The document discusses the origin of life and the development of more complex organisms. It provides evidence that the earliest life on Earth dates back 3.2 billion years based on stromatolites and cyanobacteria fossils. Two prominent theories for where life originated are that it came from a "primordial ooze" of organic material in early oceans, or that it arrived via comets or meteorites from outer space. The development of more complex eukaryotic cells is thought to have occurred through the symbiotic relationship between prokaryotic cells that led to organelles.
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LECTURE LEARNING GOALS
• Describe the early Earth environment, and prevailing theories for the origins of life.
• Describe the major events in the evolution of cellular life, and when they happened.
• Explain the lines of evidence that lead us to know when early life arose, and the scientific basis behind each line.
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Unit 3: Microbiology of Early Earth
LECTURE LEARNING GOALS
• Describe the early Earth environment, and prevailing theories for the origins of life.
• Describe the major events in the evolution of cellular life, and when they happened.
• Explain the lines of evidence that lead us to know when early life arose, and the scientific basis behind each line.
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Ray Wijewardene Memorial Lecture 2014 on “Extra-terrestrial Life and Future Trajectory of Humanity” was delivered by Professor Chandra Wickramasinghe, on 31 July 2014 at the Sri Lanka Foundation Institute (SLFI) auditorium, Colombo 7.
Life in the Universe, this presentation contains information with regards to extraterrestrial Life beyond the Planet Earth. With the great effort of the scientists, astronomers and explorer beyond Earth, they have provided us with data's and relevant information that there's a probability of life beyond stars.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. Pieces of Model
• Evidence for age of earliest life
• Where did life originate?
• Development of more complex organisms
3. Evidence for age of origin of life
• Evidence of ancient life:
– Stromatolites: 3.2 billion
– Layers of sediment left by cyanobacterial mats
http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/seminars/fall08/10_29_08.html
http://www.rockhounds.com/gra
nd_hikes/hikes/stromatolites_in
_the_hakatai/
4. Are stromatolites
evidence of life or non-
organic origin?
2008 study of 2.7 Gy
stromatolites:
Found shapes similar to
bacteria, associated with
the kind of nanocrystals
in modern bacteria-grown
stromatolites.
K. Lepot et al., “Microbially
influenced formation of 2,724-
million-year-old stromatolites,”
Nature Geosciences, 2008. 1: 118-21.
http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080125/full/news.2008.529.html
5. Evidence for age of origin of life
• Evidence of ancient life:
– Stromatolites: 3.2+ billion
– Cyanobacteria themselves: 3.5 Gy
• Contested fossils
6. Originally
thought to
contain
carbon, new
analysis
suggests they
are hematite
deposits in
microfractures.
Marshall, C.P., J.R.
Emry & A.O.
Marshall, “Haematite
pseudomicrofossils
present in the 3.5-
billion-year-old Apex
Chert”, Nature
Geosciences, 2011.
4:240-243.
7. Evidence for age of origin of life
• Evidence of ancient life:
– Stromatolites: 3.2+ billion
– Cyanobacteria: 3.5 Gy?
– Carbon isotope ratios: photosynthetic-like ratios
3.8 Gy
8. Pieces of Model
• Evidence for age of earliest life
• Where did life originate?
• Development of more complex organisms
9. Where did life originate?
• It came from the swamp: “primordial ooze”
model.
– Early oceans full of organic material
– Methane-ammonia atmosphere
– Most widely accepted model
10. Producing chemicals of life in the
absence of life
• Abiotic production of amino acids
– Urey-Miller experiment
• Methane, ammonia, water, hydrogen
• Heat
• Lightning (electrical spark)
• Result: 13 of 22 amino acids used in living systems
• We know it must happen, since amino acids
come to Earth on comets
12. Where did life originate?
• It came from the swamp: “primordial ooze”
model.
• It came from outer space: arrived on a
comet
13. Evidence for chemicals of life in
space
• We have evidence of intense early
bombardment of Earth by both rocky and
icy bodies
• Modern comets carry organic molecules,
including amino acids
• Murchison meteorite carried organic
molecules to Earth
• We can use spectroscopy to detect organic
molecules in interstellar molecular clouds
14. Where did life originate?
• It came from the swamp: “primordial ooze”
model.
• It came from outer space: arrived on a
comet
• It came from the center of the Earth:
evolved in hydrothermal waters
15. Evidence for life within the Earth
• At surface of Earth, the most primitive
bacteria are chemotrophs – Yellowstone hot
spring bacteria
• Similar bacteria have been found in very
deep wells (10 km deep) and at mid-ocean
ridge black smokers
16. Pieces of Model
• Evidence for age of earliest life
• Where did life originate?
• Development of more complex organisms
18. Origin of more complex life
• Eukaryote v. Prokaryote
– Prokaryote: small, no nucleus, limited
organelles, simple ring chromosome with few
genes
– Eukaryote: large, organelles, nucleus, complex
chromosomes with many genes
20. Origin of more complex life
• Eukaryote v. Prokaryote
– Prokaryote: small, no organelles, simple ring
chromosome with few genes
– Eukaryote: large, organelles, nucleus, complex
chromosomes with many genes
• Organelles resemble prokaryotes, some
even have DNA or RNA
21. Origin of more complex life
• Eukaryote v. Prokaryote
– Prokaryote: small, no organelles, simple ring
chromosome with few genes
– Eukaryote: large, organelles, nucleus, complex
chromosomes with many genes
• Organelles resemble prokaryotes, some even have
RNA
• Evolution of eukaryotes from symbiosis of
prokaryotes
