Understanding links between ecosystem services/ governance and human well-being: reflections on conceptualisation and operationalisation.
A presentation by Frank Vollmer, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh.
This presentation was given at the Expert Workshop on Equity, Justice and Well-being in Ecosystem Governance, held at the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) in London, March, 2015.
The sustainable livelihoods approach improves understanding of the livelihoods of the poor. It organizes the factors that constrain or enhance livelihood opportunities, and shows how they relate. It can help plan development activities and assess the contribution that existing activities have made to sustaining livelihoods.
Designing options to narrow gender gaps in agricultural value chains using a ...CGIAR
This presentation was given by Caitleen Nordehn (Cultural Practice), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the University of Canberra and co-sponsored by the University of Canberra, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on April 2-4, 2019 in Canberra, Australia.
Read more: https://www.canberra.edu.au/research/faculty-research-centres/aisc/seeds-of-change and https://gender.cgiar.org/annual-conference-2019/
The sustainable livelihoods approach improves understanding of the livelihoods of the poor. It organizes the factors that constrain or enhance livelihood opportunities, and shows how they relate. It can help plan development activities and assess the contribution that existing activities have made to sustaining livelihoods.
Designing options to narrow gender gaps in agricultural value chains using a ...CGIAR
This presentation was given by Caitleen Nordehn (Cultural Practice), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the University of Canberra and co-sponsored by the University of Canberra, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on April 2-4, 2019 in Canberra, Australia.
Read more: https://www.canberra.edu.au/research/faculty-research-centres/aisc/seeds-of-change and https://gender.cgiar.org/annual-conference-2019/
Mitigation Of What And By What PresentationfinalLn Perch
Presentation of Draft Final findings from Research Paper on Mitigation of What and Adaptation by Whom. Presented at DevNet Conference, Uppsala, Sweden, November 2010
The fragility of health systems has never been of greater interest—or importance—than at this moment, in the aftermath of the worst Ebola virus disease epidemic to date. The loss of life, massive social disruption, and collapse of even the most basic health-care services shows what happens when a crisis hits and health systems are not prepared. This did not happen only in west Africa—we saw it in Texas too: the struggle to provide a coherent response and manage public sentiment (which often manifests as fear) in a way that ensures that disease does not spread while also allowing day-to-day life to continue.
In other words, we saw an absence of resilience.
This Viewpoint puts forth a proposed framework for resilient health systems and the characteristics that define them, informed by insights from other fields that have embraced resilience as a practice.
Importance of connected communities to flood resilienceNeil Dufty
Floodplain risk management and emergency management will never protect all Victorian communities in all floods. There will always be some residual risk for communities, meaning that the focus will be on how they look after themselves particularly in large flood events. This self-ability to prepare, respond and recover will largely determine how quickly communities return to normal functioning – a measure of flood resilience.
There is a relatively large body of psychological research that identifies the factors determining people’s flood preparedness, appropriate response and effective recovery. However, according to research into disaster resilient communities, not only is the participation of individuals required, but also collective action. Several researchers have found that community connectedness (especially ‘social capital’) is a critical factor in the ability of a community to recover after a disaster.
Social capital has been defined as the ‘networks, norms, and social trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit’ (Putnam, 1995). Research into recent disasters around the world, such as the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and Hurricane Katrina, has shown the benefits of social capital in providing resources for a faster and more efficient recovery. Some recent post-flood evaluations conducted in Victoria also indicate the importance of social capital in flood response and recovery. Research by the Victorian Department of Planning and Community Development has shown the need for social capital formation in building general community resilience across the state.
There are several implications of these findings for floodplain and emergency agencies including the need to work with community developers in state and local government to assess and strengthen community connections through social capital formation in flood-prone Victorian communities. This should be done as a preparation for flooding to enable the different types of social capital to work in communities during and after a flood.
Another implication is that community flood education and engagement programs such as FloodSafe should include content that helps people and communities learn how to form and use social capital as part of flood preparedness.
Virtual Discussions to Support Climate Risk Decision Making on FarmsHelen Farley
Climate variability represents a significant risk to farming enterprises. Effective extension of climate information may improve climate risk decision making and adaptive management responses to climate variability on farms. This paper briefly reviews current agricultural extension approaches and reports stakeholder responses to new web-based virtual world ‘discussion-support’ tools developed for the Australian sugar cane farming industry. These tools incorporate current climate science and sugar industry better management practices, while leveraging the social-learning aspects of farming, to provide a stimulus for discussion and climate risk decision making. Responses suggest that such virtual world tools may provide effective support for climate risk decision making on Australian sugar cane farms. Increasing capacity to deliver such tools online also suggests potential to engage large numbers of farmers globally.
