—Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a prominent health problem and micro-albunemia is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in these CVDs in developing countries. This case control study was designed to find out burden of micro-albuminuria in non-diabetic non-hypertensive CVD patients and its associating factors. In this study, 50 Non Diabetic Non Hypertensive CVD Patients were submitted to a complete clinical and laboratory evaluation. Patients with known micro-albuminuria, UTI and congestive heart failure were excluded. These cases were compared with matched controls. It was observed that 36% of non-diabetic, non-hypertensive CVD patients had microalbuminuric by Clinitek method. There was a positive association between dyslipidaemia and micro-albuminuria was also observed in this study. The microalbuminuric CVD patients (non-diabetic, non-hypertensive) had significantly elevated levels of serum cholesterol (p<0.05), triglycerides (p<0.05) and LDL (p<0.05) as compared to normoalbuminuric patients. It can be concluded from this study that the micro-albuminuria was present in more than one third of non-diabetic non-hypertensive CVD patients. Older age group, Body Mass Index (BMI) and lipid profile had significant relationship with the presence of micro-albuminuria.
This cross sectional study was conducted at Department of Biochemistry, Govt. Medical College Srinagar Kashmir. A total of 120 Kashmiri Type 2 diabetic patients and 30 normal controls were randomly selected. Diabetic dyslipidaemia is characterized by raised triglycerides, low high density lipoprotein and raised low density lipoprotein. Determination of serum lipid levels in people with diabetes is considered a standard of care because detection and treatment of dyslipidaemia is one means of reducing cardiovascular disease risk. The lipid profiles and lipoprotein levels of 120 known diabetic patients were studied. Total cholesterol (TC), Triacylglycerol’s (TG) Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were assayed for each group using standard biochemical methods. Dyslipidaemia was defined using the national cholesterol education programme – adult treatment panel III (NCEP-AT III) criteria. BMI and waist and hip circumferences were measured.
Knowledge, attitude and practice about hypertension among adultMd.Nahian Rahman
Hypertension (HTN or HT), also known as high blood pressure (HBP), is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated.
Cystatin C as a marker of Cardio metabolic disorder in obese South Indian ind...iosrjce
Human obesity is strongly associated with cardio metabolic disease. Cystatin C is a
naturally occurring protease inhibitor and marker of cardiovascular disease. The main objective of present
study was to estimate the serum levels of Cystatin C in individuals with normal BMI, and obese, aged between
18-39 Yrs and to compare the levels of serum Cystatin C among these individuals and to correlate the levels of
serum Cystatin C with cardio metabolic risk factors.
Material & Methods: The study population was taken from healthy volunteers of Mysore city, aged between 18-
39 years of either sex. The study population was divided into 2 groups based on BMI. Each group contains
sample size of 45. Fasting serum sample was analyzed for Blood glucose, Total cholesterol, Total Triglycerides,
Direct HDL cholesterol, Direct LDL Cholesterol by enzymatic method and serum Cystatin-C by
immunoturbidimetric method using auto analyser.
Results: The serum Cystatin C levels was significantly increased in obese groups, p value<0.001. The mean
serum Cystatin C levels in normal BMI group was 0.78±0.03, and in Obese group is 1.15±0.09. In the study
serum Cystatin C showed a positive correlation with serum glucose(r=0.61) serum triglycerides (r=0.7),
Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) (r=0.80), TCHOL: HDL (r=0.71), HDL: LDL (r=0.70) respectively and
negative correlation with serum HDL (r=-0.52)
High prevalence of metabolic syndrome among competitive exam appearing studen...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
Correlations between Some Anthropometric Parameters, the Lipid Profile and Gl...inventionjournals
The study aimed to investigate the correlations between some anthropometric and lipid profile parameters, as well the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values of Bulgarian females with type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM). 212 women of Bulgarian ethnicity with T2DM of the age groups 40-60 and 61-80 years were included in the research. The anthropometric parameters: waist and hip circumferences were measured, and body mass index (BMI) and waist/hip ratio (WHR) were calculated. We also studied the lipid profile parameters: total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). A comparative study of the lipid profile criteria revealed significant differences in the levels of triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and VLDL between the two age groups. Differences were found with regard to the values of glycated hemoglobin too. Correlations between the above anthropometric parameters and the lipid profile of patients with T2DM were examined. In patients of the age group 40-60 years a moderate strength correlation in opposite direction (negative or inverse correlation) was found between HbA1c and BMI (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.30-0.50, p<0.05). In the age group 61-80 years a low strength negative correlation was found between BMI and total cholesterol, as well as between BMI and LDL.
This cross sectional study was conducted at Department of Biochemistry, Govt. Medical College Srinagar Kashmir. A total of 120 Kashmiri Type 2 diabetic patients and 30 normal controls were randomly selected. Diabetic dyslipidaemia is characterized by raised triglycerides, low high density lipoprotein and raised low density lipoprotein. Determination of serum lipid levels in people with diabetes is considered a standard of care because detection and treatment of dyslipidaemia is one means of reducing cardiovascular disease risk. The lipid profiles and lipoprotein levels of 120 known diabetic patients were studied. Total cholesterol (TC), Triacylglycerol’s (TG) Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were assayed for each group using standard biochemical methods. Dyslipidaemia was defined using the national cholesterol education programme – adult treatment panel III (NCEP-AT III) criteria. BMI and waist and hip circumferences were measured.
Knowledge, attitude and practice about hypertension among adultMd.Nahian Rahman
Hypertension (HTN or HT), also known as high blood pressure (HBP), is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated.
Cystatin C as a marker of Cardio metabolic disorder in obese South Indian ind...iosrjce
Human obesity is strongly associated with cardio metabolic disease. Cystatin C is a
naturally occurring protease inhibitor and marker of cardiovascular disease. The main objective of present
study was to estimate the serum levels of Cystatin C in individuals with normal BMI, and obese, aged between
18-39 Yrs and to compare the levels of serum Cystatin C among these individuals and to correlate the levels of
serum Cystatin C with cardio metabolic risk factors.
