This document provides an overview of the global shark fishery and focuses specifically on the shark fishery in Trinidad and Tobago. It discusses the commercial importance of sharks globally and identifies threats to shark populations like overfishing. It analyzes catch data and describes the artisanal and industrial fisheries that catch sharks in Trinidad and Tobago, noting a decline in reported landings. It also lists several shark species found in the waters of Trinidad and Tobago and their conservation status.
Fisheries Management Plan for the Atlantic Bonito, Sarda sarda (Bloch, 1793) ...Christopher Kalloo
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Fisheries Management Plan for the Atlantic Bonito, Sarda sarda (Bloch, 1793) ...Christopher Kalloo
Presentation on a fisheries managment plan for the Atlantic Bonito (Sarda sarda) in Trinidad & Tobago. Done as part of the requirements for the course, Tropical Fisheries Management, which is part of the Msc in Integrated Ocean & Coastal Managment progamme at the University of Trinidad & Tobago (2016)
The world’s fisheries provide about 2.6 billion people with at least 20 per cent of their average annual per capita protein intake (FAO, 2007).In india clupeids are the major fish resource.This presentation deals about fisheries aspects of some clupeid varieties except sardines in India.
Increasing demand for fish has increased the pressure on marine life. Pollution in the water bodies has intensified and threat to aquatic biota has become worse.
Presentation on ISSCAAP.Flounders, Halibuts, soles
Cods, Hacks, Haddocks
Miscellaneous, Coastal Fishes
Content
Occurring species
Habitat
Catch Area
Catch Profile( for each individual fishes)
The world’s fisheries provide about 2.6 billion people with at least 20 per cent of their average annual per capita protein intake (FAO, 2007).In india clupeids are the major fish resource.This presentation deals about fisheries aspects of some clupeid varieties except sardines in India.
Increasing demand for fish has increased the pressure on marine life. Pollution in the water bodies has intensified and threat to aquatic biota has become worse.
Presentation on ISSCAAP.Flounders, Halibuts, soles
Cods, Hacks, Haddocks
Miscellaneous, Coastal Fishes
Content
Occurring species
Habitat
Catch Area
Catch Profile( for each individual fishes)
A presentation delivered by the Development Bank of Latin America on March 6, 2017 at the Sea Water Air Conditioning in the Caribbean Workshop at the Caribbean Development Bank.
CAWASA Inc. E Source magazine January 2017 | Caribbean Water & Sewerage Assoc...CAWASA
http://www.cawasa.org - In this Issue of the e-magazine:
Editorial – Page 2
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CWWA Conference T&T 2016 - Pages 7 - 8
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Not Just Another Day at Work - Pages 13 -16
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exploitation of living resources in Antarctica example of competition between the exploiters to be first in obtaining the maximum profit from living resources.
In terms of global ranking, in 2008, India was second to China in total fish production; sixth in marine and inland capture fisheries (after China, Peru, Indonesia, USA, Japan); third in inland capture fisheries (after China and Bangladesh) and second in aquaculture (after China).
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
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What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
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Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
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Slides from:
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Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
A general evaluation of the shark fishery globally, with a closer look at the sub-industry in Trinidad & Tobago
1. "A general evaluation of the
shark fishery globally, with a
closer look at the sub-industry
in Trinidad & Tobago."
Christopher C. Kalloo
Post Graduate Seminar
(COOS 6005)
2. Aim
• To focus on the commercial importance of shark
fisheries globally.
• To observe stock assessments and current population
trends.
• Identify threats to the industry.
• Not much focus will be placed on the ecological
importance of sharks and their conservation.
• Special focus on the shark fishery of Trinidad & Tobago.
3. Introduction
• Chondrichthyes are cartilaginous fish with
> 1,100 species.
• They include:
Sharks Batoids Chimaeras
Grey Reef shark
(Carcharhinus
amblyrhynchos)
Spotted eagle ray
(Aetobatus narinari)
Spotted ratfish
(Hydrolagus colliei)
4. Introduction
• Sharks belong to the subclass known as Elasmobranchii that also
include rays, skates and sawfish. There are 8 orders of sharks, that
contain 475 different species (IUCN, 2015).