An introduction to the sustainable livelihoods frameworkafrica-rising
Presented by Peter Thorne at the Training of Trainers workshop on the use of Livelihoods Characterization/Benchmarking Tool (SLATE), Jeldu, Ethiopia, 1-5 April 2013
Measuring Resilience_presented by Edwin Kenamu and Jack Thunde_BRACC resilien...IFPRIMaSSP
Measuring resilience, presented by Edwin Kenamu and Jack Thunde (IFPRI Malawi), 11 Feb 2020; BRACC resilience learning event 11-12 Feb 2020, Lilongwe, Malawi
Mitigation Of What And By What PresentationfinalLn Perch
Presentation of Draft Final findings from Research Paper on Mitigation of What and Adaptation by Whom. Presented at DevNet Conference, Uppsala, Sweden, November 2010
The fragility of health systems has never been of greater interest—or importance—than at this moment, in the aftermath of the worst Ebola virus disease epidemic to date. The loss of life, massive social disruption, and collapse of even the most basic health-care services shows what happens when a crisis hits and health systems are not prepared. This did not happen only in west Africa—we saw it in Texas too: the struggle to provide a coherent response and manage public sentiment (which often manifests as fear) in a way that ensures that disease does not spread while also allowing day-to-day life to continue.
In other words, we saw an absence of resilience.
This Viewpoint puts forth a proposed framework for resilient health systems and the characteristics that define them, informed by insights from other fields that have embraced resilience as a practice.
Importance of connected communities to flood resilienceNeil Dufty
Floodplain risk management and emergency management will never protect all Victorian communities in all floods. There will always be some residual risk for communities, meaning that the focus will be on how they look after themselves particularly in large flood events. This self-ability to prepare, respond and recover will largely determine how quickly communities return to normal functioning – a measure of flood resilience.
There is a relatively large body of psychological research that identifies the factors determining people’s flood preparedness, appropriate response and effective recovery. However, according to research into disaster resilient communities, not only is the participation of individuals required, but also collective action. Several researchers have found that community connectedness (especially ‘social capital’) is a critical factor in the ability of a community to recover after a disaster.
Social capital has been defined as the ‘networks, norms, and social trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit’ (Putnam, 1995). Research into recent disasters around the world, such as the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and Hurricane Katrina, has shown the benefits of social capital in providing resources for a faster and more efficient recovery. Some recent post-flood evaluations conducted in Victoria also indicate the importance of social capital in flood response and recovery. Research by the Victorian Department of Planning and Community Development has shown the need for social capital formation in building general community resilience across the state.
There are several implications of these findings for floodplain and emergency agencies including the need to work with community developers in state and local government to assess and strengthen community connections through social capital formation in flood-prone Victorian communities. This should be done as a preparation for flooding to enable the different types of social capital to work in communities during and after a flood.
Another implication is that community flood education and engagement programs such as FloodSafe should include content that helps people and communities learn how to form and use social capital as part of flood preparedness.
Virtual Discussions to Support Climate Risk Decision Making on FarmsHelen Farley
Climate variability represents a significant risk to farming enterprises. Effective extension of climate information may improve climate risk decision making and adaptive management responses to climate variability on farms. This paper briefly reviews current agricultural extension approaches and reports stakeholder responses to new web-based virtual world ‘discussion-support’ tools developed for the Australian sugar cane farming industry. These tools incorporate current climate science and sugar industry better management practices, while leveraging the social-learning aspects of farming, to provide a stimulus for discussion and climate risk decision making. Responses suggest that such virtual world tools may provide effective support for climate risk decision making on Australian sugar cane farms. Increasing capacity to deliver such tools online also suggests potential to engage large numbers of farmers globally.
An introduction to the sustainable livelihoods frameworkafrica-rising
Presented by Peter Thorne at the Training of Trainers workshop on the use of Livelihoods Characterization/Benchmarking Tool (SLATE), Jeldu, Ethiopia, 1-5 April 2013
Measuring Resilience_presented by Edwin Kenamu and Jack Thunde_BRACC resilien...IFPRIMaSSP
Measuring resilience, presented by Edwin Kenamu and Jack Thunde (IFPRI Malawi), 11 Feb 2020; BRACC resilience learning event 11-12 Feb 2020, Lilongwe, Malawi
Borderland highlander ethnic minorities of northern Thailand in transition: L...ILRI
Presented by Manoj Potapohn, Kwanchai Kreausukon, Chongchit Sripun Robert, Lamar Robert, Akeua Unahalekhaka, Sumalee Lirtmunlikaporn, Jennifer Steele, Karin Hamilton, Tawatchai Apidechkul and Bruce A. Wilcox at the Ecohealth 2012 conference held at Kunming, China on 15-18 October 2012
Disasters and Resilience: Issues and PerspectivesOSU_Superfund
PREPARED BY: Nina Lam, Professor LSU Environmental Sciences January 29, 2013
More information on symposium: http://superfund.oregonstate.edu/LSUSymposium1.13
Presented by Kinde Getnet, Nancy Johnson, Jemimah Njuki, Don Peden and Katherine Snyder at the Nile Basin Development Challenge Science and Reflection Workshop, Addis Ababa, 4-6 May 2011.