Material & Methods: The study population was taken from healthy volunteers of Mysore city, aged between 18-
39 years of either sex. The study population was divided into 2 groups based on BMI. Each group contains
sample size of 45. Fasting serum sample was analyzed for Blood glucose, Total cholesterol, Total Triglycerides,
Direct HDL cholesterol, Direct LDL Cholesterol by enzymatic method and serum Cystatin-C by
immunoturbidimetric method using auto analyser.
Results: The serum Cystatin C levels was significantly increased in obese groups, p value<0.001. The mean
serum Cystatin C levels in normal BMI group was 0.78±0.03, and in Obese group is 1.15±0.09. In the study
serum Cystatin C showed a positive correlation with serum glucose(r=0.61) serum triglycerides (r=0.7),
Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) (r=0.80), TCHOL: HDL (r=0.71), HDL: LDL (r=0.70) respectively and
negative correlation with serum HDL (r=-0.52)
High prevalence of metabolic syndrome among competitive exam appearing studen...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
Correlations between Some Anthropometric Parameters, the Lipid Profile and Gl...inventionjournals
The study aimed to investigate the correlations between some anthropometric and lipid profile parameters, as well the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values of Bulgarian females with type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM). 212 women of Bulgarian ethnicity with T2DM of the age groups 40-60 and 61-80 years were included in the research. The anthropometric parameters: waist and hip circumferences were measured, and body mass index (BMI) and waist/hip ratio (WHR) were calculated. We also studied the lipid profile parameters: total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). A comparative study of the lipid profile criteria revealed significant differences in the levels of triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and VLDL between the two age groups. Differences were found with regard to the values of glycated hemoglobin too. Correlations between the above anthropometric parameters and the lipid profile of patients with T2DM were examined. In patients of the age group 40-60 years a moderate strength correlation in opposite direction (negative or inverse correlation) was found between HbA1c and BMI (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.30-0.50, p<0.05). In the age group 61-80 years a low strength negative correlation was found between BMI and total cholesterol, as well as between BMI and LDL.
Systematic Review on Eat Less and Move More Is the Chemistry of Lifeijtsrd
"Dieting must be combined with exercise" This review explain the physical activity and exercise training are play vital role for weight loss or weight maintenance. To see prevention is better than cure, the patient is carried out 60 different tests by giving one time blood sample after fasting 12 14 hours. Eat less is the probable basic advice to lose weight. Increasing your vegetable intake can help you to lose weight. In this particular discussion, we focus on weight loss from different types of exercise training programs and calorie consumes. Clinically required weight loss is unlikely to occur. Patients wishing to lose weight should participate in physical activity and caloric restriction to improve the chances of weight loss. The less you consume, the faster you lose. At the same time, it is very important to follow a healthy, well balanced diet plan, so that you do not become ill or lose lean muscle. In ideal condition the advice of doctor, dietitian and nutritionist is must essential. The tests such as eosinohils, MCV, MCHC, RDW SD, Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, Non HDL cholesterol, TC HDL cholesterol ratio, LDL HDL ratio etc shows some deviations from the reference ranges as per the guidelines. S. M. Landge | M. G. Landge "Systematic Review on Eat Less and Move More; Is the Chemistry of Life?" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30909.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/30909/systematic-review-on-eat-less-and-move-more-is-the-chemistry-of-life/s-m-landge
Prevalence of Chronic Kidney disease in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome in S...asclepiuspdfs
Background and Objective: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) which is an increasingly important clinical and public health issue is associated with cardiovascular disease. Epidemiologic studies have also linked metabolic syndrome (MetS) with an increased risk of incident CKD. Therefore, the present study was designed retrospectively to find the prevalence and potential risk factors of CKD in patients with MetS in Saudi Arabia.
Impact of Malnutrition on Lipid Profile in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients in...Neeleshkumar Maurya
The present study was carried out to identify the role of malnutrition and its relationship for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients taking hemodialysis. We conducted an analytical study with 100 patients. It was carried out over one-year period, from February 25, 2017 to March 30, 2018. The inclusion criteria were the patients who have been on hemodialysis for at least past three months period and at least more than 18-year-old. All the patients were divided into two groups: first group of patients have both CVD and CKD and other group of patients have only CKD. Patients were subjected to biochemical and anthropometric parameters. Out of hundred patients, about 60 followed the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Eight women and 52 men with the age range from 18 to 80 years with 49±10.2years as mean age. We found that higher level of cholesterol, triglyceride, low protein intake and low energy conception in CKD alone patients is directly associated with malnutrition. The association between cholesterol levels and CKD would be altered by the presence of malnutrition. Low level of protein and total energy intake also confirms the presence of malnutrition in CKD patient developed the CVD.
Keywords: Malnutrition, hemodialysis patients, chronic kidney disease (CKD), cardiovascular disease (CVD)
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and carotid atherosclerosis in childrenSHAPE Society
Presented by:
Lucia Pacifico, Vito Cantisani, Paolo Ricci, John F. Osborn, Elisa Schiavo, Caterina Anania, Eva Ferrara, Giuliano Dvisic, and Claudio Chiesa
India is second largest country to have people with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in world. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) has bad pregnancy outcomes so this present case control study was conducted on 50 pregnant women (ANCs) with GDM and 50 normal ANCs to assess the bio-socio-demographic risk factors of Gestational Diabetes. It was found that GDM was significantly associated with age, religion, residence and BMI of woman. GDM was found significantly more with increasing age and increasing BMI. ANCs residing in urban areas and belonging to Muslim religion were more pron to have GDM than their counter parts. Family history of diabetes also favors in occurrence of GDM. So clinicians should increase GDM screening at first ANC visit and prompt treatment is recommended to prevent complication. Early identification of woman at risk of GDM may prevent maternal and perinatal morbidity.
Hypertension is one of the most Important Public Health challenges because of its high frequency & concomitant risks of cardiovascular & Kidney diseases. It has been identified as a leading risk factor for mortality.In India, there is no composite estimate on prevalence of hypertension among indigenous tribes, but the increasing prevalence of hypertension across the time among tribes has been observed by independent researchers.Further studies among the tribal population may reduce the morbidity & mortality patterns
Investigation of the changes on muscular endurance in response to aerobic and...Sports Journal
The rationale of the study is to investigate the changes on muscular endurance in response to aerobic and
anaerobic training among type 2 diabetic patients. To achieve the purpose of the study 45 male type 2
diabetic patients from Ongole, in the southern state of Andhra Pradesh, India, were selected as subjects.
