The document provides an overview of fibre reinforced concrete (FRC), including its history, types of fibres used, mechanical properties, factors affecting properties, advantages, disadvantages, applications, and mixing/curing processes. Some key points:
- FRC has been used for over 3,500 years, starting with straw reinforcement in bricks. Modern usage began in the early 1900s with asbestos fibres and expanded in the 1950s with steel, glass, and synthetic fibres.
- Fibres improve properties like tensile strength, ductility, crack resistance, impact resistance, and durability. Different fibre types include steel, glass, carbon, natural fibres, and synthetics.
- Factors
1) Fiber reinforced concrete is a composite material made of concrete and short discrete fibers. The fibers improve the structural integrity of the concrete by increasing its tensile strength, flexural strength, impact and abrasion resistance.
2) Common fiber types include steel, glass, synthetic and carbon fibers. Steel fiber reinforced concrete is cheaper than rebar reinforced concrete but still improves strength. Glass fiber reinforced concrete also improves insulation.
3) Applications of fiber reinforced concrete include aircraft parking areas and runways, precast construction materials, and pavements, where its higher strength and resistance to cracking provides benefits over plain concrete.
Fiber reinforced concrete - Fibers types and properties, Behavior of FRC in compression, tension including pre-cracking stage and post-cracking stages, behavior in flexure and shear.
Synthetic fibers can be added to concrete to improve its properties. When used as reinforcement in concrete, synthetic fibers help arrest crack formation and increase the strength, durability, and resistance of concrete to impacts and temperature changes. Different types of synthetic fibers include polypropylene, nylon, and acrylic fibers. The optimal fiber content is typically 1% by volume of concrete. Synthetic fiber reinforced concrete exhibits higher toughness, flexural strength, and impact and fire resistance compared to normal reinforced concrete.
This presentation gives a brief introduction on FRC's history, definition and why is it used. Types of FRC's and it's applications is explained in detail in later stages.Also, it covers various properties that affects FRC and a Case study in end.
This document presents information on fiber reinforced concrete (FRC). It discusses that FRC adds fibers to concrete to control cracking from shrinkage and improve tensile strength. Common fiber types include steel, glass, and polymers. FRC has applications in thin sheets, pipes, precast elements, and floors where it improves durability and reduces cracking. The properties of FRC depend on fiber volume, aspect ratio, orientation, and the fiber-matrix bond. FRC provides benefits like increased strength, ductility, impact resistance, and reduced crack widths compared to plain concrete. However, it can reduce workability, especially with higher fiber volumes or aspect ratios.
This document provides an overview of fiber reinforced concrete (FRC). It discusses the history of using fibers in concrete, dating back thousands of years. The document then defines FRC and explains that fibers are added to improve properties like toughness, ductility, crack resistance. Different fiber types - steel, glass, synthetic and natural - are described. The mechanical properties of FRC and factors influencing these properties are summarized. Applications of FRC include pavements, tunnel linings, dams, walls and more.
Materials for Repait : FRC (fiber reinforced concrete ) part 3 (RR&S)RAMPRASAD KUMAWAT
This document discusses different types of fibers that can be used to make fiber reinforced concrete (FRC). It describes 7 main types of fibers: steel fibers, glass fibers, polypropylene fibers, slurry infiltrated fiber concrete (SIFCON), asbestos fibers, carbon fibers, and compact reinforced concrete (CRC). For each type, the document discusses their properties, typical aspect ratios, and potential applications for structural reinforcement.
Fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) is concrete containing fibrous material which increases its structural integrity. This document discusses FRC, including its history, types of fibers used, applications, and mechanical properties. It also provides a case study comparing the effects of straight and hooked steel fibers on properties like workability, strength, and toughness. The study found that hooked fibers had better dispersion and increased flexural strength, toughness, and energy absorption compared to straight fibers. In conclusion, the document provides a detailed overview of FRC and how fiber type and content can influence its mechanical behavior.
1) Fiber reinforced concrete is a composite material made of concrete and short discrete fibers. The fibers improve the structural integrity of the concrete by increasing its tensile strength, flexural strength, impact and abrasion resistance.
2) Common fiber types include steel, glass, synthetic and carbon fibers. Steel fiber reinforced concrete is cheaper than rebar reinforced concrete but still improves strength. Glass fiber reinforced concrete also improves insulation.
3) Applications of fiber reinforced concrete include aircraft parking areas and runways, precast construction materials, and pavements, where its higher strength and resistance to cracking provides benefits over plain concrete.
Fiber reinforced concrete - Fibers types and properties, Behavior of FRC in compression, tension including pre-cracking stage and post-cracking stages, behavior in flexure and shear.
Synthetic fibers can be added to concrete to improve its properties. When used as reinforcement in concrete, synthetic fibers help arrest crack formation and increase the strength, durability, and resistance of concrete to impacts and temperature changes. Different types of synthetic fibers include polypropylene, nylon, and acrylic fibers. The optimal fiber content is typically 1% by volume of concrete. Synthetic fiber reinforced concrete exhibits higher toughness, flexural strength, and impact and fire resistance compared to normal reinforced concrete.
This presentation gives a brief introduction on FRC's history, definition and why is it used. Types of FRC's and it's applications is explained in detail in later stages.Also, it covers various properties that affects FRC and a Case study in end.