Chondrichthye Family
Tree
5. Introduction
Most sharks have a K-selected life history
strategy.
Sharks have:
1. Slow growth rates
2. A late age of maturity
3. Low fecundity rates
6. Shark Products
Sharks are important to global fisheries because of
the several by-products derived from them.
Shark fins
Shark fin soup
Shark meat
Bake & Shark
Shark Cartilage pills Shark leather
Shark liver oil pills
7. Shark Fishing History
• The early history of shark consumption, was mainly
limited to localized areas.
• Refrigeration stopped spoilage, resulting in longer
storage periods.
• Shark catches have been able to rise across the world.
Basking Shark
Hammerhead (1950’s)
8. Global Catch Production
• Difficult to obtain nominal catches of sharks and
their relatives by species due to poor record
keeping.
• Many countries do not report catches to the
species level.
• Simply group them as ‘sharks, rays, skates, etc.’
• Developing countries especially have poor
record keeping and monitoring of local fisheries.
• Also in many instances, catches are not
reported.
9. Global Catch Production
• Underreporting of chondrichthyan by-catch and artisanal
landings, may mean that the actual global landings could
be double the reported annual figures. (Barker &
Schluessel, 2005; Fowler, 2005).
• For a fifty year period (1950-2000) reported landings
increased by three times as much.
• Went from 271, 800 tonnes in 1950 to 828, 364 tonnes
in 2000 (Barker & Schluessel, 2005).
10. Global Catch Production
• Current trends from 2000 to 2013 have shown though, a
decline in the annual reported global capture production
of sharks, rays & chimeras.
• Total tonnage caught in 2013 was 772,874.
• Asia has been the leading region where the most
recorded catches have been reported (5,326,992 tonnes
from 2000-2013) (Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations, 2012).
12. Global Catch Production
• A major driving force for the increase in shark capture
figures is the shark fin trade.
• Shark fins are the most valuable shark product by far.
• Hong Kong has been the primary driver in the shark fin
trade.
• The total quantity of unprocessed imported fins declared
in the country in 2000 was 9,779t. (Fowler, 2005; Musick
& Musick, 2011).
Discarded Hammerhead after being finned
13. Types of Fisheries
Shark fisheries globally can be categorized
into four major types (Musick & Musick,
2011):
1. High seas pelagic
2. Coastal Cold-temperate
3. Coastal Tropical
4. Deep Sea
14. Types of Fisheries
• Shark catches tend to be either targeted (direct
exploitation) or by-catch (indirect exploitation) (Fowler,
2005)
• With targeted fisheries, there tends to be ‘boom and
bust’ cycles e.g. the North Atlantic Porbeagle (Lamna
nasus) fishery in the 1960’s
• Stock assessments identified that the shark species
most vulnerable to direct fishing pressures are already
being overfished
15. Types of Fisheries
• Indirect exploitation is estimated to be responsible for
almost 50% of the reported commercial catches of
sharks.
• High seas longline and driftnet fleets that target tuna and
billfish are key sources of bycatch for pelagic shark
species.
• Include the Blue shark (Prionace glauca), Oceanic
whitetip shark (Carcharhinus longimanus) and Silky
shark (Carcharhinus falciformis) (Fowler, 2005).
17. Threats to Shark Fisheries
• Overexploitation of stocks.
• Few nations have regulated catch quotas and selective
fishing apparatus
• Species-specific catch data is severely lacking
• Species catch data that has been combined into higher
classification groups (orders and families) can easily
conceal declines of individual species within the group
(Musick & Musick, 2011).
18. Threats to Shark Fisheries
• Increasing demand in the Asian market, has resulted in
several unregulated, sometimes illegal fisheries
maximizing catch outputs.
• Environmental issues also play a part in adding pressure.