The subjects were selected in the age group of 45 to 50 years and they were randomly assigned into three
equal groups of 15 each. Experimental group-I performed aerobic training, experimental group-II
performed anaerobic training and group III acted as control. The muscular endurance was selected as
dependent variable. The data collected from the three groups prior to and post experimentation on
selected dependent variable was statistically analyzed to find out the significant difference if any, by
applying the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Whenever the obtained ‘F’ ratio value was found to be
significant for adjusted post-test means, the Scheffe’s test was applied as post hoc test. In all the cases the
level of confidence was fixed at 0.05 level for significance. The result of the study produced 20.48%
percentage of improvement due to aerobic training and 15.32% of improvement due to anaerobic training
in muscular endurance of the diabetic patients
exercise as determinant prevention of high blood pressure in container crane ...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Metabolic syndrome (Mets) is a multiple risk factor for coronary heart disease, diabetes, and several organ malfunctions that comes up from insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunctions caused of abnormal adipose deposition. One of the component criteria of metabolic syndrome is elevated blood pressure. Unhealthy lifestyle and sedentary physical activity are considered to have relationship with metabolic syndrome incidents in workers. This study aimed to analyze smoking habit, regular exercise and family’s medical history associated with blood pressure using International Diabetic Federation Criteria for Mets in a container crane operator’s population. The study was explored in a cross sectional study of 40 container crane operator. Using logistic regression for analyzing, the study found that regular exercise had significant association with blood pressure in worker adjusted with age.
Study of serum magnesium and fasting blood glucose in hypertensioniosrjce
A study was carried out to determine the fasting blood glucose and serum magnesium levels in
patients with hypertension. A total of 80 hypertensive patients were evaluated, of which, 58 were males and 22
were females. The mean ages of male and female hypertensive subjects were 48.06±6.53 and 50.83±7.62
respectively. Hypomagnesemia was observed in 61.25% subjects and raised fasting blood glucose was identified
in 55.1% of individuals. Therefore occurrence of low serum magnesium and raised blood sugar level in patients
with hypertension was observed
2018-04-18 المؤتمر العلمي الثاني للمعهد القومي لعلوم المسنين جامعة بني سويف بعنوان" التحديات والمستجدات العالمية في رعاية المسنين"
http://www.bsu.edu.eg/ShowConfDetails.aspx?conf_id=217
Sarcopenic obesity is a chronic condition, which is due to progressively aging populations, the increasing incidence of obesity, and lifestyle changes. The increasing prevalence of sarcopenic obesity in elderly has augmented interest in identifying the most effective treatment. This article aims at highlighting potential pathways to muscle impairment in obese individuals, the consequences that joint obesity and muscle impairment may have on health and disability, recent progress in management with attention on lifestyle management and pharmacologic therapy involved in reversing sarcopenic obesity. Recent findings: It has been suggested that a number of disorders affecting metabolism, physical capacity, and quality of life may be attributed to sarcopenic obesity. Excess dietary intake, physical inactivity, low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance and hormonal changes may lead to the development of sarcopenic obesity. Weight loss and exercise independently reverse sarcopenic obesity. Optimum protein intake appears to have beneficial effects on net muscle protein accretion in older adults. Myostatin inhibition causes favourable changes in body composition. Testosterone and growth hormone offer improvements in body composition but the benefits must be weighed against potential risks of therapy. GHRH-analog therapy is effective but further studies are needed in older adults. Summary: Lifestyle changes involving both diet-induced weight loss and regular exercise appear to be the optimal treatment for sarcopenic obesity. It is also advisable to maintain adequate protein intake. Ongoing studies will determine whether pharmacologic therapy such as myostatin inhibitors or GHRH-analogs have a role in the treatment of sarcopenic obesity.
Risk Factors Associations of Metabolic SyndromeAI Publications
Background: Metabolic syndrome (syndrome x) A clustering of dyslipidemia , elevated blood pressure , impaired glucose tolerance , and central obesity which was varied somewhat in specific elements ,but in general they include a combination of multiple and metabolic risk factors. The most widely recognized risk factors are elevated blood pressure, atherogenic dyslipidemia, and elevated plasma glucose. Regardless of the cause, the syndrome recognized individuals at an elevation of these risk factors. The magnitude of increased risk can vary according to the components of the syndrome present as well as the other, non-metabolic syndrome risk factors in a particular person. The association of the metabolic syndrome with demographic characteristics and the metabolic syndrome risk increased with age, BMI and weight gain which are another important risk factors. Obesity has consistently been reported as a risk factor for metabolic syndrome, it is an important, easily observed, and measurable risk factor .it was the only fact that remained significantly associated with metabolic syndrome in all age, race and sex groups. Higher BMI and weight gain over time are associated with poorer blood pressure, higher fasting blood glucose, and dyslipidemia with the remaining atherosclerotic changes complications (hypertension CVD, and nephropathy) have been found to be associated with this syndrome.
Diabetic is a well known public health problem of today. There are many risk factors of it, which can be identified in pre-diabetic state. So the present study was conducted with the aim to know the status of anthropometric and haematological parameters in pre-diabetic states. For this hospital based study pre-diabetic subjects were identified from first degree relatives of type 2 DM Patients, enrolled in diabetic research centre P.B.M. hospital Bikaner. Relevant investigations were done. Data thus collected on semi-structured questionnaire and analysed using content analysis. Data analysis revealed that although mean Body Mass Index (BMI) was within normal range but Waist circumference (WC), West Hip (W/H) Ratio, Systolic blood pressure were higher than the normal range accepted for that parameter. But mean value of all the studied haematological parameter were within the normal range accepted for that parameter. So it can be conclude that anthropology of an individual may be associated with the pre-diabetic state. Hypertension was found in 25.35% of pre-diabetics. Further researches are necessary to find out this possible association of anthropologic parameter and pre-diabetic state.
