This document discusses the components and layout of light vehicle drivelines. It describes the basic components of drivelines including the clutch, transmission, propeller shaft, differentials and drive axles. It also outlines common driveline configurations such as front-wheel drive, rear-wheel drive and four-wheel drive and how power is transferred from the engine to the wheels in each case. Finally, it discusses how universal joints and constant velocity joints are used to allow for angular movement between the rotating driveline components.
Design & Synthesis of Four Wheel Steering MechanismIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: The objective of this paper is to analyze the steering mechanism of an automobile for the purpose of making a mechanism which is capable of turning all the four wheels of the automobile simultaneously whether in same or different directions as per the requirement so as to utilize the steering mechanism of the automobile in an effective way and to reduce the efforts applied by the driver to park the vehicle in a limited space or to reverse the vehicle direction. The steering mechanism plays a vital role to balance all the four wheels of the automobile while a vehicles moves in a definite direction. In this paper an attempt has been made to develop such a mechanism which can turn all the four wheels of automobile simultaneously which could be beneficial to make an effective turn as well as can assist in parking the vehicles. The radius covered by the vehicle to reverse its direction by both two wheel and four wheel steering mechanism has been calculated as well as experimentally evaluated.
Design & Synthesis of Four Wheel Steering MechanismIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: The objective of this paper is to analyze the steering mechanism of an automobile for the purpose of making a mechanism which is capable of turning all the four wheels of the automobile simultaneously whether in same or different directions as per the requirement so as to utilize the steering mechanism of the automobile in an effective way and to reduce the efforts applied by the driver to park the vehicle in a limited space or to reverse the vehicle direction. The steering mechanism plays a vital role to balance all the four wheels of the automobile while a vehicles moves in a definite direction. In this paper an attempt has been made to develop such a mechanism which can turn all the four wheels of automobile simultaneously which could be beneficial to make an effective turn as well as can assist in parking the vehicles. The radius covered by the vehicle to reverse its direction by both two wheel and four wheel steering mechanism has been calculated as well as experimentally evaluated.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Tutor notes
Aim: To show the function and operation of light vehicle driveline and transmission system units and components.
Objective: At the end of this presentation, learners will be able to describe the purpose and operation of light vehicle driveline and transmission units and components.
Tutor notes
Begin with an overview of a standard transmission layout, showing how each component is linked to the other and transmits drive from the engine to the road wheels.
Tutor notes
Show the components of a friction clutch.
Ask learners to name each component of the friction clutch.
Tutor notes
Explain the operating mechanisms of friction clutch systems.
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of cable operated systems. If appropriate take learners into the workshop and show the operating mechanism in action.
Tutor notes
Explain the operating mechanisms of friction clutch systems.
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of hydraulically operated systems. If appropriate take learners into the workshop and show the operating mechanism in action.
Tutor notes
Describe the construction of the clutch friction/drive plate. Show the friction material, cushion springs, torsional springs and centre hub. If possible hand a friction plate around the class so that the different sections can be seen.
Tutor notes
Ask learners the meaning of the word ‘hydraulics’.
Answer – the science of movements of liquids. As liquids are virtually incompressible they can be used to operate mechanisms.
Explain the function of the components found inside a torque converter. Describe how fluid is taken into the impeller, and thrown outwards into the blades of the turbine by centrifugal force. Upon leaving the turbine, fluid strikes the blades of the stator then turns the impeller at speed multiplying torque.
Tutor notes
Ask learners why a car needs a gearbox.
Answer – to multiply the torque or turning effort produced by the engine, so that it is usable under many different driving conditions.
Tutor notes
Show how torque and leverage can be multiplied by using gears.
Tutor notes
Explain the principle of gear ratios – when a small drive gear operates a large driven gear, speed is reduced and torque is multiplied. When a large drive gear operates a small driven gear, speed is increased and torque is reduced.
Ask learners to calculate gear ratios from simple given values.
Describe the function and operation of an idler gear. Explain that this gear has no effect on overall gear ratio, but merely serves to change the direction of rotation and this is how reverse gear is achieved.
Tutor notes
Describe the differences between spur and helical gears and the advantages and disadvantages of each.
Spur gears act directly and create low amounts of drag, which helps improve overall performance, but can make them noisy in operation. A spur-cut gear can be slid in and out of mesh with another spur-cut gear making them useful as a reverse gear idler.
A helical-cut gear has teeth on an angle as shown in the illustration. This means the teeth are not just cut on a diagonal; If they were extended around a cylinder they would actually be shaped like that of a coil spring. Helical-cut gear teeth provide a large surface area making them very strong, less prone to wear and quiet in operation. Unfortunately due to the design and shape of a helical-cut gear they cannot be slid in and out of mesh. This means they have to be used in a gearbox known as a ‘constant-mesh’.
Tutor notes
Explain that when a gearbox is in operation, thrust from the gear teeth is trying to disengage them. Describe how a detent mechanism operates and helps to keep a selected gear in position.
Use a ratchet and socket attachment to show how a detent works (it is similar to how a socket is kept on the end of a ratchet).
Tutor notes
Gears within a gearbox are turning at different speeds; ask learners what would happen if two different gears were selected at the same time.
Answer – the gearbox would lock up and be unable to turn.
Describe the process of using an interlock mechanism to prevent two gears being selected at the same time.
Tutor notes
Describe the operation of a selector hub.
Describe the operation of the synchroniser and why a baulk ring mechanism needs to be added to improve gear selection. State how the grooves on the inside of the baulk ring are designed to cut through the surface tension of the lubrication oil to provide grip in the form of a friction clutch.
If possible, hand a dismantled synchromesh mechanism around the class, so learners are able to see the different parts.
Tutor notes
Describe front-wheel drive layout.
Ask learners to sketch the drive layout and investigate vehicle manufacturers and types of vehicle which use this drive system.
Tutor notes
Describe rear-wheel drive layout.
Ask learners to sketch this drive layout and investigate vehicle manufacturers and types of vehicle which use this drive system.
Tutor notes
Describe four-wheel drive system.
Ask learners to sketch this drive layout and investigate vehicle manufacturers and types of vehicle which use this drive system.
Tutor notes
Explain why universal joints (see next slide) are required when used with prop shafts. Describe the process of cyclic variation (speeding up and slowing down of the prop shaft), if the universal joints at either end of the prop shaft are not synchronised.
Tutor notes
Connect a universal joint from a socket set to a ratchet and socket.
Ask learners to undo a bolt at an angle so they can feel the speeding up and slowing down.
Tutor notes
Explain to learners why constant velocity joints are required on front-wheel drive vehicles, i.e. due to the nature of front suspension movement and steering operation, universal joints would be unsuitable due to the speed variation created.
Ask learners what would happen if the constant velocity drive shaft gaiter becomes split.
Answer – lubrication grease would leak from the constant velocity joint, leading to rapid wear and noise.
Explain the process of checking for noise on a constant velocity joint.