This document presents information on fiber reinforced concrete (FRC). It discusses that FRC adds fibers to concrete to control cracking from shrinkage and improve tensile strength. Common fiber types include steel, glass, and polymers. FRC has applications in thin sheets, pipes, precast elements, and floors where it improves durability and reduces cracking. The properties of FRC depend on fiber volume, aspect ratio, orientation, and the fiber-matrix bond. FRC provides benefits like increased strength, ductility, impact resistance, and reduced crack widths compared to plain concrete. However, it can reduce workability, especially with higher fiber volumes or aspect ratios.
This document provides an overview of fiber reinforced concrete (FRC). It discusses the history of using fibers in concrete, dating back thousands of years. The document then defines FRC and explains that fibers are added to improve properties like toughness, ductility, crack resistance. Different fiber types - steel, glass, synthetic and natural - are described. The mechanical properties of FRC and factors influencing these properties are summarized. Applications of FRC include pavements, tunnel linings, dams, walls and more.
Materials for Repait : FRC (fiber reinforced concrete ) part 3 (RR&S)RAMPRASAD KUMAWAT
This document discusses different types of fibers that can be used to make fiber reinforced concrete (FRC). It describes 7 main types of fibers: steel fibers, glass fibers, polypropylene fibers, slurry infiltrated fiber concrete (SIFCON), asbestos fibers, carbon fibers, and compact reinforced concrete (CRC). For each type, the document discusses their properties, typical aspect ratios, and potential applications for structural reinforcement.
Fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) is concrete containing fibrous material which increases its structural integrity. This document discusses FRC, including its history, types of fibers used, applications, and mechanical properties. It also provides a case study comparing the effects of straight and hooked steel fibers on properties like workability, strength, and toughness. The study found that hooked fibers had better dispersion and increased flexural strength, toughness, and energy absorption compared to straight fibers. In conclusion, the document provides a detailed overview of FRC and how fiber type and content can influence its mechanical behavior.
Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) combines ordinary concrete with steel reinforcement to increase its compressive and tensile strength. Steel reinforcement is needed because concrete has high compressive strength but low tensile strength. When tensile forces are involved, such as in beams and slabs, plain concrete risks failure. Steel has high tensile strength and when combined with concrete, forms a material capable of withstanding compressive, tensile, and shear forces. This material is RCC. Fibers can also be added to concrete as reinforcement and different types of fibers include steel, polypropylene, glass, polyester, and carbon fibers, with each providing specific benefits to the concrete. Natural fibers from animal, plant, or
Fibre reinforced concrete is a composite material consisting of cement, concrete and small fibres distributed throughout for increased strength and crack resistance. The fibres improve tensile strength, flexural strength, impact resistance and durability. Different fibre types include steel, glass, polypropylene and synthetic fibres. The mechanical properties of fibre reinforced concrete depend on fibre type, size, volume and distribution, with higher fibre content increasing tensile strength, flexural strength, toughness and modulus of elasticity. Uniform dispersion of fibres is important to prevent balling during mixing.
This document summarizes research on the durability of fibre reinforced concrete. It discusses how fibres can improve the properties of concrete, including increased tensile strength and resistance to cracking. It outlines the methodology of the research, which involves testing concrete reinforced with different types and amounts of fibres, including steel, glass, natural and artificial fibres. The research examines the effect of fibres on the compressive and flexural strength of concrete beams. It also evaluates the durability of fibre reinforced concrete exposed to chloride and sulfate attacks. The results indicate that natural fibre reinforced concrete has the highest tensile strength and best durability. The research concludes that fibre reinforcement improves concrete properties and durability.
What is a Fiber?
Why are Fibres are used?
What is Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC)?
Steel fibers
Glass Fibers
Carbon Fiber
Cellulose Fiber
Polypropylene Fibers
Synthetic fibers
NATURAL FIBERS
Factors affecting the Properties of FRC
CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERS.
The document discusses fiber reinforced concrete (FRC), including different types of fibers used (steel, glass, synthetic), their properties, and applications. Steel fiber reinforced concrete uses thin steel wires to improve structural strength and reduce cracking. Glass fiber reinforced concrete uses fiberglass for insulation and crack prevention. Synthetic fibers like plastic and nylon improve properties like pumpability and prevent cracking and spalling. FRC provides benefits like increased tensile strength, energy absorption, impact resistance, and wear resistance. Common uses include highways, hydraulic structures, and precast applications.
1. The document discusses fiber reinforced concrete (FRC), specifically steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC). It provides classifications of FRC and details on the composition, properties, and applications of SFRC.
2. SFRC consists of cement, aggregate, and discrete steel fibers. The fibers increase tensile strength and provide post-cracking ductility compared to plain concrete.
3. Key properties improved by steel fibers include compressive, tensile, and flexural strength as well as fatigue resistance and impact resistance. SFRC has applications in structures like pavements, industrial floors, bridge decks, and precast products.
Mono and Fibril Brand Microsynthetic Fibres for Industrial FloorsCihan Erdoğan
This document discusses the use of polypropylene microfibers in concrete to improve durability, specifically for industrial concrete floors. It provides background on the history of fiber reinforced concrete and defines different types of microsynthetic fibers, including monofilament and fibrillated fibers. The document explains that polypropylene fibers improve durability by reducing shrinkage cracking and permeability, thus preventing corrosion. It recommends using mono or fibril polypropylene fibers for industrial concrete floors to enhance long-term durability.
