The second part of Linux Internals covers system calls, process subsystem and inter process communication mechanisms. Understanding these services provided by Linux are essential for embedded systems engineer.
A brief overview of linux scheduler, context switch , priorities and scheduling classes as well as new features. Also provides an overview of preemption models in linux and how to use each model. all the examples are taken from http://www.discoversdk.com
Linux has become integral part of Embedded systems. This presentation gives deeper perspective of Linux from system programming perspective. Stating with basics of Linux it goes on till advanced aspects like system calls, process subsystem, inter process communication mechanisms, thread and various synchronization mechanisms like mutex and semaphores. Understanding these services provided by Linux are essential for embedded systems engineer. These constructs helps users to write efficient programs in Linux environment
The second part of Linux Internals covers system calls, process subsystem and inter process communication mechanisms. Understanding these services provided by Linux are essential for embedded systems engineer.
A brief overview of linux scheduler, context switch , priorities and scheduling classes as well as new features. Also provides an overview of preemption models in linux and how to use each model. all the examples are taken from http://www.discoversdk.com
Linux has become integral part of Embedded systems. This presentation gives deeper perspective of Linux from system programming perspective. Stating with basics of Linux it goes on till advanced aspects like system calls, process subsystem, inter process communication mechanisms, thread and various synchronization mechanisms like mutex and semaphores. Understanding these services provided by Linux are essential for embedded systems engineer. These constructs helps users to write efficient programs in Linux environment
Some basic knowledges required for beginners in writing linux kernel module - with a description of linux source tree, so that the idea of where and how develops. The working of insmod and rmmod commands are described also.
Overview of the architecture of the Linux kernel, based on "Anatomy of the Linux Kernel" by M. Tim Jones (IBM Developerworks), http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-linux-kernel/
Most of this session will focus on Kernel Module Programming. We will briefly talk about the interaction of different layers of operating system from userspace to kernel space. Starting from simple Hello World kernel modules, we will learn the development of more sophisticated modules related to device drivers and interrupt handlers. We will also briefly touch upon the shell scripts and how they can be used to extract system level information. Since, this will be a hands on session, attendees are expected to try the examples on their machines. Basic understanding of operating systems and C programming is expected for the tutorial.
Linux has emerged as a number one choice for developing OS based Embedded Systems. Open Source development model, Customizability, Portability, Tool chain availability are some reasons for this success. This course gives a practical perspective of customizing, building and bringing up Linux Kernel on an ARM based target hardware. It combines various previous modules you have learned, by combing Linux administration, Hardware knowledge, Linux as OS, C/Computer programming areas. After bringing up Linux, you can port any of the existing applications into the target hardware.
Part 02 Linux Kernel Module ProgrammingTushar B Kute
Presentation on "Linux Kernel Module Programming".
Presented at Army Institute of Technology, Pune for FDP on "Basics of Linux Kernel Programming". by Tushar B Kute (http://tusharkute.com).
This is the presentation I gave on Linux kernel modules at the Linux Meetup in Austin, TX, on 2/5/2015.
http://www.meetup.com/linux-85/events/185946802/
Code referred to in the presentation: https://github.com/ereyes01/kernel-mod-prez
Linux Kernel Booting Process (2) - For NLKBshimosawa
Describes the bootstrapping part in Linux, and related architectural mechanisms and technologies.
This is the part two of the slides, and the succeeding slides may contain the errata for this slide.
Agenda:
In this session, Shmulik Ladkani discusses the kernel's net_device abstraction, its interfaces, and how net-devices interact with the network stack. The talk covers many of the software network devices that exist in the Linux kernel, the functionalities they provide and some interesting use cases.
Speaker:
Shmulik Ladkani is a Tech Lead at Ravello Systems.
Shmulik started his career at Jungo (acquired by NDS/Cisco) implementing residential gateway software, focusing on embedded Linux, Linux kernel, networking and hardware/software integration.
51966 coffees and billions of forwarded packets later, with millions of homes running his software, Shmulik left his position as Jungo’s lead architect and joined Ravello Systems (acquired by Oracle) as tech lead, developing a virtual data center as a cloud service. He's now focused around virtualization systems, network virtualization and SDN.
Communication protocols (like UART, SPI, I2C) play an very important role in Micro-controlled based embedded systems development. These protocols helps the main board to communicate with different peripherals by interfacing mechanism. Here is a presentation that talks about how these protocols actually work.
Some basic knowledges required for beginners in writing linux kernel module - with a description of linux source tree, so that the idea of where and how develops. The working of insmod and rmmod commands are described also.
Overview of the architecture of the Linux kernel, based on "Anatomy of the Linux Kernel" by M. Tim Jones (IBM Developerworks), http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-linux-kernel/
Most of this session will focus on Kernel Module Programming. We will briefly talk about the interaction of different layers of operating system from userspace to kernel space. Starting from simple Hello World kernel modules, we will learn the development of more sophisticated modules related to device drivers and interrupt handlers. We will also briefly touch upon the shell scripts and how they can be used to extract system level information. Since, this will be a hands on session, attendees are expected to try the examples on their machines. Basic understanding of operating systems and C programming is expected for the tutorial.