2016.02.25 from constitutionalized environmental rights to contested sustaina...NUI Galway
Dr Su-Ming Khoo, Political Science & Sociology presented this seminar entitled From Constitutionalized Environmental Rights to Contested Sustainable Development and Beyond as part of the 2016 Whitaker Ideas Forum series of seminars representing the Environment, Development, and Sustainability Research Cluster on 25th February 2016.
This is the first lecture for the module FN0449 Corporate Social Responsibility for Multi-Nationals. The module forms part of the MSc Business with International Management at Newcastle Business School
Women paying the health cost of the climate crisisIIED
The impacts of climate change result in both economic and non-economic losses and damages. While economic impacts often receive attention through policy and programming, the non-economic losses remain largely invisible and unaddressed, particularly in climate finance.
The presentation by IIED principal researcher Ritu Bharadwaj, from an online event in March 2024, focuses on the loss and damage faced by women battling drought, debt bondage and migration in Beed, India.
The presentation examines how women are disproportionately affected by climate change, looking at the connections between climate-induced droughts and debt bondage, and significant impacts on women's physical and mental health – leading to drastic health decisions.
It introduces the innovative C-CIQ methodology, which is a comprehensive approach allowing for in-depth assessment of climate change impacts, encompassing not only physical and economic aspects but also the social, cultural and psychological wellbeing of individuals and communities.
The C-CIQ methodology, with its emphasis on simplicity, replicability and clarity, aims to provide a framework for quantifying non-economic loss and damage through composite indices, making it a valuable tool for practitioners and policymakers in diverse contexts.
More information: https://www.iied.org/women-paying-health-cost-climate-crisis
This report provides an overview of the International Institute for Environment and Development's carbon emissions for 2022/23, and details plans to reduce its impact across our operations.
Emphasising transparency and accountability, the report underscores IIED's dedication to creating a more sustainable and equitable world.
The report highlights ways IIED has changed to reduce its environmental impact and promote positive changes in social, financial and governance operations.
As an organisation IIED is committed to becoming a net-zero organisation, aligning with science-based targets and reflecting short- and long-term emission reduction targets, which will be monitored annually.
Summary presentation on the case study on approaches for supporting pastorali...IIED
This is a presentation of the report 'Case study on approaches for supporting pastoralists groups facing climate change effects in Tanzania'.
Published June 2015
Further information: https://www.iied.org/climate-learning-partnership
Cities for refugees: places of economic productivity, participation and wellb...IIED
This is a presentation by Lucy Earle, director of the Human Settlements research group at the International Institute for Environment and Development, showing results of research into protracted displacement in an urban world.
The presentation was given on 6 December 2022.
This presentation (in English and French) was delivered during an IIED webinar on Wednesday, 21 September, which discussed the topic of special economic zones and the broader questions they raise, particularly in Senegal and Madagascar.
This presentation was delivered by Mamy Rakotondrainibe, president of the collective for the Defense of Malagasy Land (TANY). TANY is a civil society organisation that fights against land grabs that affect citizens and farmers in Madagascar.
More information: https://www.iied.org/special-economic-zones-global-trends-issues-senegal-madagascar
Special economic zones in Senegal: characteristics, land ans socio-economic i...IIED
This presentation (in English and French) was delivered during an IIED webinar on Wednesday, 21 September, which discussed the topic of special economic zones and the broader questions they raise, particularly in Senegal and Madagascar.
This presentation was delivered by Dr Alpha Ba, lecturer and researcher at the École Nationale Supérieure d'Agriculture (ENSA), University of Thiès. Alpha holds a PhD in Sociology. As a consultant specialised in agricultural, land, gender and human rights issues, he has more than 15 years of experience and has accompanied many public organisations in Senegal, as well as NGOs and international institutions, in research and training sessions on those topics.
