The document discusses various ways that lexical or word-level semantic change can occur, including through new word formation, borrowing words from other languages, forming words from existing words using prefixes, suffixes, compounding, blending, or conversion, shortening words through abbreviation, back formation, acronyms, initialisms, or forming words from names. Words can also become obsolete over time.

1. Lexical change
Semantic change

2. Lexical change
Word formation: various ways in which new
words are formed-neologisms
Complete new words, not derived from other
words: coinage

3. Borrowings/ loan
words?
 Do you know any examples of words of
French, Latin and Greek origin?

4. Borrowings/loan words
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Soprano
Prince
Lager
Alcohol
vodka

5. Words formed from
existing words:
 Affixing: prefixes
suffixes
 Compounding; words combined to form
new word (blackbird, blue-eyed)
 Blending ; part of words combined
(smog, motel)
 Conversion; word class changes

6. Words formed by
shortening:
 Abbreviation/clipping:
ad(advertisement)
 Back formation: edit (editor),
burgle(burglar)
 Acronyms: scuba( self-contained
underwater breathing apparatus)
 Initialisms: BBC
 Words from names: sandwich, denim

7. Losing words
 Become obsolete: archaisms (bark-ship)