This document discusses different types of special concretes, including fibre reinforced concrete, self-compacting concrete, polymer concrete, high performance concrete, and sulphur concrete. It focuses on fibre reinforced concrete and self-compacting concrete, providing details on their composition, production, properties, and applications. Fibre reinforced concrete is made stronger and tougher through the addition of fibres like steel, glass, and carbon. Self-compacting concrete is able to flow and consolidate under its own weight without vibration, bringing construction benefits like faster placement and improved surface finish.
This document provides an introduction to fibre reinforced concrete (FRC). It discusses the benefits of FRC such as improved tensile strength and ductility. It also outlines different types of fibres that can be used, factors that affect the properties of FRC like fibre type and volume, and applications of FRC such as overlays and precast products. Current developments in FRC including high fibre volume microfibre systems and slurry infiltrated fibre concrete are also mentioned.
Fibre reinforced concrete is a type of concrete containing fibres that increase its structural integrity. It is made of Portland cement reinforced with randomly distributed fibres. The fibres are used to overcome concrete's weakness in tension and brittleness. Common fibre types include steel, glass, carbon and polypropylene. Factors like fibre volume, aspect ratio, orientation and relative stiffness affect FRC properties. FRC exhibits improved tensile cracking behaviour and increased toughness, energy absorption and fracture resistance compared to conventional concrete.
Polymer concrete has several advantages over traditional Portland cement concrete including greater resistance to corrosion, cracking, and chemicals. It uses binders like epoxies, resins, or polymers to bind the concrete components together which provides increased strength and flexibility compared to standard concrete. Polymer concrete can be used for projects both large and small due to its availability in liquid or powder form.
Fiber reinforced concrete contains short discrete fibers that are uniformly distributed and randomly oriented. The addition of fibers enhances the concrete's toughness, ductility, and energy absorption. Steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) in particular improves flexural strength, impact resistance, shear strength, and abrasion resistance compared to plain concrete. While SFRC does not significantly increase compressive or tensile strength, it provides residual load-bearing capacity after cracking and improves toughness. Common uses of SFRC include thin sheets, roof tiles, pipes, prefabricated elements, shotcrete, slabs, and structures requiring impact resistance.
FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE civil engineering applications and types of fibres ...ssuser1af328
Fiber reinforced concrete is a type of concrete containing short discrete fibers that are dispersed throughout the material. The fibers improve the structural integrity of the concrete by increasing its tensile strength. Common fiber types include steel, polypropylene, glass, asbestos, and carbon fibers. Fiber reinforced concrete has applications in pre-cast construction, pavement, hydraulic structures, roofing, and more due to benefits like increased strength, durability, flexibility in design, and reduced need for rebar in some cases. Factors like fiber volume, orientation, mixing, and aggregate size can influence the properties of fiber reinforced concrete.
Fibre reinforced concrete has fibres added to increase its tensile strength and prevent cracking. It has higher ductility, impact and abrasion resistance than plain concrete. Short, randomly distributed fibres increase structural integrity. Steel fibres are commonly used and improve durability by tightly controlling crack widths. The addition of fibres enhances mechanical properties and reduces permeability.
Fibre reinforced concrete has fibres added to increase its tensile strength and crack resistance. It has higher ductility, toughness, and post-cracking capacity compared to normal concrete. Various fibre types can be used including steel, glass, carbon and natural fibres. The fibres control cracking, increase strength and durability. Proper fibre volume, aspect ratio and distribution are needed to achieve optimal mechanical properties in the fibre reinforced concrete. Its applications include pavements, structural elements and precast construction.
Human hair could act as wonderful additivesSamm_share
1) The document summarizes research on using human hair as fiber reinforcement in concrete. Experiments were conducted adding 0-3% human hair by weight of cement to concrete cubes and beams.
2) Testing found that adding human hair fiber increased the compressive strength, flexural strength, and cracking control of the concrete. Using hair fiber provides benefits like reducing environmental waste and lowering costs.
3) The research involved casting concrete cubes and beams with varying amounts of human hair fiber. After curing, cubes were tested in compression and beams in flexure to determine the effects on mechanical properties. Analysis found strength generally increased with higher hair fiber content.
This document summarizes an experimental study on the mechanical properties of human hair fibre reinforced concrete with an M-40 grade. Various concrete mixtures with 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, and 3% human hair fibre by weight of cement were tested. Test specimens including cubes, beams, and cylinders were tested at 7, 14, and 28 days to determine changes in compressive, flexural, and split tensile strengths compared to plain concrete. The results showed that concrete with 1.5% human hair fibre had significantly increased mechanical properties. Human hair fibre was found to improve binding properties, microcrack control, ductility, and spalling resistance of concrete. The study encourages further research on the long-term performance
Magnitude measures the amount of energy released by an earthquake at its source, using the Richter Scale. Intensity measures the strength of shaking produced by an earthquake at a certain location, using the Mercalli Intensity Scale. Magnitude is a quantitative measure while intensity is qualitative and accounts for location and building resilience. Higher magnitudes indicate a more powerful quake with exponentially greater energy release.
The document discusses various materials used in highway construction, including soil, stone aggregates, bituminous mixes, and Portland cement. It focuses on the properties and classification of soil, which serves as the base material for embankments and subgrades. Various classification systems are described, including those based on grain size, moisture content, liquid limit, plastic limit, and group index. Compaction and testing of soil, including CBR and plate bearing tests, are also summarized to evaluate the soil's strength and suitability for supporting highway loads.
Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) combines ordinary concrete with steel reinforcement to increase its compressive and tensile strength. Steel reinforcement is needed because concrete has high compressive strength but low tensile strength. When tensile forces are involved, such as in beams and slabs, plain concrete risks failure. Steel has high tensile strength and when combined with concrete, forms a material capable of withstanding compressive, tensile, and shear forces. This material is RCC. Fibers can also be added to concrete as reinforcement and different types of fibers include steel, polypropylene, glass, polyester, and carbon fibers, with each providing specific benefits to the concrete. Natural fibers from animal, plant, or
Fibre reinforced concrete is a composite material consisting of cement, concrete and small fibres distributed throughout for increased strength and crack resistance. The fibres improve tensile strength, flexural strength, impact resistance and durability. Different fibre types include steel, glass, polypropylene and synthetic fibres. The mechanical properties of fibre reinforced concrete depend on fibre type, size, volume and distribution, with higher fibre content increasing tensile strength, flexural strength, toughness and modulus of elasticity. Uniform dispersion of fibres is important to prevent balling during mixing.
This document summarizes research on the durability of fibre reinforced concrete. It discusses how fibres can improve the properties of concrete, including increased tensile strength and resistance to cracking. It outlines the methodology of the research, which involves testing concrete reinforced with different types and amounts of fibres, including steel, glass, natural and artificial fibres. The research examines the effect of fibres on the compressive and flexural strength of concrete beams. It also evaluates the durability of fibre reinforced concrete exposed to chloride and sulfate attacks. The results indicate that natural fibre reinforced concrete has the highest tensile strength and best durability. The research concludes that fibre reinforcement improves concrete properties and durability.
What is a Fiber?
Why are Fibres are used?
What is Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC)?
Steel fibers
Glass Fibers
Carbon Fiber
Cellulose Fiber
Polypropylene Fibers
Synthetic fibers
NATURAL FIBERS
Factors affecting the Properties of FRC
CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERS.
The document discusses fiber reinforced concrete (FRC), including different types of fibers used (steel, glass, synthetic), their properties, and applications. Steel fiber reinforced concrete uses thin steel wires to improve structural strength and reduce cracking. Glass fiber reinforced concrete uses fiberglass for insulation and crack prevention. Synthetic fibers like plastic and nylon improve properties like pumpability and prevent cracking and spalling. FRC provides benefits like increased tensile strength, energy absorption, impact resistance, and wear resistance. Common uses include highways, hydraulic structures, and precast applications.
1. The document discusses fiber reinforced concrete (FRC), specifically steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC). It provides classifications of FRC and details on the composition, properties, and applications of SFRC.
2. SFRC consists of cement, aggregate, and discrete steel fibers. The fibers increase tensile strength and provide post-cracking ductility compared to plain concrete.
3. Key properties improved by steel fibers include compressive, tensile, and flexural strength as well as fatigue resistance and impact resistance. SFRC has applications in structures like pavements, industrial floors, bridge decks, and precast products.
Mono and Fibril Brand Microsynthetic Fibres for Industrial FloorsCihan Erdoğan
This document discusses the use of polypropylene microfibers in concrete to improve durability, specifically for industrial concrete floors. It provides background on the history of fiber reinforced concrete and defines different types of microsynthetic fibers, including monofilament and fibrillated fibers. The document explains that polypropylene fibers improve durability by reducing shrinkage cracking and permeability, thus preventing corrosion. It recommends using mono or fibril polypropylene fibers for industrial concrete floors to enhance long-term durability.
This document discusses different types of special concretes, including fibre reinforced concrete, self-compacting concrete, polymer concrete, high performance concrete, and sulphur concrete. It focuses on fibre reinforced concrete and self-compacting concrete, providing details on their composition, production, properties, and applications. Fibre reinforced concrete is made stronger and tougher through the addition of fibres like steel, glass, and carbon. Self-compacting concrete is able to flow and consolidate under its own weight without vibration, bringing construction benefits like faster placement and improved surface finish.
This document provides an introduction to fibre reinforced concrete (FRC). It discusses the benefits of FRC such as improved tensile strength and ductility. It also outlines different types of fibres that can be used, factors that affect the properties of FRC like fibre type and volume, and applications of FRC such as overlays and precast products. Current developments in FRC including high fibre volume microfibre systems and slurry infiltrated fibre concrete are also mentioned.
Fibre reinforced concrete is a type of concrete containing fibres that increase its structural integrity. It is made of Portland cement reinforced with randomly distributed fibres. The fibres are used to overcome concrete's weakness in tension and brittleness. Common fibre types include steel, glass, carbon and polypropylene. Factors like fibre volume, aspect ratio, orientation and relative stiffness affect FRC properties. FRC exhibits improved tensile cracking behaviour and increased toughness, energy absorption and fracture resistance compared to conventional concrete.
Polymer concrete has several advantages over traditional Portland cement concrete including greater resistance to corrosion, cracking, and chemicals. It uses binders like epoxies, resins, or polymers to bind the concrete components together which provides increased strength and flexibility compared to standard concrete. Polymer concrete can be used for projects both large and small due to its availability in liquid or powder form.
Fiber reinforced concrete contains short discrete fibers that are uniformly distributed and randomly oriented. The addition of fibers enhances the concrete's toughness, ductility, and energy absorption. Steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) in particular improves flexural strength, impact resistance, shear strength, and abrasion resistance compared to plain concrete. While SFRC does not significantly increase compressive or tensile strength, it provides residual load-bearing capacity after cracking and improves toughness. Common uses of SFRC include thin sheets, roof tiles, pipes, prefabricated elements, shotcrete, slabs, and structures requiring impact resistance.
FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE civil engineering applications and types of fibres ...ssuser1af328
Fiber reinforced concrete is a type of concrete containing short discrete fibers that are dispersed throughout the material. The fibers improve the structural integrity of the concrete by increasing its tensile strength. Common fiber types include steel, polypropylene, glass, asbestos, and carbon fibers. Fiber reinforced concrete has applications in pre-cast construction, pavement, hydraulic structures, roofing, and more due to benefits like increased strength, durability, flexibility in design, and reduced need for rebar in some cases. Factors like fiber volume, orientation, mixing, and aggregate size can influence the properties of fiber reinforced concrete.
Fibre reinforced concrete has fibres added to increase its tensile strength and prevent cracking. It has higher ductility, impact and abrasion resistance than plain concrete. Short, randomly distributed fibres increase structural integrity. Steel fibres are commonly used and improve durability by tightly controlling crack widths. The addition of fibres enhances mechanical properties and reduces permeability.
Fibre reinforced concrete has fibres added to increase its tensile strength and crack resistance. It has higher ductility, toughness, and post-cracking capacity compared to normal concrete. Various fibre types can be used including steel, glass, carbon and natural fibres. The fibres control cracking, increase strength and durability. Proper fibre volume, aspect ratio and distribution are needed to achieve optimal mechanical properties in the fibre reinforced concrete. Its applications include pavements, structural elements and precast construction.
Human hair could act as wonderful additivesSamm_share
1) The document summarizes research on using human hair as fiber reinforcement in concrete. Experiments were conducted adding 0-3% human hair by weight of cement to concrete cubes and beams.
2) Testing found that adding human hair fiber increased the compressive strength, flexural strength, and cracking control of the concrete. Using hair fiber provides benefits like reducing environmental waste and lowering costs.
3) The research involved casting concrete cubes and beams with varying amounts of human hair fiber. After curing, cubes were tested in compression and beams in flexure to determine the effects on mechanical properties. Analysis found strength generally increased with higher hair fiber content.
This document summarizes an experimental study on the mechanical properties of human hair fibre reinforced concrete with an M-40 grade. Various concrete mixtures with 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, and 3% human hair fibre by weight of cement were tested. Test specimens including cubes, beams, and cylinders were tested at 7, 14, and 28 days to determine changes in compressive, flexural, and split tensile strengths compared to plain concrete. The results showed that concrete with 1.5% human hair fibre had significantly increased mechanical properties. Human hair fibre was found to improve binding properties, microcrack control, ductility, and spalling resistance of concrete. The study encourages further research on the long-term performance
Magnitude measures the amount of energy released by an earthquake at its source, using the Richter Scale. Intensity measures the strength of shaking produced by an earthquake at a certain location, using the Mercalli Intensity Scale. Magnitude is a quantitative measure while intensity is qualitative and accounts for location and building resilience. Higher magnitudes indicate a more powerful quake with exponentially greater energy release.
The document discusses various materials used in highway construction, including soil, stone aggregates, bituminous mixes, and Portland cement. It focuses on the properties and classification of soil, which serves as the base material for embankments and subgrades. Various classification systems are described, including those based on grain size, moisture content, liquid limit, plastic limit, and group index. Compaction and testing of soil, including CBR and plate bearing tests, are also summarized to evaluate the soil's strength and suitability for supporting highway loads.
Design a suitable splice and bolted connection for extending a column of rolled steel cross section ISHB200@40 kg/m. The column is to support service axial compressive load, bending moment and shear force of 1000 KN, 50 KN and 90 KN respectively. The column ends are smooth finished. Ordinary bolts of M20 grade 4.6 are available for splicing.
Traffic engineering is that branch of engineering which deals with the improvement of
traffic performance on road network and terminals through systematic traffic studies,
scientific analysis and engineering applications which provide safe, rapid, efficient
convenient and economic transportation of persons and goods.
• Traffic engineering includes planning and geometric design on one hand and
regulation and control on the other.
• The road traffic is composed of different categories of vehicular traffic and pedestrian
traffic. Each category of vehicular traffic has two components, the human element as
the driver and the machine as the vehicle.
Transportation engineering, primarily involves planning, design, construction, maintenance, and operation of transportation facilities. The facilities support air, highway, railroad, pipeline, water, and even space transportation.
Self-healing concrete is a concrete that repairs cracks through a biological reaction caused by bacteria in the concrete. When cracks form and air and water enter, bacteria produce limestone to fill the cracks. This allows the concrete to heal itself over time. The bacteria remain dormant for over 200 years but become active when cracks form. Self-healing concrete improves durability and reduces corrosion compared to normal concrete, though it has 20% lower strength and higher costs. Potential applications include tunnels, bridges, and marine structures.
SIFCON (Slurry Infiltrated Fibre Concrete) is a unique construction material with high strength and ductility due to a phenomenon called "fiber-lock". It consists of a cementitious slurry matrix reinforced with steel fibers. The slurry has no coarse aggregates but a high cement and fine sand content. Factors like slurry strength, fiber volume and alignment affect its properties. SIFCON has excellent durability and energy absorption and is used in applications like pavements, bridges, and blast-resistant structures.
