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DIVERSITY OF LIFE- ABAO.pptxkyhfijdyujkhfujutd
- 2. SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM TITLE A TITLE B TITLE C TITLE D How old is the Earth? ● 4.5 billion years ● Big bang- gravity causes dust particles to condense ● Meteors for millions of years. How hot would the earth be? ● Earth has to cool down- steam escapes and rain allows collection of water. Before Life Began
- 3. SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM TITLE A TITLE B TITLE C TITLE D DATE: DATE: ● How do you explain that there are no Earth rocks older than 3.8 billion years? Earth had not yet cooled, so no rocks had solidified yet. Older rock may have been destroyed by plate tectonics or erosion. What Evidence do Scientists use? Fossils! • Trace • Mold • Cast • Amber • Imprint • Petrified
- 4. SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM TITLE A TITLE B TITLE C TITLE D DATE: DATE: The Eons Scientist organize Earth's history into four eons: the Hadean, the Archean, the Proterozoic, and the Phanerozoic. An eon is the largest division of geological time.
- 5. SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM TITLE A TITLE B TITLE C TITLE D DATE: DATE: In the Hadean, Earth’s surface was mostly molten rock, like lava. It had no solid rocks. As rocks formed and simple life-forms appeared, the Archean eon began. During the Archean Eon, methane droplets in the air shrouded the young Earth in a global haze. There was no oxygen gas on Earth. Oxygen was only in compounds such as water.
- 6. SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM TITLE A TITLE B TITLE C TITLE D DATE: DATE: The Phanerozoic eon , the eon in which trilobites and ammonites populated the seas. It is also the eon in which Earth's life-forms emerged from the ocean and became visible on land. Phaneros, from ancient Greek means “visible”. The Proterozoic eon was the longest eon, lasting nearly 2 billion years. From the Greek word, protero means "first ", Zoic means "animal“. The Proterozoic is notable for the increase in multicellular life. Life Begins at sea! First animals and plants on land.
- 7. SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM TITLE A TITLE B TITLE C TITLE D DATE: DATE: How do scientist find out what animals lived millions of years ago? ● Dating of rocks ( radioisotopes) ● Dating of carbon material from plant remains (carbon isotopes) ● Rock layering gives the order of events ● Tree ring research
- 8. SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM TITLE A TITLE B TITLE C TITLE D The diversity of life on Earth today is the result of evolution. Life began on Earth at least 3.5 to 4 billion years ago, and it has been evolving ever since. At first, all living things on Earth were simple, single- celled organisms.
- 29. SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM TITLE A TITLE B TITLE C TITLE D The scientific ordering or systematic arrangement of living organisms in a hierarchical series of groups on the basis of their relationships (morphological, evolutionary and other characteristics) is called biological classification.
- 35. SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM TITLE B TITLE C TITLE D TITLE A DATE: DATE: The Five Kingdoms Kingdom: ● Monera ● Protista ● Fungus ● Plantae ● Animalia
- 41. SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM TITLE A TITLE B TITLE C TITLE D Fungi can be single celled or very complex multicellular organisms. They are found in just about any habitat but most live on the land, mainly in soil or on plant material rather than in sea or fresh water. Types of fungi Fungi are subdivided on the basis of their life cycles, the presence or structure of their fruiting body and the arrangement of and type of spores (reproductive or distributional cells) they produce. The three major groups of fungi are: •Multicellular filamentous moulds. •Macroscopic filamentous fungi that form large fruiting bodies. Sometimes the group is referred to as ‘mushrooms’, but the mushroom is just the part of the fungus we see above ground which is also known as the fruiting body. •Single celled microscopic yeasts. FUNGI
- 42. SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM TITLE B TITLE C TITLE D TITLE A DATE: DATE: Singular bacterium, any of a group of microscopic single-celled organisms that live in enormous numbers in almost every environment on Earth, from deep-sea vents to deep below Earth’s surface to the digestive tracts of humans. Bacteria lack a membrane-bound nucleus and other internal structures and are therefore ranked among the unicellular life-forms called prokaryotes. Prokaryotes are the dominant living creatures on Earth, having been present for perhaps three-quarters of Earth history and having adapted to almost all available ecological habitats. The term protista was first used by Ernst Haeckel in 1866. Protists were traditionally placed into one of several groups based on similarities to a plant, animal, or fungus: the animal-like protozoa, the plant-like protophyta (mostly algae), and the fungus-like slime molds and water molds. These traditional subdivisions, which were largely based on non-scientific characteristics, have been replaced by classifications based on phylogenetics (evolutionary relatedness among organisms). However, the older terms are still used as informal names to describe the general characteristics of various protists. PROTIST BACTERIA
- 43. SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM TITLE B TITLE C TITLE D TITLE A DATE: DATE: Bacteria as Prokaryotes All living organisms on Earth are made up of one of two basic types of cells: eukaryotic cells, in which the genetic material is enclosed within a nuclear membrane, or prokaryotic cells, in which the genetic material is not separated from the rest of the cell.