More information: https://www.iied.org/special-economic-zones-global-trends-issues-senegal-madagascar
Investment zones in Madagascar: characteristics and land implicationsIIED
This presentation (in English and French) was delivered during an IIED webinar on Wednesday, 21 September, which discussed the topic of special economic zones and the broader questions they raise, particularly in Senegal and Madagascar.
This presentation was delivered by Dr Perrine Burnod and Heriniaina Rakotomalala, respectively researcher at CIRAD; and land expert and PhD candidate at the Institut d’Agro from Montpellier and Antananarivo University.
More information: https://www.iied.org/special-economic-zones-global-trends-issues-senegal-madagascar
Special economic zones and land tenure: global trends and local impacts in Se...IIED
This presentation (in English and French) was delivered during an IIED webinar on Wednesday, 21 September, which discussed the topic of special economic zones and the broader questions they raise, particularly in Senegal and Madagascar.
This presentation is by Lorenzo Cotula, principal researcher and head of law, economies and justice programme in IIED's Natural Resources research group, and Thierry Berger, associate (law, economies and justice programme) in IIED's Natural Resources research group.
More information: https://www.iied.org/special-economic-zones-global-trends-issues-senegal-madagascar
Adaptability of peri-urban agricultural workers towards resilienceIIED
This case study highlights the way that women working in peri-urban agriculture in India have to adapt to changing circumstances in order to sustain themselves and their families.
It was produced by Siddharth Agarwal, Kanupriya Kothiwal, Shabnam Verma and Sampurna Kundu of the Urban Health Resource Centre, India.
Conclusions include agricultural work being one of the major forms of livelihood for peri-urban workers. Many peri-urban workers chose this form of work because they already had the skills from their native rural farms.
Women find agricultural work convenient because of its self-paced nature and because farms are mostly close to where they live. Food security is another benefit, as many women are able to procure vegetables and food grains from their farming work.
Peri-urban women workers are resilient, adapting to an ever-changing peri-urban ecosystem and often pursuing an additional livelihood in seasons when agricultural work is not available. Their strategy of forming links with more than one employer offering different forms of work is key to this resilience.
They are also preparing themselves for a future when farms will be sold to developers and builders, and express anxiety about the uncertainty of sustaining agriculture work in the future.
The adaptability and resilience shown by the workers can be tailored to other situations and promoted among vulnerable urban women workers.
More information: https://www.iied.org/resilience-through-flexibility-story-peri-urban-agricultural-workers-india
Stitching their trajectories with determination: stories from Indore, IndiaIIED
Many women in Indore work as informal home-based garment workers. This case study demonstrates their commitment to investing in equipment and learning new skills in order to contribute to the family income.
Behind closed doors lies a vast segment of largely invisible women and girls working in India’s flourishing garment industry.
Women working from home account for about 14% of urban employment in India. In low- and middle-income countries, outsourced garment production thrives on account of cheap labour to keep the levels of production high and costs low.
Through pursuing sewing, women can overcome the limitations of little or no education or formal training. Most women stitchers enhance their skills through experience. This helps them get regular and progressively higher paying piece-rate work.
More information: https://www.iied.org/stitching-determination-stories-women-garment-workers-indore-india
Improving strategy and uptake of cleaner cooking in Kitui, KenyaIIED
This presentation contains a brief overview of work to understand households’ cooking needs that can help improve the uptake of improved cooking devices and promote gender justice in the cooking space.
The presentation is by Enzo Leone, a researcher in the Shaping Sustainable Markets research group at the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED).
IIED is working with Caritas Kitui, Access to Energy Institute (A2EI), African Centre for Technology Studies (ACTS) and Modern Energy Cooking Services (MECS).
More information: https://www.iied.org/tailored-cooking-solutions-close-gender-gap
Placing COVID-19 and the wildlife trade within the bigger pictureIIED
This presentation by EJ Milner-Gulland was delivered during the online event 'Why eat wild meat? Insights from Africa and lessons for COVID-19 responses' on Wednesday, 4 August.
The event explored why people eat wild meat and how to design interventions that can help improve sustainability and safety.
EJ Milner-Gulland is director of the Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science at University of Oxford.
Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on wild meat use and perception in communiti...IIED
This presentation by Cedric Thibaut Kamogne Tagne was delivered during the online event 'Why eat wild meat? Insights from Africa and lessons for COVID-19 responses' on Wednesday, 4 August.
The event explored why people eat wild meat and how to design interventions that can help improve sustainability and safety.
Cedric Thibaut Kamogne Tagne is a researcher at the Fondation Camerounaise de la Terre Vivante (FCTV) in Cameroon.