The document discusses mix proportioning for M25 grade concrete according to IS 10262:2019. It provides the stipulations and test data for materials used. The target strength is calculated as 31.6 N/mm2. The water-cement ratio is selected as 0.46. The proportions are calculated as 418 kg/m3 cement, 192 kg/m3 water, 657 kg/m3 fine aggregate, and 1127 kg/m3 coarse aggregate. Adjustments are made to account for moisture in dry aggregates. The presentation emphasizes using supplementary cementitious materials and admixtures to improve strength and durability.
This document discusses various topics related to irrigation including:
1. The necessity of irrigation due to factors like low and uneven rainfall as well as growing multiple crops per year.
2. The advantages of irrigation such as fulfilling crop water requirements, improving yields and living standards, adding to national wealth and revenue, and enabling cash crops.
3. Key terms related to irrigation water requirements including consumptive use, net irrigation requirement, and gross irrigation requirement.
4. Factors that affect the duty of water applied such as irrigation methods, crop type, climate, canal conditions, water quality, soil characteristics, topography, and cultivation methods.
This document provides an overview of non-destructive testing (NDT) methods for concrete, including penetration tests, rebound hammer tests, pullout tests, and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests. It describes the procedures and objectives of each method. NDT methods allow evaluation of existing concrete structures to assess strength, durability, and quality without damaging the concrete. They provide rapid, on-site data to inform decisions about construction quality control, reinforcement location, and crack/defect detection. The document also discusses factors that influence NDT results and the cost-effectiveness of these non-destructive methods compared to destructive testing of concrete.
Formwork is used as a temporary mold for pouring concrete that will harden into the desired structural shape. There are various types of formwork classified by material (timber, plywood, steel, aluminum, plastic, magnesium) or purpose (slab formwork, beam formwork, column formwork). Proper formwork design is important to withstand loads, retain shape, prevent leakage, and allow removal without damage to concrete. The order and method of removing formwork is also important for safety.
High performance concrete (HPC) is a type of concrete mixture that possesses high workability, high strength, low permeability, and resistance to chemical attack. HPC uses carefully selected, high-quality ingredients and optimized mixture designs to produce concrete with a low water-cement ratio between 0.20 to 0.45. Plasticizers are used to make HPC fluid and workable. HPC exceeds the properties and constructability of normal concrete. It has been used in tunnels, bridges, tall buildings, shotcrete repair, poles, parking garages, and agricultural applications due to its strength, durability, and high modulus of elasticity.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
2. HISTORY
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The use of fibers goes back at least 3500 years, when straw was used to
reinforce sun-baked bricks in Mesopotamia.
Horsehair was used in mortar and straw in mud bricks.
Abestos fibers were used in concrete in the early 1900.
In the 1950s, the concept of composite materials came into picture.
Steel , Glass and synthetic fibers have been used to improve the
properties of concrete for the past 30 or 40 years.
Research into new fiber-reinforced concretes continues even today.
3. FRC - Historical Perspective
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BC horse Hair
1900 asbestos fibers, Hatscheck process
1920 Griffith, theoretical vs. apparent strength
1950 Composite materials
1960 FRC
1970 New initiative for asbestos cement replacement
1970 SFRC, GFRC, PPFRC, Shotcrete
1990 micromechanics, hybrid systems, wood based fiber systems manufacturing
techniques, secondary reinforcement, HSC ductility issues, shrinkage crack control.
2000+ Structural applications, Code integration, New products.
4. Introduction
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Concrete containing cement, water , aggregate, and discontinuous,
uniformly dispersed or discrete fibers is called fiber reinforced concrete.
It is a composite obtained by adding a single type or a blend of fibers to
the conventional concrete mix.
Fibers can be in form of steel fibers, glass fibers, natural fibers ,
synthetic fibers, etc.
5. Why Fibres are used?
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Main role of fibers is to bridge the cracks that develop in concrete and
increase the ductility of concrete elements.
There is considerable improvement in the post-cracking behavior of
concrete containing fibers due to both plastic shrinkage and drying
shrinkage.
They also reduce the permeability of concrete and thus reduce bleeding of
water.
Some types of fibres produce greater abrasion and shatter resistance in
concrete.
Imparts more resistance to Impact load.
6. Toughening mechanism
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Toughness is ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform
without fracturing.
It can also be defined as resistance to fracture of a material when
stressed.
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8. How does FRC work?
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XYiRY5o99yQ
9. Necessity
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The use of concrete as a structural material is limited to certain extent
by deficiencies like brittleness, poor tensile strength and poor resistance
to impact strength, fatigue, low ductility and low durability.
It is also very much limited to receive dynamic stresses caused due to
explosions.
The brittleness is compensated in structural member by the introduction
of reinforcement (or) pre-stressing steel in the tensile zone. However it
does not improve the basic property of concrete. It is merely a method of
using two materials for the required performance.
The main problem of low tensile strength and the requirements of high
strength still remain and it is to be improved by different types of
reinforcing materials.
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Further concrete is also deficient in ductility, resistance to fatigue and impact. The importance
of rendering requisite quantities in concrete is increasing with its varied and challenging
applications in pre-cast and pre-fabricated building elements. The development in the requisite
characteristics of concrete will solve the testing problems of structural engineers by the addition
of fibers and admixtures.
The role of fibers are essentially to arrest any advancing cracks by applying punching forces at
the rack tips, thus delaying their propagation across the matrix. The ultimate cracking strain of
the composite is thus increased to many times greater than that of unreinforced matrix.
