Light can travel through a vacuum and enables us to see. It exhibits rectilinear propagation, reflecting regularly off smooth surfaces and irregularly off rough surfaces. Images can be real, formed by the actual intersection of light rays, or virtual, formed behind a mirror but not by the actual intersection of rays. Spherical mirrors can be concave or convex and have defined optical characteristics. Concave mirrors form enlarged images close to the mirror and diminished ones further away. Convex mirrors always form diminished, erect images. Lenses come in converging and diverging types and also have specific optical properties depending on the position of objects in relation to the focal point.
Refraction and Dispersion of light.pptxDakshGupta91
HELLO EVERYONE MY NAME IS DAKSH GUPTA I READ IN CLASS 8 THIS PRESENTATION WILL HELP YOU TO MAKE YOUR OWN PRESENTATION BETTER THAN ME THANK YOU FOR SEEING THIS PRESENTATION
The contents of this presentation includes the history of telescope, types of telescopes: its definition, diagrams, uses, advantages and disadvantages.
Refraction and Dispersion of light.pptxDakshGupta91
HELLO EVERYONE MY NAME IS DAKSH GUPTA I READ IN CLASS 8 THIS PRESENTATION WILL HELP YOU TO MAKE YOUR OWN PRESENTATION BETTER THAN ME THANK YOU FOR SEEING THIS PRESENTATION
The contents of this presentation includes the history of telescope, types of telescopes: its definition, diagrams, uses, advantages and disadvantages.
ppt of light- physics chapter class 7 . reflection and refraction also included. Anjali Kumari - dps bokaro. ppt by my physics teacher- Md. Obaidullah Ansari.
Reflection of light in spherical mirrorMUBASHIRA M
this slide contains laws and terms of reflection of light. especially the image formation and ray diagrams of spherical mirror that are mainly useful for science students
science chapter-11 class-6th
Different types of mirror used in our home
what is reflection
incident rays, reflected rays
reflection of light
difference between shadow and image
also watch on https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CEb9WSkp4ZA&t=15s
ppt of light- physics chapter class 7 . reflection and refraction also included. Anjali Kumari - dps bokaro. ppt by my physics teacher- Md. Obaidullah Ansari.
Reflection of light in spherical mirrorMUBASHIRA M
this slide contains laws and terms of reflection of light. especially the image formation and ray diagrams of spherical mirror that are mainly useful for science students
science chapter-11 class-6th
Different types of mirror used in our home
what is reflection
incident rays, reflected rays
reflection of light
difference between shadow and image
also watch on https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CEb9WSkp4ZA&t=15s
Reflection of light
Spherical mirrors
Images formation by spherical mirrors
Representation of images formed by spherical mirrors using ray diagrams
Mirror formula and magnification
Mirror - Physics by: Rey San Andrew RimandoRey Rimando
In this PowerPoint Presentation, you will find related topics with explanation like the Three Types of Mirror; it's characteristics and functions. Attached also is the video presentation used under the hyperlink(UNDERLINED WORDS). I'm hoping this will help a lot of students. Thanks! -Rey
Unlock the mysteries of light with our comprehensive guide on Light- Reflection and Refraction Class 10 Students. From understanding the laws governing reflection and refraction to exploring the fascinating world of mirrors, lenses, and prisms, this resource provides in-depth insights and practical applications, empowering students to master these fundamental concepts with clarity and confidence.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Convex lens uses functions and types.pdfChloe Cheney
The main purpose of the convex lens is to converge the light coming from an external source, and as a result, the light is focused on the other side of the lens
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. Light is a form of energy which enables us to see
everything around us. It does not require a medium and
can travel even in vacuum.
Introduction
3. The property of light travelling in straight lines in a
medium is known as rectilinear propagation of light.
Rectilinear propagation of light
4. The bouncing of light from a surface is called reflection.
Reflection of light is of two kinds :-
Regular reflection
Irregular reflection
Reflection of light
5. When the reflecting surface is smooth & well polished,
the light that falls on it is reflected regularly. This
phenomenon is known as regular reflection or specular
reflection.
Regular reflection
6. When the reflecting surface is irregular, the rays of light
that fall on it are scattered in all directions, it is known
as irregular reflection or diffused reflection.
Irregular reflection
7. There are two types of images:-
Real images
Virtual images
Types of images
8. A real image is formed by the actual intersection of light
rays & can be formed on the screen.
Real images
Real image
9. A virtual image is formed by the intersection of the light
rays when produced behind the mirror & not by their
actual intersection.
Virtual images
Virtual image
11. The pole of a spherical is the centre (p) of the spherical
mirror.
The centre of curvature of a spherical mirror is the centre
(c) of the sphere of which the mirror forms a part.
The radius of curvature of a spherical mirror is the radius
(r) of the sphere of which the mirror forms a part.
The principal axis of a spherical mirror is the line joining the
pole & the centre of curvature of the mirror.
Spherical mirrors
12. In a concave mirror, the image is erect & enlarged if the
object is very close to the mirror. Concave mirrors are
used as shaving mirrors & compact mirrors erect,
enlarged images of the face are formed.
concave mirror
13. In convex mirrors, the image is always erect &
diminished, at whatever distance the object may be in
front of the mirror. The convex mirror has a wide field
of view & hence is used as a rear view or driving mirror
in vehicles, to view the traffic behind.
Convex mirror
14. Concave mirror are used as reflector in torchlight ,
shaving mirrors and compact mirrors.
Uses of concave mirror
15. Convex mirrors are used in :-
Rear view mirrors
Vigilance mirrors in stores
Uses of convex mirror
16. Images formed by spherical mirrors &
plane mirror
Nature of image Plane mirror Concave mirror Convex mirror
Size Same as object 1.Enlarged, when the object
is closer to mirror than C
2.Same size as the object,
when the objet is at c
3.Diminished when the
object is beyond c
Diminished for all
positions of the
object.
Real or Virtual Virtual 1.Virtual when the object
is within F
2.Real,for all other
positions of the object
Virtual for all positions of
the object
Distance from
the mirror
Same as the
object
As the object comes
closer to the mirror
Within F for all positions
of the object
inversion lateral 1.Erect when object is
within F
2.Inverted for all the
other positions of the
object
Erect
17. A lens is a piece of transparent material bound by
curved surfaces.
Lenses are of two types :-
Lenses which are thicker in the middle than at the
edges are called convex lens(converging lens).
Lenses which are thinner in the middle than the edges
are called concave lenses(diverging lenses).
Types of lenses
18. The principal axis is the line joining the centres of the two
spheres of which the lens forms a part.
The optical centre is the centre of the lens(o).
The principal focus (F) of a concave lens is a pointy of the
principal axis to which rays parallel axis converge after
refraction .
The principal focus(F) of a concave lens is a point on the
principal axis from which rays parallel to the principal axis
appear to diverge after refraction.
The focal length (f)of a lens is the distance between the
optical centre and principal focus.
lenses
19. Lens Object Location of the
image
Nature of the
image
Convex lens Beyond 2F
At 2F
Between F & 2f
Between F & O
Between F & 2F
At 2F
Beyond 2F
On the same side
Real, Diminished, Inverted
Real, small, inverted
Real, magnified, inverted
Virtual, magnified, erect
Concave lens All positions Within F on the
same side
Virtual,
diminished, erect
Images formed by lens
20. The famous scientist Isaac Newton showed that light is made of
seven colours.
The splitting of white light is known as dispersion.
The band of colours obtained because of dispersion of light is
called spectrum
The seven colours in the spectrum of white light are violet, indigo,
blue, green, yellow, orange & red (VIBGYOR).
Spectrum