Background: One of the commonest complications of poorly controlled Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is Diabetic nephropathy (DN), which occurs in 30-40% of DM cases. It is important to identify the high-risk group who are likely to develop DN with the modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. This study had the objectives to estimate and correlate the levels of the urine albumin creatinine ratio (UACR) with age, anthropometric measures, glycaemic control markers, lipids, and renal function. To estimate each variable as independent and multivariate risk factors.
Materials and Methods: It was an observational and cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary care center in Eastern India. Totally, 221 consecutive ambulatory T2DM subjects were recruited after obtaining their written consent.
Results: The diabetics were classified as having diabetic nephropathy by the urine albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) of >30 mg/gm. 53.4% of our study group had DN. There was a significant risk associated with PPBS with p=0.043 (<0.05), serum creatinine with p=0.032 (<0.05), and urine albumin with p=0.0001 (<0.001). In the multivariate regression analysis of all these variables, there was a highly significant likelihood ratio for predicting DN with p=0.0001 (<0.001) with a predictive value of 74.5% in females and 75% in males.
Conclusion: The additive factors contributed by the risk factors in the prediction of DN will benefit the DM in the prevention of DN.
Keywords: diabetic nephropathy, risk factors, diabetic kidney disease, Asian Indian
Microalbuminuria And Serum Creatinine Levels In Diabetic And Non Diabetic Gro...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Systematic Review on Eat Less and Move More Is the Chemistry of Lifeijtsrd
"Dieting must be combined with exercise" This review explain the physical activity and exercise training are play vital role for weight loss or weight maintenance. To see prevention is better than cure, the patient is carried out 60 different tests by giving one time blood sample after fasting 12 14 hours. Eat less is the probable basic advice to lose weight. Increasing your vegetable intake can help you to lose weight. In this particular discussion, we focus on weight loss from different types of exercise training programs and calorie consumes. Clinically required weight loss is unlikely to occur. Patients wishing to lose weight should participate in physical activity and caloric restriction to improve the chances of weight loss. The less you consume, the faster you lose. At the same time, it is very important to follow a healthy, well balanced diet plan, so that you do not become ill or lose lean muscle. In ideal condition the advice of doctor, dietitian and nutritionist is must essential. The tests such as eosinohils, MCV, MCHC, RDW SD, Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, Non HDL cholesterol, TC HDL cholesterol ratio, LDL HDL ratio etc shows some deviations from the reference ranges as per the guidelines. S. M. Landge | M. G. Landge "Systematic Review on Eat Less and Move More; Is the Chemistry of Life?" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30909.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/30909/systematic-review-on-eat-less-and-move-more-is-the-chemistry-of-life/s-m-landge
Prevalence of Chronic Kidney disease in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome in S...asclepiuspdfs
Background and Objective: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) which is an increasingly important clinical and public health issue is associated with cardiovascular disease. Epidemiologic studies have also linked metabolic syndrome (MetS) with an increased risk of incident CKD. Therefore, the present study was designed retrospectively to find the prevalence and potential risk factors of CKD in patients with MetS in Saudi Arabia.
Impact of Malnutrition on Lipid Profile in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients in...Neeleshkumar Maurya
The present study was carried out to identify the role of malnutrition and its relationship for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients taking hemodialysis. We conducted an analytical study with 100 patients. It was carried out over one-year period, from February 25, 2017 to March 30, 2018. The inclusion criteria were the patients who have been on hemodialysis for at least past three months period and at least more than 18-year-old. All the patients were divided into two groups: first group of patients have both CVD and CKD and other group of patients have only CKD. Patients were subjected to biochemical and anthropometric parameters. Out of hundred patients, about 60 followed the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Eight women and 52 men with the age range from 18 to 80 years with 49±10.2years as mean age. We found that higher level of cholesterol, triglyceride, low protein intake and low energy conception in CKD alone patients is directly associated with malnutrition. The association between cholesterol levels and CKD would be altered by the presence of malnutrition. Low level of protein and total energy intake also confirms the presence of malnutrition in CKD patient developed the CVD.
Keywords: Malnutrition, hemodialysis patients, chronic kidney disease (CKD), cardiovascular disease (CVD)
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and carotid atherosclerosis in childrenSHAPE Society
Presented by:
Lucia Pacifico, Vito Cantisani, Paolo Ricci, John F. Osborn, Elisa Schiavo, Caterina Anania, Eva Ferrara, Giuliano Dvisic, and Claudio Chiesa
India is second largest country to have people with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in world. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) has bad pregnancy outcomes so this present case control study was conducted on 50 pregnant women (ANCs) with GDM and 50 normal ANCs to assess the bio-socio-demographic risk factors of Gestational Diabetes. It was found that GDM was significantly associated with age, religion, residence and BMI of woman. GDM was found significantly more with increasing age and increasing BMI. ANCs residing in urban areas and belonging to Muslim religion were more pron to have GDM than their counter parts. Family history of diabetes also favors in occurrence of GDM. So clinicians should increase GDM screening at first ANC visit and prompt treatment is recommended to prevent complication. Early identification of woman at risk of GDM may prevent maternal and perinatal morbidity.
Hypertension is one of the most Important Public Health challenges because of its high frequency & concomitant risks of cardiovascular & Kidney diseases. It has been identified as a leading risk factor for mortality.In India, there is no composite estimate on prevalence of hypertension among indigenous tribes, but the increasing prevalence of hypertension across the time among tribes has been observed by independent researchers.Further studies among the tribal population may reduce the morbidity & mortality patterns
Investigation of the changes on muscular endurance in response to aerobic and...Sports Journal
The rationale of the study is to investigate the changes on muscular endurance in response to aerobic and
anaerobic training among type 2 diabetic patients. To achieve the purpose of the study 45 male type 2
diabetic patients from Ongole, in the southern state of Andhra Pradesh, India, were selected as subjects.