Admixtures like fly ash, silica fume, granulated blast furnace slag and metakaolin can be used for
such purposes. However addition of fibers and mineral admixtures posses certain problems
regarding mixing, as fibers tends to form balls and workability tends to decrease during mixing
14. Aspect Ratio:- Aspect Ratio is the ratio of length
of the Fibre to the diameter of its cross - section.
15. Steel fibers
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Aspect ratios of 30 to 250.
Diameters vary from 0.25 mm to 0.75 mm.
High structural strength.
Reduced crack widths and control the crack widths tightly, thus
improving durability.
Improve impact and abrasion resistance.
Used in precast and structural applications, highway and airport
pavements, refractory and canal linings, industrial flooring, bridge decks,
etc.
16. Glass Fibres
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High tensile strength, 1020 to 4080 N/mm2
Generally, fibers of length 25mm are used. Improvement in impact
strength.
Increased flexural strength, ductility and resistance to thermal shock.
Used in formwork, swimming pools, ducts and roofs, sewer lining etc.
17. Synthetic fibers
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Man- made fibers from petrochemical and textile industries.
Cheap, abundantly available.
High chemical resistance. High melting point. Low modulus of
elasticity.
It’s types are acrylic, aramid, carbon, nylon, polyester, polyethylene,
polypropylene, etc.
Applications in cladding panels and shotcrete.
18. Natural fibers
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Obtained at low cost and low level of energy using local manpower and
technology.
Jute, coir and bamboo are examples.
They may undergo organic decay.
Low modulus of elasticity, high impact strength.
19. ASBESTOS FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE
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Mineral fiber, most successful of all as it can be mixed with portland
cement.
Tensile strength of asbestos varies between 560 to 980 N/mm2.
Asbestos cement paste has considerably higher flexural strength than
Portland cement paste.
For unimportant concrete work, organic fibers like coir, jute and
canesplits are also used.
20. CARBON FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE
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Posses very high tensile strength 2110 to 2815 N/mm2 and Young’s
modulus.
Cement composite consisting of carbon fibers show very high modulus of
elasticity and flexuralstrength.
22. Mechanical Properties of FRC
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Compressive Strength:
The presence of fibers may alter the failure mode of cylinders, but the fiber effect will
be minor on the improvement of compressive strength values (0 to 15 percent).
Modulus of Elasticity:
Modulus of elasticity of FRC increases slightly with an increase in the fibers content.
It was found that for each 1 percent increase in fiber content by volume, there is an
increase of 3 percent in the modulus of elasticity.
Flexure
The flexural strength was reported to be increased by 2.5 times using 4 percent fibers.
Splitting Tensile Strength:
The presence of 3 percent fiber by volume was reported to increase the splitting
tensile strength of mortar about 2.5 times that of the unreinforced one.
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Toughness:
For FRC, toughness is about 10 to 40 times that of plain concrete.
Fatigue Strength:
The addition of fibers increases fatigue strength of about 90 percent.
Impact Resistance:
The impact strength for fibrous concrete is generally 5 to 10 times that of
plain concrete depending on the volume of fiber.
24. Structural behaviour of FRC
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Flexure: The use of fibers in reinforced concrete flexure members
increases ductility, tensile strength, moment capacity, and stiffness. The
fibers improve crack control and preserve post cracking structural
integrity of members.
Torsion: The use of fibers eliminate the sudden failure characteristic of
plain concrete beams. It increases stiffness, torsional strength, ductility,
rotational capacity, and the number of cracks with less crack width.
High Strength Concrete: Fibers increases the ductility of high strength
concrete. Fiber addition will help in controlling cracks and deflections.
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Shear: Addition of fibers increases shear capacity of reinforced concrete
beams up to 100 percent. Addition of randomly distributed fibers
increases shear-friction strength and ultimate strength.
Column: The increase of fiber content slightly increases the ductility of
axially loaded specimen. The use of fibers helps in reducing the explosive
type failure for columns.
Cracking and Deflection: Tests have shown that fiber reinforcement
effectively controls cracking and deflection, in addition to strength
improvement. In conventionally reinforced concrete beams, fiber addition
increases stiffness, and reduces deflection.
26. Factors affecting the Properties of FRC
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Volume of fibers
Aspect ratio of fiber
Orientation of fiber
Relative fiber matrix stiffness
27. Volume of fiber
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Low volume fraction(less than 1%):
Used in slab and pavement that have large exposed surface leading to high
shrinkage cracking.
Moderate volume fraction(between 1 and 2 percent):
Used in Construction method such as Shortcrete & in Structures which
requires improved capacity against delamination, spalling & fatigue.
High volume fraction(greater than 2%):
Used in making high performance fiber reinforced composites.
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29. Aspect Ratio of fiber
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It is defined as ratio of length of fiber to it’s diameter (L/d).
Increase in the aspect ratio upto 75, there is increase in relative
strength and toughness.
Beyond 75 of aspect ratio, there is decrease in aspect ratio and
toughness.
30. Orientation of fibers
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Aligned in the direction of load
Aligned in the direction perpendicular to load
Randomly distribution of fibers
It is observed that fibers aligned parallel to applied load offered more tensile
strength and toughness than randomly distributed or perpendicular fibers.
32. Relative fiber matrix
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Modulus of elasticity of matrix must be less than of fibers for efficient
stress transfer.
Low modulus of fibers imparts more energy absorption while high modulus
fibers imparts strength and stiffness.
Low modulus fibers e.g. Nylons and Polypropylene fibers.
High modulus fibers e.g. Steel, Glass, and Carbon fibers.