Drivers of wild meat consumption steph brittainIIED
This presentation by Stephanie Brittain was delivered during the online event 'Why eat wild meat? Insights from Africa and lessons for COVID-19 responses' on Wednesday, 4 August.
The event explored why people eat wild meat and how to design interventions that can help improve sustainability and safety.
Stephanie Brittain is a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Oxford focusing on local knowledge and drivers of wild meat consumption in Cameroon.
This presentation by Stephanie Brittain was delivered during the online event 'Why eat wild meat? Insights from Africa and lessons for COVID-19 responses' on Wednesday, 4 August.
The event explored why people eat wild meat and how to design interventions that can help improve sustainability and safety.
Stephanie Brittain is a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Oxford focusing on local knowledge and drivers of wild meat consumption in Cameroon.
Multifaceted approach to transition from emergency aid and rehabilitation to ...IIED
Because adaption is not just about addressing vulnerability to climate-related disasters but is also about reducing the economic, social and political vulnerabilities that exacerbate the former, Friendship has developed an integrated and holistic approach that allows transition of vulnerable communities from emergency aid dependence or disaster relief to their development and resilience.
This presentation was submitted by Stéphane Van Haute, of Friendship, and features as part of the Marketplace area of the 15th International Conference on Community-based Adaptation (CBA15). The event takes place online from 14-18 June, 2021.
More details: https://cba15.iied.org/
Sociétés Coopératives de cacao et Différentiel du revenu Décent : Leçons de l...IIED
This presentation was made by Pauline Zei at a webinar on Wednesday, 2 June that discussed the challenges around, and opportunities for, producer voice and agency in the design and implementation of the new Living Income Differential (LID) in Ghana and the Côte d'Ivoire.
The online event on 'Cocoa producer agency and the living income differential: lessons from civil society organisations' was organised by the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED).
Zei is director of Inades-Formation Cote d'Ivoire. She holds a degree in agronomy from the Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët Boigny in Yamoussoukro, specialising in crop protection. Inades-Formation is a network of pan-African associations that works for equitable and sustainable development in Africa.
This was the seventh in a series of events organised under the IIED-led Empowering Producers in Commercial Agriculture (EPIC) project.
EPIC is funded by the UK Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office through its Commercial Agriculture for Smallholders and Agribusiness (CASA) programme, though the views expressed do not necessarily reflect the views of the UK government. CASA seeks to increase economic opportunities for smallholders by demonstrating the commercial viability of businesses with significant smallholder supply chains and attracting more investment into the sector.
More details: https://www.iied.org/cocoa-producer-agency-living-income-differential-lessons-civil-society-organisations
Innovating to improve the ownership, sustainability and multi-actor nature of...IIED
This presentation by Stephen Bright Sakwa, of Tree Adoption Uganda, features the 'Waste management for flood control' project which is being implemented in Bwaise, an urban slum in Kampala, Uganda.
It focuses on tackling floods and creating livelihoods in informal settlements. It showcases how the community has been trained to manage waste appropriately and make valuable products out of it so that it doesn't end up in drainage channels to cause floods that devastates the community.
This presentation features as part of the Marketplace area of the 15th International Conference on Community-based Adaptation (CBA15). The event takes place online from 14-18 June, 2021.
More details: https://cba15.iied.org/atrium
This is a presentation from the final event of an online learning series for the East African Community region on communities combating illegal wildlife trade.
The event discussed the future of the ‘Local communities: First Line of Defence against Illegal Wildlife Trade (FLoD)’ methodology, which aims to support designers and implementers of anti-poaching and anti-wildlife trafficking strategies and projects to effectively engage local communities as partners.
The events are organised by IUCN, together with the International Institute for Environment and Development and IUCN CEESP/SSC Sustainable Use and Livelihoods Specialist Group. They are supported by USAID Kenya and East Africa through the Conserving Natural Capital and Enhancing Collaborative Management of Transboundary Resources (CONNECT) project, and will supplement the comprehensive training course on FLoD, which is currently under development with support from the BIOPAMA programme, supported by the European Union and the Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States.
More information: https://www.iucn.org/regions/eastern-and-southern-africa/our-work/conservation-areas-and-species/local-communities-first-line-defence-against-illegal-wildlife-trade-flod
Organisational innovations that make community forestry prosperousIIED
This is a presentation by Duncan MacQueen, principal researcher at the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), about the importance of including smallholder producers and producer organisations in sustainable value chains to strengthen local resilience to external shocks.
Macqueen used the example of his work with the Forest and Farm Facility (FFF) program at the FTA Science Conference 2020. The presentation focuses on the role of commercial organisation around accountable finance systems at four tiered levels: local producer groups, regional aggregators and processors, national advocacy federations, international alliances.
