with the content
and values of the text, that is, to
determine if the text is significant
in the reader’s well being---making
them become better persons and
helping them understand the world.

22. DECONSTRUCTION

23. DECONSTRUCTION
• It strives to exhibit that any
text is not disconnected whole
but contains numerous
conflicting meanings; that any
text itself has more than one
interpretation.

24. LET’S DO
THE RECAP!

25. • READER-RESPONSE APPROACH
• MARXISM
• FEMINISM
• QUEER THEORY
• FORMALISM
• HISTORICAL-BIOGRAPHICAL APPROACH
• MORAL/INTELLECTUAL
DECONSTRUCTION

26. `
7-LITERARY
STANDARDS

27. ARTISTRY
It is a quality of its
elements work together
to express its intended
meaning.

28. INTELLECTUAL VALUE
An artwork inflames
critical thinking. It helps
to uncover
indispensable truths
about life and human
nature.

29. SUGGESTIVENESS
It appeals to our emotion.
It makes us sympathize or
empathize with the
people involved in an
artwork.

30. SPIRITUAL VALUE
It appeals to our sense of
morality by making us undergo
self-realization that makes us
better persons.
It subsumes the capacity
to inspire; ordinary people who
do things
extraordinarily well.

31. PERMANENCE
An excellent artwork lasts.
It stands the test of time. It can
be read on several occasions
with the feeling that you are
reading it for the first time for
each reading it for the first time
for each reading provides new
insights about the world
we live in

32. UNIVERSALITY
A superb artwork is timeless and
timely; for it is forever relevant;
it appeals to all regardless of
one’s race, educational
attainment, gender, religion, and
social status for it deals with
elemental feeling, fundamental
truths, and universal
conditions.

33. STYLE
An artwork manifests the artist’s
ingenuity and originality. He
deviates from the usual
convention, but he is able to
showcase his talent beyond
mediocrity.

34. LET’S DO
THE RECAP!

35. ARTISTRY
INTELLECTUAL VALUE
SUGGESTIVENESS
SPIRITUAL VALUE
PERMANENCE
UNIVERSALITY
STYLE