• The life history strategies make them generally unable to
adapt to changing environmental conditions.
19. Threats to Shark Fisheries
• Severe decline in population numbers for nearly the
entire 26 shark species that catch data is available for.
• IUCN Shark specialist group in 2010 assessed that 23%
of Chondrichthyes were Vulnerable, 9% Endangered,
5 % Critically Endangered and almost 50% not having
enough data to be assessed (Data Deficient) (Musick &
Musick, 2011).
Angel shark (Squalus squatina)
20. Management Strategies
Several international and regional fisheries management
plans and agreements between nations for the wise use of
shark species as fishery commodities exists. Examples are:
1. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
2. UN Fish Stocks Agreement
3. FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
4. International Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management
of Sharks (IPOA-Sharks)
5. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC)
21. Management Strategies
Problem with the effectiveness include:
• compliance is voluntary for member states in some cases
• Enforcement of the regulations can sometimes be difficult due to
factors such as cost and vast geographic regions.
Another major factor hampering these agreements:
1. Lack of institutional capacity to coordinate fisheries management
2. Lack of funding for research and enforcement
3. Some countries focus economic priority instead on alleviating
poverty
22. Trinidad&TobagoSharkFishery
• Trinidad & Tobago is one of the few Caribbean islands
where several shark species are extensively exploited.
• Lack substantial information about the shark resources
• However Shark data for catch and effort has been
collected in the country since 1962.
• Some studies done to collect biological data on sharks
during the 1980’s (1985-1986; 1987-1989) with some
sporadic follow-up activity from 1999-2000
23. Development of Shark
Fishery
• Shark fisheries were first developed in the Caribbean
region during World War II in response to the U.S based
demand for shark liver oil (as a source of Vitamin A)
• In 1949, expedition by Stewart Springer was done to
evaluate the potential of a shark fishery in Trinidad.
• He explored the Gulf of Paria, as well as the East, North
and South coasts of Trinidad (Tobago not included)
• Observed 18 different species during the voyage. Added
6 more as being observed after. 24 Species in total.
24. Development of Shark
Fishery
• From 1983 to 1986 the Government of Trinidad
& Tobago, initiated a drive to boost shark
fisheries amongst artisanal fishermen in the
country
• The project at the time did bolster production in
shark catches locally
• However, competition from other more lucrative
fishery markets resulted in fishermen moving
away from targeting sharks primarily.
25. Description of Fishery
• Both artisanal and industrial fishing activity
responsible for shark catches on the island.
• The offshore fleet was responsible for catching
mostly large pelagic species.
26. Description of Fishery
• Most sharks caught by artisanal fishers
mainly from by-catch done by gillnet
activity
• Indirect exploitation also from:
1. Beach seining
2. Trolling live bait (a la vive) and banking
3. Demersal longline or palanguing,
4. Semi-industrial pelagic longline fishery
27. Trinidad & Tobago Catch
Production
• For T&T shark catch production average 800 tonnes
between 1962 and 2002,
• Landings peaked in the late 1970’s then dramatically
decreasing in the mid-1990’s.
• Catch production again rose in the early 2000’s, with
record levels of shark, rays and chimaera landings for a
year being reached in 2004 at 1354 tonnes (Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2012)
28. Trinidad & Tobago Catch
Production
• However, current trends show a rapid decline in reported
shark, rays and chimaera landings with the latest figure
for 2013 being 534 tonnes.
29. Why?
Possible reasons could include:
– Decline in shark stocks
– Underreporting of catches
– Improved methods in fishing, reducing by-
catch
– Drop in demand
31. Threats to Trinidad & Tobago
Shark Fishery
• Drastic decline in reported landings. There is a need for
further research in shark studies in the country.
• Research is lacking locally for all facets of shark
sciences including biology, ecology and fisheries.
• Globally, according to the IUCN Red list, several species
found in local waters are at different states of being
threatened. Population trends locally are unknown.