Linux has emerged as a number one choice for developing OS based Embedded Systems. Open Source development model, Customizability, Portability, Tool chain availability are some reasons for this success. This course gives a practical perspective of customizing, building and bringing up Linux Kernel on an ARM based target hardware. It combines various previous modules you have learned, by combing Linux administration, Hardware knowledge, Linux as OS, C/Computer programming areas. After bringing up Linux, you can port any of the existing applications into the target hardware.
Part 02 Linux Kernel Module ProgrammingTushar B Kute
Presentation on "Linux Kernel Module Programming".
Presented at Army Institute of Technology, Pune for FDP on "Basics of Linux Kernel Programming". by Tushar B Kute (http://tusharkute.com).
This is the presentation I gave on Linux kernel modules at the Linux Meetup in Austin, TX, on 2/5/2015.
http://www.meetup.com/linux-85/events/185946802/
Code referred to in the presentation: https://github.com/ereyes01/kernel-mod-prez
Linux Kernel Booting Process (2) - For NLKBshimosawa
Describes the bootstrapping part in Linux, and related architectural mechanisms and technologies.
This is the part two of the slides, and the succeeding slides may contain the errata for this slide.
Agenda:
In this session, Shmulik Ladkani discusses the kernel's net_device abstraction, its interfaces, and how net-devices interact with the network stack. The talk covers many of the software network devices that exist in the Linux kernel, the functionalities they provide and some interesting use cases.
Speaker:
Shmulik Ladkani is a Tech Lead at Ravello Systems.
Shmulik started his career at Jungo (acquired by NDS/Cisco) implementing residential gateway software, focusing on embedded Linux, Linux kernel, networking and hardware/software integration.
51966 coffees and billions of forwarded packets later, with millions of homes running his software, Shmulik left his position as Jungo’s lead architect and joined Ravello Systems (acquired by Oracle) as tech lead, developing a virtual data center as a cloud service. He's now focused around virtualization systems, network virtualization and SDN.
Communication protocols (like UART, SPI, I2C) play an very important role in Micro-controlled based embedded systems development. These protocols helps the main board to communicate with different peripherals by interfacing mechanism. Here is a presentation that talks about how these protocols actually work.
Data Structures, which is also called as Abstract Data Types (ADT) provide powerful options for programmer. Here is a tutorial which talks about various ADTs - Linked Lists, Stacks, Queues and Sorting Algorithms
Lot of book tells about what is programming. Many also tell how to write a program, but very few cover the critical aspect of translating logic into a program. Specifically, in this fast paced industry, when you don't have time to think to program, this course comes really handy. It builds on the basics of programming, smooth sailing through the advanced nitty-gritty’s of the Advanced C language by translating logic to code
This course gets you started with writing device drivers in Linux by providing real time hardware exposure. Equip you with real-time tools, debugging techniques and industry usage in a hands-on manner. Dedicated hardware by Emertxe's device driver learning kit. Special focus on character and USB device drivers.
Getting started with setting up embedded platform requires audience to understand some of the key aspects of Linux. Starting with basics of Linux this presentation talks about basic commands, vi editor, shell scripting and advanced commands
Coming up with optimized C program for Embedded Systems consist of multiple challenges. This presentation talks about various methods about optimizing C programs in Embedded environment. It also has some interesting tips, Do's and Dont's that will offer practical help for an Embedded programmer.
An unique module combining various previous modules you have learnt by combing Linux administration, Hardware knowledge, Linux as OS, C/Computer programming areas. This is a complete module on Embedded OS, as of now no books are written on this with such practical aspects. Here is a consolidated material to get real hands-on perspective about building custom Embedded Linux distribution in ARM.
In order to understand HAL layers of Android Framework, having Linux device driver knowledge is important. Hence Day-2 of the workshop focuses on the same.
This third part of Linux internals talks about Thread programming and using various synchronization mechanisms like mutex and semaphores. These constructs helps users to write efficient programs in Linux environment
File system is an approach on how the data can be
organized in order to have a meaningful read or write in a
system. File systems provides a very easy way of identifying data like where it begins and ends. The group of such data can be called as “Files”. The method used to manage these groups of data can be called as “File systems”
Embedded Android system development workshop is focused on integrating new device with Android framework. Our hands-on approach makes Emertxe as the best institute to learn android system development training. This workshop deep dives into Android porting, Android Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL), Android Services and Linux device driver ecosystem. This workshop based training program will enable you to efficiently integrate new hardware with Android HAL / Framework.
There is a surge in number of sensors / devices that are getting connected under the umbrella of Internet-Of-Things (IoT). These devices need to be integrated into the Android system and accessed via applications, which is covered in the course. Our Android system development course curriculum over weekends with practicals ensures you learn all critical components to get started.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
AI for Every Business: Unlocking Your Product's Universal Potential by VP of ...