The subjects were selected in the age group of 45 to 50 years and they were randomly assigned into three
equal groups of 15 each. Experimental group-I performed aerobic training, experimental group-II
performed anaerobic training and group III acted as control. The muscular endurance was selected as
dependent variable. The data collected from the three groups prior to and post experimentation on
selected dependent variable was statistically analyzed to find out the significant difference if any, by
applying the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Whenever the obtained ‘F’ ratio value was found to be
significant for adjusted post-test means, the Scheffe’s test was applied as post hoc test. In all the cases the
level of confidence was fixed at 0.05 level for significance. The result of the study produced 20.48%
percentage of improvement due to aerobic training and 15.32% of improvement due to anaerobic training
in muscular endurance of the diabetic patients
exercise as determinant prevention of high blood pressure in container crane ...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Metabolic syndrome (Mets) is a multiple risk factor for coronary heart disease, diabetes, and several organ malfunctions that comes up from insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunctions caused of abnormal adipose deposition. One of the component criteria of metabolic syndrome is elevated blood pressure. Unhealthy lifestyle and sedentary physical activity are considered to have relationship with metabolic syndrome incidents in workers. This study aimed to analyze smoking habit, regular exercise and family’s medical history associated with blood pressure using International Diabetic Federation Criteria for Mets in a container crane operator’s population. The study was explored in a cross sectional study of 40 container crane operator. Using logistic regression for analyzing, the study found that regular exercise had significant association with blood pressure in worker adjusted with age.
Study of serum magnesium and fasting blood glucose in hypertensioniosrjce
A study was carried out to determine the fasting blood glucose and serum magnesium levels in
patients with hypertension. A total of 80 hypertensive patients were evaluated, of which, 58 were males and 22
were females. The mean ages of male and female hypertensive subjects were 48.06±6.53 and 50.83±7.62
respectively. Hypomagnesemia was observed in 61.25% subjects and raised fasting blood glucose was identified
in 55.1% of individuals. Therefore occurrence of low serum magnesium and raised blood sugar level in patients
with hypertension was observed
2018-04-18 المؤتمر العلمي الثاني للمعهد القومي لعلوم المسنين جامعة بني سويف بعنوان" التحديات والمستجدات العالمية في رعاية المسنين"
http://www.bsu.edu.eg/ShowConfDetails.aspx?conf_id=217
Sarcopenic obesity is a chronic condition, which is due to progressively aging populations, the increasing incidence of obesity, and lifestyle changes. The increasing prevalence of sarcopenic obesity in elderly has augmented interest in identifying the most effective treatment. This article aims at highlighting potential pathways to muscle impairment in obese individuals, the consequences that joint obesity and muscle impairment may have on health and disability, recent progress in management with attention on lifestyle management and pharmacologic therapy involved in reversing sarcopenic obesity. Recent findings: It has been suggested that a number of disorders affecting metabolism, physical capacity, and quality of life may be attributed to sarcopenic obesity. Excess dietary intake, physical inactivity, low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance and hormonal changes may lead to the development of sarcopenic obesity. Weight loss and exercise independently reverse sarcopenic obesity. Optimum protein intake appears to have beneficial effects on net muscle protein accretion in older adults. Myostatin inhibition causes favourable changes in body composition. Testosterone and growth hormone offer improvements in body composition but the benefits must be weighed against potential risks of therapy. GHRH-analog therapy is effective but further studies are needed in older adults. Summary: Lifestyle changes involving both diet-induced weight loss and regular exercise appear to be the optimal treatment for sarcopenic obesity. It is also advisable to maintain adequate protein intake. Ongoing studies will determine whether pharmacologic therapy such as myostatin inhibitors or GHRH-analogs have a role in the treatment of sarcopenic obesity.
Risk Factors Associations of Metabolic SyndromeAI Publications
Background: Metabolic syndrome (syndrome x) A clustering of dyslipidemia , elevated blood pressure , impaired glucose tolerance , and central obesity which was varied somewhat in specific elements ,but in general they include a combination of multiple and metabolic risk factors. The most widely recognized risk factors are elevated blood pressure, atherogenic dyslipidemia, and elevated plasma glucose. Regardless of the cause, the syndrome recognized individuals at an elevation of these risk factors. The magnitude of increased risk can vary according to the components of the syndrome present as well as the other, non-metabolic syndrome risk factors in a particular person. The association of the metabolic syndrome with demographic characteristics and the metabolic syndrome risk increased with age, BMI and weight gain which are another important risk factors. Obesity has consistently been reported as a risk factor for metabolic syndrome, it is an important, easily observed, and measurable risk factor .it was the only fact that remained significantly associated with metabolic syndrome in all age, race and sex groups. Higher BMI and weight gain over time are associated with poorer blood pressure, higher fasting blood glucose, and dyslipidemia with the remaining atherosclerotic changes complications (hypertension CVD, and nephropathy) have been found to be associated with this syndrome.
Diabetic is a well known public health problem of today. There are many risk factors of it, which can be identified in pre-diabetic state. So the present study was conducted with the aim to know the status of anthropometric and haematological parameters in pre-diabetic states. For this hospital based study pre-diabetic subjects were identified from first degree relatives of type 2 DM Patients, enrolled in diabetic research centre P.B.M. hospital Bikaner. Relevant investigations were done. Data thus collected on semi-structured questionnaire and analysed using content analysis. Data analysis revealed that although mean Body Mass Index (BMI) was within normal range but Waist circumference (WC), West Hip (W/H) Ratio, Systolic blood pressure were higher than the normal range accepted for that parameter. But mean value of all the studied haematological parameter were within the normal range accepted for that parameter. So it can be conclude that anthropology of an individual may be associated with the pre-diabetic state. Hypertension was found in 25.35% of pre-diabetics. Further researches are necessary to find out this possible association of anthropologic parameter and pre-diabetic state.
Background: One of the commonest complications of poorly controlled Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is Diabetic nephropathy (DN), which occurs in 30-40% of DM cases. It is important to identify the high-risk group who are likely to develop DN with the modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. This study had the objectives to estimate and correlate the levels of the urine albumin creatinine ratio (UACR) with age, anthropometric measures, glycaemic control markers, lipids, and renal function. To estimate each variable as independent and multivariate risk factors.
Materials and Methods: It was an observational and cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary care center in Eastern India. Totally, 221 consecutive ambulatory T2DM subjects were recruited after obtaining their written consent.