32. Species found in Trinidad &
Tobago
Common Name
(Scientific Name)
IUCN
Evaluation
Population
Trends
Scalloped
Hammerhead
(Sphyrna lewini )
Common Name
(Scientific Name)
IUCN
Evaluation
Population
Trends
Smalleye
Hammerhead
(Sphyrna tudes)
33. Species found in Trinidad &
Tobago
Common Name
(Scientific Name)
IUCN
Evaluation
Population
Trends
Smalltail Shark
(Carcharhinus
porosus)
Common Name
(Scientific Name)
IUCN
Evaluation
Population
Trends
Blacktip Shark
(Carcharhinus
limbatus)
34. Species found in Trinidad &
Tobago
Common Name
(Scientific Name)
IUCN
Evaluation
Population
Trends
Brazilian
Sharpnose
(Rhizoprionodon
lalandii)
Common Name
(Scientific Name)
IUCN
Evaluation
Population
Trends
Caribbean
Sharpnose
(Rhizoprionodon
porosus)
35. Species found in Trinidad &
Tobago
Common Name
(Scientific Name)
IUCN
Evaluation
Population
Trends
Blacknose Shark
(Carcharhinus
acronotus)
Common Name
(Scientific Name)
IUCN
Evaluation
Population
Trends
Sandbar Shark
(Carcharhinus
plumbeus)
36. Species found in Trinidad &
Tobago
Common Name
(Scientific Name)
IUCN
Evaluation
Population
Trends
Tiger Shark
(Galeocerdo cuvier)
Common Name
(Scientific Name)
IUCN
Evaluation
Population
Trends
Daggernose Shark
(Isogomphodon
oxyrhynchus)
37. Reference of Pictures and
Videos used
• A Very Curious Tope Shark. (2012, August 22). Tope shark [video file]. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hoEDHgX72AI&list=PL3crlNLRe0K9S2kknUe_fU3k1ohFbaX7
G&index=6
• Blacknose Shark - Shark Research Institute. (2013, April 21). Blacknose shark [photograph]
Retrieved from http://www.sharks.org/species/blacknose-shark
• Blacktip shark [photograph]. Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacktip_shark#/media/File:Carcharhinus_limbatus_csiro-nfc.jpg
• Blue Shark Encounter in Maltese Waters. (2015, August 13). Blue shark [video file]. Retrieved
from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0X7ja9BpPVI&list=PL3crlNLRe0K9S2kknUe_fU3k1ohFbaX7G
&index=1
• Brazilian Sharpnose Shark [photograph]. Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_sharpnose_shark
• Caribbean Sharpnose shark [photograph]. Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_sharpnose_shark
• EU to ban fish imports from Sri Lanka for illegal fishing. (n.d.) Dead shark [photograph]. Retrieved
from http://www.wwf.eu/?237530/EU-to-ban-fish-imports-from-Sri-Lanka-for-illegal-fishing
• Fried Shark For Bake And Shark. | CaribbeanPot.com. (n.d.) Bake and Shark [photograph].
Retrieved from http://caribbeanpot.com/fried-shark-for-bake-and-shark/
38. Reference of Pictures and
Videos used
• GEERG - Spiny dogfish at Quadra Island, British Columbia. (2010, February 17). Piked dogfish
[video file]. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3wQ8WzMfUn4&list=PL3crlNLRe0K9S2kknUe_fU3k1ohFbaX
7G&index=2
• Genuine Black Shark Skin Leather Bifold Wallet WILD HEARTS Leather&Silver (Item ID sw2269).
(n.d.) Shark Leather Wallet [photograph]. Retrieved from http://global.rakuten.com/en/store/auc-
wildhearts/item/sw2269/
• Grey Reef Shark [photograph]. Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark#/media/File:Tiburón.jpg
• Hammerhead shark | fish. (n.d.) Scalloped Hammerhead shark [photograph]. Retrieved from
http://www.britannica.com/animal/hammerhead-shark
• Help New York City Ban Shark Fin Soup. (n.d.) Shark fin soup [photograph]. Retrieved from
http://forcechange.com/22281/help-new-york-city-ban-shark-fin-soup/
• Hong Kong Shark Fin Traders Take to the Rooftops | Mission Blue. (n.d.) Shark fins [photograph].