- 44. SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM TITLE B TITLE C TITLE D TITLE A DATE: DATE: Habitats of the archaea Archaea are microorganisms that define the limits of life on Earth. They were originally discovered and described in extreme environments, such as hydrothermal vents and terrestrial hot springs. They were also found in a diverse range of highly saline, acidic, and anaerobic environments. ARCHAEA (domain Archaea), any of a group of single-celled prokaryotic organisms (that is, organisms whose cells lack a defined nucleus) that have distinct molecular characteristics separating them from bacteria (the other, more prominent group of prokaryotes) as well as from eukaryotes (organisms, including plants and animals, whose cells contain a defined nucleus). Archaea is derived from the Greek word archaios, meaning “ancient” or “primitive,” and indeed some archaea exhibit characteristics worthy of that name. Archaea at Midway Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming.
- 45. SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM TITLE A TITLE B TITLE C TITLE D Human Body Organ System The physical substance of the human organism, composed of living cells and extracellular materials and organized into tissues, organs, and systems. Our bodies are made up of 11 basic organ systems that manage all the essential body functions. These systems, while interdependent, can become out of tune. When one is not functioning properly, the others will attempt to correct the problem. All the systems will work together to try to create what is known as homeostasis or a state of balance within the body.
- 46. SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM TITLE B TITLE C TITLE D TITLE A DATE: DATE: The skeletal system supports and protects the body’s internal organs. The ribs protect the abdominal organs, which are both vulnerable to injury and dangerous to our well being when injured. The skull protects our brain which controls all functions of our bodies and minds. Integumentary System (Skin, Hair, Nails) The integumentary system is the largest organ of the body, equaling 15-20% of our total body mass. It acts as a barrier to physical, chemical, and biological agents. The skin prevents water loss and regulates body temperature. It transmits the senses of touch, pain, and pleasure and maintains body temperature by secreting sweat. Skeletal System (Bones, Joints)
- 47. SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM TITLE B TITLE C TITLE D TITLE A DATE: DATE: This system transports clean fluids in our body back to the blood and drains excess fluids and debris from the tissues and cells of the body. It also houses the white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in protecting our bodies from infection. Diseases and disorders specific to the lymphatic system include anemias; leukemia; tuberculosis of the lymph nodes; Hodgkin’s disease; and other blood disorders. Cardiac muscles are found in the heart and power the actions that maintain blood flow through our body;Smooth, or involuntary muscles are found in the heart and organs, they surround the internal organs and are responsible for their movement such as moving food through the digestive tract; and Skeletal, or voluntary muscles, are responsible for carrying out the actions and movements caused by messages sent from our brains through our nervous system. Skeletal muscles are also responsible for maintaining posture and producing heat. Muscular system (Cardiac, Smooth, and Skeletal Muscles) Lymphatic System (Red Bone Marrow, Thymus, Lymphatic Vessels, Thoracic Duct, Spleen, Lymph Nodes)
- 48. SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM TITLE B TITLE C TITLE D TITLE A DATE: DATE: Beginning with our mouths, this system is responsible for the breaking down and absorption of nutrients and the elimination of the waste not utilized by the body. It is responsible for identifying which minerals, vitamins, and other essentials from the foods we eat can be absorbed and utilized or stored by the body and which are to be disposed of, and carrying out those functions. This system maintains our breathing. It supplies the body with oxygen for cellular respiration by collecting oxygen in the lungs and disposes of carbon dioxide by breathing out the waste product. It also provides our functions of speech and smell. Respiratory System – (Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchus, Lung) Digestive system (Oral Cavity, Esophagus, Liver, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, Anus)
- 49. SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM TITLE B TITLE C TITLE D TITLE A DATE: DATE: The glands of the endocrine system secrete chemicals called hormones that regulate most of the processes in our bodies such as growth, reproduction, metabolism, and even the control of the amount of glucose in our blood. This system is actually made up of two distinct parts; the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous System (PNS). The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system is made up of all the nerves that lead into and out of the CNS to other parts of the body. The entire nervous system controls all of the other systems of the body, such as digestion and cardiac rhythm, and responds to internal and external changes, such as activating muscles and breathing. It also transmits information to the brain, such as pain and external sensations. Nervous System– (Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves) Endocrine System– (Pineal Gland, Pituitary Gland, Thyroid Gland, Thymus, Adrenal Gland, Pancreas, Ovary, Testis)