Results: The diabetics were classified as having diabetic nephropathy by the urine albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) of >30 mg/gm. 53.4% of our study group had DN. There was a significant risk associated with PPBS with p=0.043 (<0.05), serum creatinine with p=0.032 (<0.05), and urine albumin with p=0.0001 (<0.001). In the multivariate regression analysis of all these variables, there was a highly significant likelihood ratio for predicting DN with p=0.0001 (<0.001) with a predictive value of 74.5% in females and 75% in males.
Conclusion: The additive factors contributed by the risk factors in the prediction of DN will benefit the DM in the prevention of DN.
Keywords: diabetic nephropathy, risk factors, diabetic kidney disease, Asian Indian
Microalbuminuria And Serum Creatinine Levels In Diabetic And Non Diabetic Gro...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay
Abstract— Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic and progressive condition with a hereditary predisposition which is further induced by unhealthy lifestyle. It is a silent killer with cardiovascular complications being most common cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with T2DM.
Objective: To find out association of socio demographic and clinical parameters of diabetes type 2 with hypertension and dyslipidemia among Diabetes Mellitus type 2 cases aged 18 to 70 years. Methodology: A cross sectional hospital based study was conducted on 272 type 2 DM patients attending Department of Medicine in a secondary care referral hospital after taking consent.
Results: Hypertension was present in 192 (70.59%) and dyslipidemia was present in 93 (34.19%) of type 2 diabetes patients. Age, family income, presence of family history, duration of illness, type of treatment, consumption of alcohol , BMI, Hba1c level were found to be associated significantly with both hypertension and dyslipidemia in type 2 DM patients.
Heart diseases due to hyperlipidemia (primary or secondary) can lead to cause chest pain, heart attacks,
strokes, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac failure. Because of these risks, treatment is often recommended for people with
hyperlipidemia, because it is well known factor to increase incidence of heart diseases. This may lead to
development of atherosclerotic plaques which is major etiological factor for establishing coronary artery disease
(CAD). Hypolipidemic drugs used in allopathy include Statins, Fibric acids, Niacin, and Resins but all have their
low compliance due to frequent side effects. Medicinal herbs like Onion and Ginger are hypolipidemic agents
commonly used as flavoring agents and making foods spicy and tasty. We have compared hypolipidemic potential
between these two medicinal herbs. The study was conducted at Ghurki Trust teaching hospital, Lahore from
January to June 2018. Eighty secondary hyperlipidemic patients were enrolled after getting written consent which
was approved by Ethics committee of the hospital. They were divided in two equal groups comprising 40 patients in
each group. Group-I was treated by Ginger 10 grams daily in three divided doses for 2 months. Group-II was
advised to take Onion 200 grams daily in divided amount with each meal i.e.; breakfast, lunch, and dinner for two
months. After two months therapy it was observed by statistical analysis that 10 grams ginger reduced TC (total
cholesterol) of 38 hyperlipidemic patients 12.4 gm/dl and LDL-C (low density lipoprotein cholesterol) 27.3 mg/dl.
In group-II, onion reduced TC in 35 patients 17.9 mg/dl and LDL-C 14.8 mg/dl. Changes in tested parameters are
significant biostatistically with p-values <0.01 to <0.001. We concluded from this research work that Onion and
Ginger reduces risk of CAD by decreasing plasma total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol.
In Pakistan, the overall prevalence of dyslipidemia in adolescents aged 10–18 years is 21.7~25.2%; prevalence is reported to be two times higher (53.1~56.1%) in obese adolescents. However, few studies have been conducted on the relationship between height and blood lipid concentrations in children and adolescents The recent emphasis on treatment of the dyslipidemia of the metabolic syndrome (hypertriglyceridemia, reduced high-density lipoprotein, and increased small, dense low-density lipoprotein particle number) has compelled practitioners to consider lipid-lowering therapy in a greater number of their patients, as one in two individuals over age 50 has the metabolic syndrome. Individuals with the metabolic syndrome typically have normal low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and current lipid-lowering guidelines may underestimate their cardiovascular risk. Two subgroups of patients with the metabolic syndrome are at particularly high risk for premature CAD. One, individuals with type 2 diabetes, accounts for 20-30% of early cardiovascular disease. The second, familial combined hyperlipidemia, accounts for an additional 10-20% of premature CAD. Familial combined hyperlipidemia is characterized by the metabolic syndrome in addition to a disproportionate elevation of apolipoprotein B levels. The measurement of fasting glucose and apolipoprotein B, in addition to the fasting lipid profile, can help to estimate CAD risk in patients with the metabolic syndrome. In this research we compared allopathic medication and medicinal herb in treating hyperlipidemia.
Results: NWO subjects (n = 283) demonstrated metabolic dysregulation compared to NWL individuals (n = 1795). After
adjusting for age, sex, and smoking, NWO individuals showed higher PWV values than NWL individuals (1474.0 ± 275.4 vs.
1380.7 ± 234.3 cm/s, p = 0.006 by ANCOVA). Compared with NWL subjects, NWO subjects had a higher prevalence of soft
plaques even after age, sex, and smoking adjustment (21.6 % vs. 14.5 %, p = 0.039 by ANCOVA). The PWV value and the
log{(number of segments with plaque) + 1} showed a positive correlation with numerous parameters such as age, systolic
blood pressure, visceral fat, fasting glucose level, serum triglyceride level, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in contrast to the
negative correlation with high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level. The visceral fat was an independent determinant of
log{(number of segments with plaque) + 1} (ß = 0.027, SE = 0.011, p = 0.016) even after adjustment for other significant
factors. Most importantly, NWO was an independent risk factor for the presence of soft plaques (odds ratio 1.460, 95 %
confidence interval 1.027–2.074, p = 0.035) even after further adjustment for multiple factors associated with atherosclerosis
(blood pressure, blood glucose, lipid level, CRP, medication, smoking status, physical activity).
Normal-Weight Obesity Is Associated With
Increased Risk of Subclinical Atherosclerosis.
Conclusions: NWO individuals carry a higher incidence of subclinical atherosclerosis compared with NWL individuals,
regardless of other clinical risk factors for atherosclerosis.