Linux Internals - Interview essentials 4.0
1. Linux Interview Essentials – Part IV (Process management)
Emertxe Information Technologies
1. What is scheduling?
The act of determining which process in the ready state should be moved to the running state is
known as Process Scheduling.
The prime aim of the process scheduling system is to keep the CPU busy all the time and to deliver
minimum response time for all programs. For achieving this, the scheduler must apply appropriate
rules for swapping processes IN and OUT of CPU.
2. Explain context switching in detail.
Context switching is the procedure of storing the state of an active process for the CPU when it
has to start executing a new one. For example, process A with its address space and stack is
currently being executed by the CPU and there is a system call to jump to a higher priority process
B; the CPU needs to remember the current state of the process A so that it can suspend its
operation, begin executing the new process B and when done, return to its previously executing
process A.
Suspending the progression of one process and storing the CPU's state (i.e., the context)
for that process somewhere in memory.
Retrieving the context of the next process from memory and restoring it in the CPU's
registers.
Returning to the location indicated by the program counter (i.e., returning to the line of
code at which the process was interrupted) in order to resume the process.
3. During which process states CPU scheduling decisions are made? Explain
CPU scheduling decisions take place under one of four conditions:
When a process switches from the running state to the waiting state, such as for an I/O
request or invocation of the wait() system call.
When a process switches from the running state to the ready state, for example in
response to an interrupt.
When a process switches from the waiting state to the ready state, say at completion of
I/O or a return from wait().
When a process terminates.
4. What is pre-emptive and non-pre-emptive scheduling algorithms?
Non pre-emptive scheduling: When the currently executing process gives up the CPU
voluntarily.
Pre-emptive scheduling: When the operating system decides to favor another process
(High priority), pre-empting the currently executing process.
5. Briefly explain the following algorithms:
FCFS:
1. Round Robin – Time slice based
In RR time slices are assigned to each process in equal portions and in circular order,
handling all processes without priority (also known as cyclic executive). Round-robin
scheduling is simple, easy to implement, and starvation-free.
2. Round Robin – Priority based
It works same as RR time slice, but we can also assign priority to process. More priority
means large time slice.
Priority based:
1. Rate monotonic
Rate-monotonic scheduling (RMS) is a scheduling algorithm used in real-time operating
systems (RTOS) with a static-priority scheduling class. The static priorities are assigned
according to the cycle duration of the job, so a shorter cycle duration results in a higher
job priority. Smaller the period, higher the priority.
2. Earliest deadline first
Earliest deadline first (EDF) or least time to go is a dynamic scheduling algorithm used in
real-time operating systems. A priority queue will be maintained and will be searched for
2. Linux Interview Essentials – Part IV (Process management)
Emertxe Information Technologies
the process closest to its deadline. This process is the next to be scheduled for execution.
6. What is a real-time systems (RTS)? What are the different types of RTS?
Real Time Operating System (RTOS) is designed to provide a predictable (normally described as
deterministic) execution pattern. This is particularly of interest to embedded systems as
embedded systems often have real time requirements. A real time requirement is one that
specifies that the embedded system must respond to a certain event within a strictly defined time
(the deadline). A guarantee to meet real time requirements can only be made if the behavior of
the operating system's scheduler can be predicted.
Soft-RTOS
Soft real time systems can miss some deadlines, but eventually performance will degrade if too
many are missed. Example – multimedia streaming, computer games
Hard-RTOS
Hard real-time means you must absolutely hit every deadline. Very few systems have this
requirement. Some examples are nuclear systems, some medical applications such as pacemakers,
a large number of defense applications, avionics etc. Where life critical situation we have to use
hard real time system.
7. Explain differences between General Purpose Operating System (GPOS), Real Time Operating
System (RTOS) and Embedded Operating System (EOS)
GPOS
General Purpose Operating System (GPOS) is a software that provides interface to the user to
access various applications. These are running in a commonly used systems & run applications
like desktop PCs (ex: Windows 10). They run on a general purpose hardware.
RTOS
Real Time Operating System (RTOS) is a software that has certain time constraint. Such OS
operate with stringent time expectations to deliver a predictable response to use applications
(ex: robotics). This OS can run either on a general or specific hardware that is designed.
EOS
Embedded OS (EOS) is a software that runs on a specific hardware that runs specific set of
applications. Along with running in a specific target, EOS will have resource constraints (ex:
size) hence it should be customizable and configurable to meet embedded system needs.
8. Is Linux a RTOS? Explain your justification
Linux is not RTOS but RTLinux is a RTOS version of Linux OS. RTLinux is a hard real-time RTOS
microkernel that runs the entire Linux operating system as a fully preemptive process.
Ref Qn 6
9. What is real time scheduling?
Rate monotonic and earliest deadline first are real time scheduling. Refer Qn 5
10. What specific situations you need to take care while building an RTS?
Reliability
Predictability
Performance
Compactness
Scalability
User control over OS Policies
Responsiveness
– Fast task switch
– Fast interrupt response