More details: https://www.iied.org/locally-controlled-forestry
Top 8 Strategies for Effective Sustainable Waste Management.pdfJhon Wick
Discover top strategies for effective sustainable waste management, including product removal and product destruction. Learn how to reduce, reuse, recycle, compost, implement waste segregation, and explore innovative technologies for a greener future.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
different Modes of Insect Plant InteractionArchita Das
different modes of interaction between insects and plants including mutualism, commensalism, antagonism, Pairwise and diffuse coevolution, Plant defenses, how coevolution started
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.
Equity workshop: Understanding links between ecosystem services/governance and human well-being
1. Understanding links between
ecosystem services/ governance
and human well-being:
reflections on conceptualization
and operationalisation
Frank Vollmer
School of GeoSciences,
University of Edinburgh
frank.vollmer@ed.ac.uk
2. Fisher et al (2013): Conceptual frameworks for ecosystem services and
poverty alleviation research reviewed:
o Environmental Entitlements Framework (Leach et al., 1999)
o Framework for Ecosystem Services Provision (Rounsevell et al.,
2010).
o Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA, 2005b).
o Political Ecology (Blaikie and Brookfield, 1987).
o Resilience (Folke, 2006 and Holling, 1973).
o Sustainable Livelihoods (Chambers and Conway, 1992 and
Scoones, 1998).
o The Social Assessment of Protected Areas (linked to Sustainable
Livelihoods) (Schreckenberg et al., 2010).
o The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB, 2010a).
o Vulnerability (Adger, 2006 and Fussel, 2007).
Conceptual Frameworks
Source: Fisher, J. A., G. Patenaude, P. Meir, A. J. Nightingale, M. D. A. Rounsevell, M. Williams and I. H. Woodhouse (2013)
'Strengthening conceptual foundations: Analysing frameworks for ecosystem services and poverty alleviation research.' Global
Environmental Change, 23(5), 1098-1111 2
4. Source: Fisher, J. A., Patenaude, G., Giri, K., Lewis, K., Meir, P., Pinho, P., Rounsevell, M., Williams, M. (2014) Understanding the
relationships between ecosystem services and poverty alleviation: a conceptual framework. Ecosystem Services, 7: 34-45 4
5. • Sense of complexity
• Comprehensive frameworks such as [Fisher et al
(2014)] make things harder to overlook, [and] they
dictate what is on the agenda. This leads to a central
limitation: if frameworks are used mechanistically or
uncritically, they can hinder a deeper, questioning
analysis, that remains open, for instance, to factors
that do not feature in the framework [“other means
than ES”] (Fisher et al., 2014: 35).
Conceptual Frameworks: Pros and Cons of
Operationalization
Source: Fisher, J. A., G. Patenaude, P. Meir, A. J. Nightingale, M. D. A. Rounsevell, M. Williams and I. H. Woodhouse (2013) 'Strengthening conceptual
foundations: Analysing frameworks for ecosystem services and poverty alleviation research.' Global Environmental Change, 23(5), 1098-1111 5
6. “Forest resources [and their derived ES] may contribute to
local livelihoods through:
(1) a needs-driven forest reliance, whereby local poor
people depend on low-value forest resources to some
extent for their livelihoods, perhaps in response to
shocks (“safety nets”), or
(2) because they are unable to make the transition out of
this resource dependent mode (“poverty traps”); and
(3) an opportunity driven forest reliance, whereby local
people use higher-value forest resources as a source
of cash products in order to get richer (“pathways out
of poverty)”(Clements et al (2014: 125-126)
Links between ES and livelihood: what do we
know?
Source: Clements et al (2014), “Impacts of Protected Areas on Local Livelihoods in Cambodia”, World Development Vol. 64, pp. S125–
S134, 2014 6
7. Impact evaluation methods utilised to investigate the effect of protected
areas (PAs) on poverty and livelihoods in Cambodia (comparing
households inside PAs with bordering villages and controls) found that:
There was no evidence that PAs exacerbated local poverty or
reduce agricultural harvests in comparison with controls
(Households bordering the PAs were significantly better off, not
because of the PA but due to greater access to markets and
services).
Non-timber forest product collectors inside PAs were significantly
better off than controls and had greater rice harvests, because they
had more secure access to land and forest resources.
The PAs in Cambodia therefore have some positive impacts on
households that use forest and land resources for their livelihoods
(Clements et al (2014: 125)
Links between EG and livelihood: what do we
know?