33. Advantages of FRC
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High modulus of elasticity for effective long-term reinforcement, even in the hardened
concrete.
Does not rust nor corrode and requires no minimum cover.
Ideal aspect ratio (i.e. relationship between Fiber diameter and length) which makes them
excellent for early-age performance.
Easily placed, Cast, Sprayed and less labour intensive than placing rebar.
Greater retained toughness in conventional concrete mixes.
Higher flexural strength, depending on addition rate.
Can be made into thin sheets or irregular shapes.
FRC possesses enough plasticity to go under large deformation once the peak load has been
reached.
34. Disadvantages of FRC
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Greater reduction of workability.
High cost of materials.
Generally fibers do not increase the flexural strength of concrete, and so
cannot replace moment resisting or structural steel reinforcement.
35. Applications of FRC
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Runway, Aircraft Parking, and Pavements
For the same wheel load FRC slabs could be about one half the thickness of plain concrete slab. FRC pavements
offers good resistance even in severe and mild environments. It can be used in runways, taxiways, aprons,
seawalls, dock areas, parking and loading ramps.
Tunnel Lining and Slope Stabilization
Steel fiber reinforced concrete are being used to line underground openings and rock slope stabilization. It
eliminates the need for mesh reinforcement and scaffolding.
Dams and Hydraulic Structure
FRC is being used for the construction and repair of dams and other hydraulic structures to provide
resistance to cavitation and severe erosion caused by the impact of large debris.
Thin Shell, Walls, Pipes, and Manholes:
Fibrous concrete permits the use of thinner flat and curved structural elements. Steel fibrous shortcrete is
used in the construction of hemispherical domes.
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Agriculture
It is used in animal storage structures, walls, silos, paving, etc.
Precast Concrete and Products
It is used in architectural panels, tilt-up construction, walls, fencing, septic tanks, grease trap
structures, vaults and sculptures.
Commercial
It is used for exterior and interior floors, slabs and parking areas, roadways, etc.
Warehouse / Industrial
It is used in light to heavy duty loaded floors.
Residential
It includes application in driveways, sidewalks, pool construction, basements, colored concrete,
foundations, drainage, etc.
38. Application of FRC in India & Abroad
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More than 400 tones of Steel Fibers have been used in the construction of
a road overlay for a project at Mathura (UP).
A 3.9 km long district heating tunnel, caring heating pipelines from a
power plant on the island Amager into the center of Copenhagen, is lined
with SFC segments without any conventional steel bar reinforcement.
Steel fibers are used without rebars to carry flexural loads at a parking
garage at Heathrow Airport. It is a structure with 10 cm thick slab.
Precast fiber reinforced concrete manhole covers and frames are being
widely used in India.
39. MIXTURE COMPOSITIONS AND PLACING
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Mixing of FRC can be accomplished by many methods. The mix should have
a uniform dispersion of the fibers in order to prevent segregation or
balling of the fibers during mixing.
Most balling occurs during the fiber addition process. Increase of aspect
ratio, volume percentage of fiber, and size and quantity of coarse
aggregate will intensify the balling tendencies and decrease the
workability.
To coat the large surface area of the fibers with paste, experience
indicated that a water cement ratio between 0.4 and 0.6, and minimum
cement content of 400 kg/m3 are required.
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Compared to conventional concrete, fiber reinforced concrete mixes are generally characterized
by higher cement factor, higher fine aggregate content and smaller size coarse aggregate.
A fiber mix generally requires more vibration to consolidate the mix. External vibration is
preferable to prevent fiber segregation.
Metal trowels, tube floats, and rotating power floats can be used to finish the surface.
Mechanical Properties of FRC Addition of fibers to concrete influences its mechanical properties
which significantly depend on the type and percentage offiber.
High aspect ratio were found to have improved effectiveness. It was shown that for the same
length and diameter, crimped-end fibers can achieve the same properties as straight fibers using
40 percent less fibers[S].
In determining the mechanical properties of FRC, the same equipment and procedure as used for
conventional concrete can also be used.
41. CASTING OF SPECIMENS
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The materials were weighed accurately using a digital the mixture
machine and mixed thoroughly for three minutes.
Steel fibres were mechanically sprinkled inside the mixing machine after
thorough mixing of the ingredients of concrete.
For preparing the specimen for compressive, tensile, and flexure strength
permanent steel moulds were used
42. Steel moulds
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Wooden moulds were fabricated to cast the test specimens for panel
testing. Six wooden moulds were fabricated to facilitate simultaneous
casting of test panels.
Two different thicknesses were adopted for the panels; the panel sizes
adopted were 500×500×50mm and500×500×100mm.
Before mixing the concrete the moulds were kept ready. The sides and the
bottom of the all the mould were properly oiled for easy demoulding.
The panel was kept at an angle of 45° and then the concrete was splashed
over the panel from a distance of one meter. Then the top surface was
given a smooth finish.
45. CURING OF SPECIMENS
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The test specimens were stored in place free from vibration and kept at a
temperature of 27˚±2˚C for 24 hours ± ½ hour from the time of addition
of water to the dry ingredients.
After this period, the specimen were marked and removed from the
moulds and immediately submerged in clean fresh water and kept there
until taken out prior to test.
The specimens were allowed to become dry before testing.
The panels were cured by dry curing method, i.e. moist gunny bags were
covered over the panels.
46. CUBE COMPRESSION TEST
• M25 cube made ofsteelfiber reinforced concrete is used in compression
test