1. Medical imaging has come a long way from its beginnings and is now considered one of the greatest engineering achievements of the 20th century. 2. Modern medical imaging techniques like computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, and positron emission tomography use pumps, pipes, and computers to generate digital images of the inside of the body. 3. Future interventional medicine may involve seamless integrated platforms using visualization, robotics, treatment planning, and monitoring with feedback loops to precisely target and treat areas of the body.

1. Pumps and Pipes: Medical Imaging King Li, MD, FRCP(C), MBA M D Anderson Distinguished Chair, Department of Radiology The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX Professor of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University

2. Beginning of Medical Imaging

3. Greatest Engineering Achievements of the 20 th Century Copyright © 2000 by National Academy of Engineering. All rights reserved. Contact Us 11. Highways 12. Spacecraft 13. Internet 14. Imaging 15. Household Appliances 16. Health Technologies 17. Petroleum andPetrochemical Technologies 18. Laser and Fiber Optics 19. Nuclear Technologies 20. High-performance Materials 1. Electrification 2. Automobile 3. Airplane 4. Water Supply and Distribution 5. Electronics 6. Radio and Television 7. Agricultural Mechanization 8. Computers 9. Telephone 10. Air Conditioningand Refrigeration

4. Positron Emission Tomography Interventional Radiology Computed Axial Tomography Ultrasonography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Digital Radiography and Angiography Modern Medical Imaging

5. Imaging: The Virtual Fantastic Voyage

6. Jain RK, Carmeliet PF. Sci Am 2001;285:38-45.

7. Computational Fluid Dyanamics

8. Longitudinal Study of Tumor Growth Tumor growth 2 years 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

9. Functional Neuroimaging Data courtesy: fBIRN, Stanford-Lucas Center and Harvard-MGH Martino Center

10. Multi-scale Neurological Profiling Kantarci et al., in press, Nature Genetics, 2007 Mutations in megalin, a multi-ligand receptor, cause Donnai-Barrow/ FacioOculoAcousticoRenal (DBS/FOAR) syndrome

11. Imaging Probes Weissleder R. Nature Reviews/Cancer 2002;2:1-8

12. Interventional Medicine of the Future: One Seamless Integrated Iterative Platform Targeted Treatment Plan Navigation Visualization Robotic needle placement Feedback loop Monitoring Compare to pre-tx plan Feedback loop Treatment Plan Update

14. Li KC. Acad Radiol 2002;9:999-1003.