Source: Clements et al (2014), “Impacts of Protected Areas on Local Livelihoods in Cambodia”, World Development Vol. 64, pp. S125–
S134, 2014 7
8. Development as
1. welfare,
2. utility or
3. freedom maximisation (and equalisation)
All concepts still in use, dependent on
• Academic discipline,
• Underlying assumptions, e.g. regarding the welfare models
(growth-mediated vs. support-led strategies),
• Practical concerns (used in structural equation models,
linear correlation analysis, qualitative evaluations, impact
assessments, etc).
Dependent variable “Well-being”: Equality of what (Sen, 1980)?
8
Source: Sen, A. (1980), “Equality of What?”, in McMurrin, S. (ed.): Tanner Lectures on Human Values, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
9. Money-metric poverty assessments:
• Identification a) per adult equivalent consumption as the
welfare metric,
• Identification b): an absolute poverty line, usually based on
the Cost of Basic Needs Method
• Aggregation: Use of FGT method (1984) - FGT0 (poverty
headcount (incidence of poverty), FGT1 (poverty gap –
incidence, intensity and depth of poverty) or FGT2
(squared poverty gap - incidence, intensity, depth of
poverty and inequality among the poor).
Measuring poverty
9
10. Measuring poverty
10
Gaddis, I. and Klasen, S. (2012), Mapping MPI and Monetary Poverty: The Case of Uganda, at Dynamic Comparison between the
Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) and Monetary Poverty Workshop, November 21-22, 2012, Oxford University. Available at: http://www.ophi.org.uk/wp-
content/uploads/Stephan-Klasen-Mapping-MPI-and-Monetary-Poverty-The-Case-of-Uganda.pdf?0a8fd7 (23/03/205)
Poverty line region Line or Rate Household or
People
Mozambique
Poverty line (MZN)
US$1.25/day US$2.5/day MPI
All Mozambique Line
Rate
Rate
Households
People
18.41 (US$0.53)
47.3
54.7
20.05 MZN
53.2
60.6
40.10 MZN
85.6
90.1 69.6%
Gaza and Inhambane,
rural
Line
Rate
Rate
Households
People
18.37
55.2
65.2
20.02
60.3
69.9
40.04
89.4
93.9 60.1%
Each computation of poverty is imperfect and can be critiqued from different angles.
Substance:
• Caloric intake not suitable to assess nutritional quality of diet
• Each person converts means (income) differently to ends (human development,
e.g. a healthy diet)
• Non-deprived in income does not mean access to health care is ensured
Utility:
• “Empirically, MPI poverty much less varied spatially than income poverty” (Gaddis
and Klasen, 2012) – do you want to see spatial differences?! Do you want to see
abrupt/non-linear changes?
11. Identification
1. The Unit of Analysis
2. Dimensions of poverty
3. Variables/Indicator(s) for dimensions
4. Poverty Cutoffs for each indicator/cross-dimensional
5. Weights within and across dimensions
Aggregation
1. Dashboard approaches
2. Axiomatic measures (Counting approach (e.g. Alkire-
Foster method))
3. Fuzzy set
4. Statistical approaches (e.g. Multivariate Analysis)
Poverty Index
11
12. Identification
1. basic material needs
for a good life,
2. health,
3. good social relations,
4. security and
5. freedom of choice
and action (MEA,
2005)
Poverty Index
12
Well-being components No of BBNs in which they were included
Total Villages
WSs
National
WS
Provincial
WS
Food Security 9 3 3 3
Good quality farm 6 3 2 1
Cattle 3 3 0 0
Access to drinking water 6 2 2 2
Good quality housing 3 2 1 0
Health care 2 2 0 0
Purchase capacity 3 1 2 0
Education 2 1 0 1
Achieve your dreams 1 1 0 0
Freedom 1 1 0 0
Peace 1 1 0 0
Energy availability 3 0 0 3
Protection against
extreme weather events
2 0 1 1
Wild food 1 0 1 0
13. 13
Poverty Index
Domain Dimension Deprived if…
Human capital 1. Sanitation
2. Water
3. Health (under-five
mortality, access
to health care)
4. Formal Education
(illiteracy, highest
qualification
achieved)
• The household´s sanitation facility is not improved (according to the MDG
guidelines), or it is improved but shared with other households
• The household does not have all-year long access to clean drinking water
(according to the MDG guidelines) or clean water is more than 30 minutes walking
from home
• Any child has died in the family; illnesses remain undiagnosed by professional
health specialists
• No household member is able to read and write; no household member achieved
EP1 or attended the Portuguese colonial school system.