Correlations between Some Anthropometric Parameters, the Lipid Profile and Gl...inventionjournals
The study aimed to investigate the correlations between some anthropometric and lipid profile parameters, as well the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values of Bulgarian females with type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM). 212 women of Bulgarian ethnicity with T2DM of the age groups 40-60 and 61-80 years were included in the research. The anthropometric parameters: waist and hip circumferences were measured, and body mass index (BMI) and waist/hip ratio (WHR) were calculated. We also studied the lipid profile parameters: total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). A comparative study of the lipid profile criteria revealed significant differences in the levels of triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and VLDL between the two age groups. Differences were found with regard to the values of glycated hemoglobin too. Correlations between the above anthropometric parameters and the lipid profile of patients with T2DM were examined. In patients of the age group 40-60 years a moderate strength correlation in opposite direction (negative or inverse correlation) was found between HbA1c and BMI (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.30-0.50, p<0.05). In the age group 61-80 years a low strength negative correlation was found between BMI and total cholesterol, as well as between BMI and LDL.
Albuminuria has been recognized as a marker for prognosis of renal and cardiovascular risk in diabetic patients. Role of microalbuminuria in cardiac disease and nephropathy has not been surveyed in Pakistani population and its foretelling importance in diabetic individuals is undetermined. In this study we examined the relation between microalbuminuria, HbA1c and serum albumin levels in association with diabetes in population of Pakistan based on equal number of male and female subjects with and without prevalent baseline diabetes. We found that increased levels of micro albuminuria are associated with cardiovascular disease, HbA1c with nephropathy and serum albumin with cardiovascular disease, nephropathy and hypertension in the diabetic patient.
Similar to Micro-albuminuria in non-diabetic, non-hypertensive cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients: A case control study (20)
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
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An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
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Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdf
Micro-albuminuria in non-diabetic, non-hypertensive cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients: A case control study
1. International Multispecialty Journal of Health (IMJH) ISSN: [2395-6291] [Vol-4, Issue-3,March- 2018]
Page | 66
Micro-albuminuria in non-diabetic, non-hypertensive
cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients: A case control study
Dr. Sunil Kumar Mahavar1, Dr. Sarla Mahawar2, Dr. Mayank Gupta3§,
Dr. Raman Sharma4
1Assistant Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, S.M.S Medical College, Jaipur (Rajasthan), India
2Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, J.L.N. Medical College, Ajmer (Rajasthan), India
3§Senior Resident, Department of Internal Medicine, S.M.S Medical College, Jaipur(Rajasthan), India
4Senior Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, S.M.S Medical College, Jaipur(Rajasthan), India
Abstract—Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a prominent health problem and micro-albunemia is one of
the major causes of morbidity and mortality in these CVDs in developing countries. This case control
study was designed to find out burden of micro-albuminuria in non-diabetic non-hypertensive CVD
patients and its associating factors. In this study, 50 Non Diabetic Non Hypertensive CVD Patients were
submitted to a complete clinical and laboratory evaluation. Patients with known micro-albuminuria,
UTI and congestive heart failure were excluded. These cases were compared with matched controls. It
was observed that 36% of non-diabetic, non-hypertensive CVD patients had microalbuminuric by
Clinitek method. There was a positive association between dyslipidaemia and micro-albuminuria was
also observed in this study. The microalbuminuric CVD patients (non-diabetic, non-hypertensive) had
significantly elevated levels of serum cholesterol (p<0.05), triglycerides (p<0.05) and LDL (p<0.05) as
compared to normoalbuminuric patients. It can be concluded from this study that the micro-albuminuria
was present in more than one third of non-diabetic non-hypertensive CVD patients. Older age group,
Body Mass Index (BMI) and lipid profile had significant relationship with the presence of micro-
albuminuria.
Keywords: Cardiovascular disease (CVD), Triglycerides, Micro-albuminuria.
I. INTRODUCTION
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is fast emerging as a prominent health problem and is one of the major
causes of morbidity and mortality in the developing countries. It accounts for approximately 12 million
deaths annually and is the commonest cause of death globally.1
The risk factors very well associated with development of coronary heart disease includes age above 60
years, male sex, sedentary life style, diabetes, hypertension, hyper-cholesterolaemia, obesity, family
history of cardiovascular disease, increase oxidative stress and certain dietary factors. Micro-
albuminuria is also associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.2
Authors2,3,4 have reported 6% to 10%. increased risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality with
microalbuminia.
Micro-albuminuria is also an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease in both diabetic and non-
diabetic patients and may be a stronger indicator for future cardiovascular events than hypertension or
serum cholesterol.5,6
The present study is undertaken to find out the problem of micro-albuminuria in non-diabetic non-
hypertensive CVD patients and its associating factors.
2. International Multispecialty Journal of Health (IMJH) ISSN: [2395-6291] [Vol-4, Issue-3,March- 2018]
Page | 67
II. METHODOLOGY
This present study is a hospital based case control type of observational study conducted at S.M.S.
Medical College and Hospital in Jaipur.
This study was conducted to find out the burden of micro-albuminuria in non-diabetic non-hypertensive
CVD patients and to study its associating risk factors like age, sex, obesity, dyslipidaemia.
The subjects selected for study were grouped as follows viz :
1. Group I "Study group'' i.e. Non Diabetic Non Hypertensive CVD Patients (N=50) (IHD and
myocardial infarction patients).
2. Group I "Control group" (N=25): This group consisted of age, sex, and BMI matched healthy
subjects. They were taken from medical or paramedical staff, attendants of patients and general
public.
Cases with confirmed micro-albuminuria i.e. urinary excretion rate>300 mg/day or presence of other
renal disease, urinary tract infection or recent intercurrent illness and patients having evidence of
congestive heart failure were excluded. Written informed consent were taken from all subjects after
getting approved this study protocol by the ethics committee of the institute.
Detailed physical examination was carried out with emphasis on blood pressure, height and weight.
Blood samples were collected after at least twelve hours overnight fasting for complete blood counts,
blood glucose (fasting and postprandial), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), blood urea, serum creatinine,
lipid profile (including total cholesterol [TC], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], high-density
lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C] and triglycerides [TG]) of all participants. Complete urine examination,
urinary albumin excretion rate / creatinine ratio in morning urine sample was also done along with ECG
(standard 12 leads).