Retrieved from http://mission-blue.org/2013/01/hong-kong-shark-fin-traders-take-to-the-rooftops/
• International Land Based Shark Fishing Association - Leading the Way in Shark Release Fishing
Best Practices and World Records Since 2006 - Sport History. (n.d.) Hammerhead shark from
1950’s [photograph]. Retrieved from http://landbasedsharkfishing.com/sport-history/
• Isogomphodon oxyrhynchus. (n.d.) Daggernose shark [photograph]. Retrieved from http://shark-
references.com/species/view/Isogomphodon-oxyrhynchus
39. Reference of Pictures and
Videos used
• Monterey's Old Fisherman's Wharf Association Continues. (n.d.) Basking Shark [photograph].
Retrieved from http://brickmanblog.typepad.com/brickman_blog/2014/07/montereys-old-
fishermans-wharf-association-continues-wharf-walks-at-montereys-old-fishermans-wharf-o.html
• Now Foods, Shark Cartilage, 750 mg, 100 Capsules. (n.d.) Shark cartilage pills [photograph].
Retrieved from http://www.iherb.com/Now-Foods-Shark-Cartilage-750-mg-100-Capsules/23502
• Raw shark meat. (n.d.) Shark meat [photograph]. Retrieved from
http://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-photography-raw-shark-meat-image5598257
• Shark Ecomorphotypes. (n.d.) Tiger shark [photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.elasmo-
research.org/education/topics/de_ecomorphotypes.htm
• Shark Foundation Projects: Shark nurseries. (n.d.) Angel Shark [photograph]. Retrieved from
http://shark.ch/Projects/Nurseries/index.html
• Shark Identification Guide. (2014, June 17). Sandbar shark [photograph]. Retrieved from
http://dlnr.hawaii.gov/sharks/hawaii-sharks/shark-identification-guide/
• Shark Liver Oil Pills [photograph]. Retrieved from
https://www.healthstoreipswich.co.uk/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=835
• Shark Species - the taxonomy of sharks and rays. (n.d.) Chondrichthye classification
[photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.elasmodiver.com/elasmobranch_taxonomy.htm
• Sharks don't cry - Stop finning! a campaign by www.sharkproject.org. (2011, January 18). Shark
finning [video file]. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XaZjmT8mHbU&list=PL3crlNLRe0K9S2kknUe_fU3k1ohFbaX
7G&index=8
40. Reference of Pictures and
Videos used
• Silky Shark Dive Florida Keys. (2014, January 7). Silky shark [video file]. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AXDQ8OtSmYU&list=PL3crlNLRe0K9S2kknUe_fU3k1ohFba
X7G&index=4
• Smalleye Hammerhead shark [photograph].Retrieved from
https://sta.uwi.edu/fst/lifesciences/documents/Sphyrna_tudes.pdf
• Spotted Eagle Ray [photograph]. Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batoidea#/media/File:Spotted_Eagle_Ray_(Aetobatus_narinari)2.jpg
• Spotted Rat fish [photograph]. Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocephali#/media/File:Hydrolagus_colliei.jpg
• The Fastest Shark in the Ocean | Top 10 Sharkdown - Shark Week 2013. (2013, August 2). Short
fin Mako shark [video file]. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2uaF8ERSs7Q&list=PL3crlNLRe0K9S2kknUe_fU3k1ohFbaX7
G&index=5
• UN body acts on destruction of sharks. (n.d.) Finned Hammerhead [photograph]. Retrieved from
http://wwf.panda.org/?208872/UN-body-acts-on-destruction-of-sharks
• Volume 17, Issue 1, 15 January 2011. (2011, January 14). Smalltail shark [photograph] Retrieved
from http://www.aqua-aquapress.com/es/volume-17-issue-1-15-january-2011-3/