Social capital 1. Food security
2. Access to services,
associations and
credit
• Household did experience a food shortage in the past
• The household did not receive advice from an extension agent during the last 12
months, and did not receive a credit in the last 12 months, and is currently not a
member in either an agricultural or forestry association.
Economic well-
being
1. Income (cash +
subsistence)
2. Assets owned
3. Housing (floor,
roof, walls)
• Quintiles
• If do not own more than one of: radio, TV, telephone, bike, bed, motorbike or
refrigerator and do not own a car or truck
• The household has sand or smoothed mud floor; the household has grass or poles
roof; the household has sand, mud, grass or poles walls
14. 14
Poverty Index
Challenges:
1. Explicit value judgments: as cardinal data is mixed with ordinal
and categorical data, value judgments to set poverty lines are
required
2. What constitutes “adequate housing”, “access to health care”,
“food security” is often multidimensional itself and thus hard to
capture by a single indicator or a proxy
3. Ideally, variables do not correlate much – challenges to link ES
or EG to well-being (e.g. sanitation, clean water access)
4. “Change” analysis: Panel data often not available, necessitates
alternatives (space-for-time substitution). Practical challenges
occur - controlling for similar soils and woodland vegetation and
a similar provision of public services within study sites is, in
reality, a much harder task than on paper
15. 15
Use of multiple dependent variables in
regression
Studies increasingly use multiple dependent variables in regression
analysis
• Hossain et al. (2015) used linear regression, among other statistical
techniques, to analyse how ecosystem services are coupled to economic
growth and well-being in the in the Bangladesh coastal zone (Well-being
defined as poverty (% of population below poverty line), Per capita
income, Gross domestic product)).
• Santos et al (2013), in “Ecosystem and Human Wellbeing in Spain”,
used structural equation modelling to explore "the relationships between
biodiversity loss, ecosystem services, human wellbeing, drivers of
change (both direct and indirect) and policy responses” (10 well-being
indicators)
Sources: Hossain, M.S., Dearing, J.A., Rahman, M.M., and Salehin, M. 2015. Recent changes in ecosystem services and human
wellbeing in the Bangladesh coastal zone. Regional Environmental Change (Published onlune 21 January 2015)
Santos-Martin, F et al (2013), Unraveling the Relationships between Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing in Spain, PLoS ONE 8(9)
16. 16
Enhancements of our understanding, some observations…
• Preference for cardinal indicators (less room for different interpretation of
results/easier to show trends (linearity)/ use of quintiles rather than a poverty line
– while it adds knowledge to the picture, it does not capture the entire picture)
Access to services or markets = distance (physical accessibility to services),
but says little about their financial affordability, social acceptability, quality of
services
• Covariates: “Poor matching designs might identify an effect when in fact none
exists or mask effects […]. A simple comparison of households inside the PAs with
bordering villages would come to the conclusion that PAs exacerbate local
poverty. The results of the impact evaluation show that this would be a misleading
comparison, because border villages were closer to market centers, other
services, and main roads, all of which had positive impacts on local poverty
status” (Clements et al (2014), S129 – S130)
Finding the right control variables might be challenging if the dependent
variable is a composite index with various types of variables, links to different
dimensions of well-being, and variables that link either to public or private
goods (Keyword: Endogeneity)
“Soft variables" (social dynamics, exclusion, etc) are harder to use
Use of multiple dependent variables in regression
17. 17
The way forward: Use of Poverty Index in regression
1. Micro regression (determinants of poverty of a person or household)
2. Macro regression (determinants of poverty at the district, state, province
or country level, ethnic group, gradient level)
Endogeneity is a great challenge with multidimensional poverty/well-
being: high correlation between a variable constituting the dependent
variable with an independent variable (the same forces that influence the
input also influence the output – ownership of goods (motorcycle) to
explore forest resources). Alternatives:
• Instrumental variable (exogenous variable thought to have no direct
association with the outcome (harder to find with multidimensional
poverty composed of indicators that are not highly correlated)
• Nonindicator measurement variables, e.g. certain demographic
characteristics or additional socioeconomic characteristics of the
household (ethnicity, hh size, etc.) (possibly not very satisfying)
Well-being determinants might change across spatial differences
Source: Alkire et al (2015), “Multidimensional Poverty Measurement and Analysis: Chapter 10 – Some Regression Models for AF Measures”, in Alkire, S. et al. (eds),
Multidimensional Poverty Measurement and Analysis, Oxford University Press (forthcoming)
18. Understanding links between
ecosystem services/ governance
and human well-being:
reflections on conceptualization
and operationalisation
Frank Vollmer
School of GeoSciences,
University of Edinburgh
frank.vollmer@ed.ac.uk