Data was analyzed with the help of SPSS trial version 16 statistical software using student ‘t’ test and chi
square test. For significance p value <0.05 was considered as significant.
III. RESULTS
Study and control groups were matched as per age (p=0.145), sex (p=0.986), height (p=0.652) and
weight (p=0.122) only BMI was significantly more in study group than control group i.e. mean BMI
25.0±2.64 and 22.3±2.8 kg/m2 respectively. (Table 1)
Table 1
Comparison of basic characteristics of study and control group
S. No. Characteristics Study Group (N=50)
Control Group
(N=25)
P value LS
1 Sex ratio (Male: Female) 34:16 18:07 0.986 NS
2 Age (Mean ± SD) in Years 50.3±7.1 47.5±9.0 0.145 NS
3 Weight (Mean ± SD) in Kg 60.7±.7.2 57.9±7.5 0.122 NS
4 Height (Mean ± SD) in Meters 1.54±0.17 1.56±0.20 0.652 NS
5 BMI (Mean ± SD) in kg/m2 25.0±2.64 22.3±2.8 <0.05 S
All the individuals in control group were negative on micro albumin test whereas in study group 36%
were positives on micro albumin test i.e. 36% of non-diabetic non-hypertensive C.V.D cases were
having microalbunemia. male 38.24 31.25% (Table 2)
3. International Multispecialty Journal of Health (IMJH) ISSN: [2395-6291] [Vol-4, Issue-3,March- 2018]
Page | 68
When this positivity of micro-albunemia was seen as per sex, it was found positive in 38.24% of males
and 31.25% of female. This distribution of positivity of micro-albunemia as per sex was without
significance difference (p>0.05). (Table 2)
Table 2
Comparison of basic Micro-albunemia status of study and control group
S. No. Characteristics
Study Group (N=50) Control Group (N=25)
Male Female Total Male Female Total
1 Micro albumin Test Negative 21 11 32 18 07 25
2 Micro Albumin Test Positive 13 05 18 0 0 0
When level of serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, serum LDL and serum HDL was compared in
both study and control groups, serum cholesterol was found 163 .0+28.4 V/s 196.44+31.4), serum
triglycerides 107.0+44.5 V/s 137.0+30.5, serum LDL 88.0+47.0 V/s 129.7+30., serum HDL 49.0+3.50
V/s 44.1+5.0, in study and control groups respectively. These lipid levels were found significantly more
(P<0.05) in study group i.e. non-diabetic non-hypertensive C.V.D. patients compared to controls. (Table
3)
Table 3
Comparison of serum lipid levels of study and control group
S. No. Serum Lipid level (mg/dl) Study Group (N=50)
Control Group
(N=25)
P value LS
1 Serum cholesterol (Mean ± SD) 196.44+31.4 163.0+28.4 <0.05 S
2 Serum Triglycerides (Mean ± SD) 137.0+30.5 107.0+44.5 <0.05 S
3 Serum LDL (Mean ± SD) 129.7+30.0 88.0+47.0 <0.05 S
4 Serum HDL (Mean ± SD) 44.1+5.0 49.0+3.50 <0.05 S
When association of lipid profile with micro albunemia was discovered it was revealed that serum
cholesterol, serum triglycerides and serum LDL in microalbuminurics were 216.0+33.6, 156.2+32.2 and
142.0+32.0 mg/dl which was significantly more in cases with micro-albunemia as where it was
188.6+27.7, 130.0+27, 117.0+28 and 45.0+5.30 respectively. There was no significant difference in
serum HDL between two groups. (Table 4)
Table 4
Comparison of lipid profile of Normoalbuminuric and Microalbuninuric
S.
No.
Serum Lipid level (mg/dl)
Normoalbuminuric
(N=32)
Microalbuninuric
(N=18)
P value LS
1 Serum cholesterol (Mean ± SD) 188.6+27.7 216.0+33.6 <0.05 S
2 Serum Triglycerides (Mean ± SD) 130.0+27.0 156.2+32.2 <0.05 S
3 Serum LDL (Mean ± SD) 117.0+28.0 142.0+32.0 <0.05 S
4 Serum HDL (Mean ± SD) 45.0+5.30 43.2+4.7 >0.05 NS
IV. DISCUSSION
The present study was conducted on 25 age, sex, height and weight matched healthy controls and 50
non-diabetic non-hypertensive CVD patients. In this study microalbunia was found in 36% of non-
diabetic non-hypertensive CVD cases.
In the present study the level of serum cholesterol (216.0+33.6 V/s 188.6+27.7), serum triglyceride
(156.2+32.2 V/s 130.0+27.7 and serum LDL (142.0+32.0 V/s 117.0+28.0) were found higher in
microlbuminuric than normoalbuminuric and this difference was statistically significant (P<0.05)
4. International Multispecialty Journal of Health (IMJH) ISSN: [2395-6291] [Vol-4, Issue-3,March- 2018]
Page | 69
whereas the serum HDL (43.2+4.7 V/s 45.0+5.3) was lower in microalbuminuric than
normoalbuminuric but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05).
Haffner SM et al (1990) demonstrated an association of micro-albuminuria with a number of
cardiovascular risk factors, namely hypertension, hyperinsulinemia, hyper-triglyceridaemia and self
reported myocardial infarction in non-diabetic subjects.7
The presence of micro-albuminuria predicts vascular disease in non diabetic population makes it more
universal marker of early death from cardiovascular disease in human beings (Yudkin et al 1988), thus
the onset of micro-albuminuria in diabetic and non diabetic patients signals atherogenic milieu.8
V. CONCLUSION
This study aimed to find out burden of micro-albuminuria in non-diabetics, non -hypertensive CVD
acses and its associating factors. Microalbunemia was found in 36% of non-diabetic, non-hypertensive
CVD patients detected to be microalbuminuric by Clinitek method.
There was a positive association was found between dyslipidaemia and micro-albuminuria. The
microalbuminuric CVD patients (non-diabetic, non-hypertensive) had significantly elevated levels of
serum cholesterol (p<0.05), triglycerides (p<0.05) and LDL (p<0.05) as compared to normoalbuminuric
patients.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
None declared till now.
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