- 50. SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM TITLE B TITLE C TITLE D TITLE A DATE: DATE: This system is responsible for eliminating waste products of metabolism and other materials from the body that are of no use. The system is also responsible for maintaining the balanced fluid volume in our bodies by regulating the amount of water that is excreted, maintaining the concentrations of electrolytes, and normal pH levels of the blood. The heart, made of cardiac muscle, pumps blood and blood vessels such as arteries and veins, transport the blood to every part of our body providing organs and muscles with nourishment. The blood carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste and more throughout the body. Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System– (Heart, Blood Vessels) Urinary system (Kidney, Ureter, Urinary Bladder, Urethra)
- 51. SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM TITLE B TITLE C TITLE D TITLE A DATE: DATE: MALE (prostate gland, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens) FEMALE (Mammary glands, ovary, uterus, vagina, fallopian tube) The reproductive system mainly functions to create human life. Ovaries produce female sex hormones and eggs. Eggs are fertilized in the fallopian tube by sperm then travel to the uterus, which provides the site for growth. The mammary glands produce milk for the newborn. Reproductive Systems
Editor's Notes
- The primarily defined divisions of time are eons, the Hadean, the Archean, the Proterozoic and the Phanerozoic. The first three of these can be referred to collectively as the Precambrian supereon. Each eon is subsequently divided into eras, which in turn are divided into periods, which are further divided into epochs.
- The name “Hadean” comes from Hades, the ancient Greek god of the underworld due to the “hellish” conditions on Earth at the time: the planet had just formed and was still very hot due to high volcanism, a partially molten surface and frequent collisions with other Solar System bodies. Archean Eon Complex chemical reactions in the young oceans transformed carbon-containing molecules into simple, living cells that did not need oxygen to live. Instead they made energy out of sulfur and other elements.
- Phanerozoic The Phanerozoic is the most recent eon, encompassing the time from the beginning of the Paleozoic era until the present. It is the eon which tectonic forces created and separated—the supercontinent Pangea.
- Speciation is the process by which new species form. It occurs when groups in a species become reproductively isolated and diverge. In allopatric speciation, groups from an ancestral population evolve into separate species due to a period of geographical separation.
- FUNGI A group called the decomposers grow in the soil or on dead plant matter where they play an important role in the cycling of carbon and other elements. Some are parasites of plants causing diseases such as mildews, rusts, scabs or canker. In crops fungal diseases can lead to significant monetary loss for the farmer. A very small number of fungi cause diseases in animals. In humans these include skin diseases such as athletes’ foot, ringworm and thrush.
- Protists are a group of all the eukaryotes that are not fungi, animals, or plants. As a result, it is a very diverse group of organisms. The eukaryotes that make up this kingdom, Kingdom Protista, do not have much in common besides a relatively simple organization. Protists can look very different from each other. Some are tiny and unicellular, like an amoeba, and some are large and multicellular, like seaweed. However, multicellular protists do not have highly specialized tissues or organs. This simple cellular-level organization distinguishes protists from other eukaryotes, such as fungi, animals, and plants. There are thought to be between 60,000 and 200,000 protist species, and many have yet to be identified. Protists live in almost any environment that contains liquid water. Many protists, such as the algae, are photosynthetic and are vital primary producers in ecosystems. Other protists are responsible for a range of serious human diseases, such as malaria and sleeping sickness.
- The 11 organ systems include the integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system, lymphatic system, respiratory system, digestive system, nervous system, endocrine system, cardiovascular system, urinary system, and reproductive systems.
- NERVOUS SYSTEM Diseases and disorders of the nervous system include paralysis; Parkinson’s Disease; palsy, embolisms; thrombosis; arteriosclerosis; polio; myelitis; ALS; meningitis; Multiple Sclerosis; muscular tics; Huntington’s Disease; cancers of the brain, spinal cord or nerves; epilepsy, seizure disorders; narcolepsy; migraine headaches; peripheral neuropathy; and traumatic brain injury.