Leukemia is a cancer of the blood cells that starts in the bone marrow. There are four main types classified by how fast-growing they are and what types of white blood cells are affected. Symptoms can include fever, bruising easily, and feeling very tired. Treatment depends on the type of leukemia but may involve chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplants, or biological therapy to kill leukemia cells and allow normal blood cell production. While some types can be cured, others can only be controlled with treatment.
Austin Leukemia is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles covering all areas of Leukemia.
The journal aims to promote research communications and provide a forum for doctors, researchers, physicians and healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in all areas of Leukemia. Austin Leukemia accepts original research articles, reviews, mini reviews, case reports and rapid communication covering all aspects of Leukemia.
Austin Leukemia strongly supports the scientific up gradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, mutual promotion of multidisciplinary science.
Austin Leukemia is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles covering all areas of Leukemia.
The journal aims to promote research communications and provide a forum for doctors, researchers, physicians and healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in all areas of Leukemia. Austin Leukemia accepts original research articles, reviews, mini reviews, case reports and rapid communication covering all aspects of Leukemia.
Austin Leukemia strongly supports the scientific up gradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, mutual promotion of multidisciplinary science.
An acute or chronic disease in humans and other warm-blooded animals characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of white blood cells in the tissues and often in the blood.
Blood is made up of different types of cells like red blood cells (RBC’s), which carries oxygen, platelets which helps in blood clotting and white blood cells (WBC’s) that fight infections. These cells basically comes from stem cells, which have the potential to develop into any type of blood cell as they divide and mature. Problems in this process, known as ‘differentiation’, are at the root of all blood cancers. Different types of blood cancer depend on when and how these problems occur.
Get the facts on Leukemia (cancer of bone marrow and blood), symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment approach, best hospitals in India treating blood cancer and introducing free guidance to patients by experienced patient advisors.
An acute or chronic disease in humans and other warm-blooded animals characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of white blood cells in the tissues and often in the blood.
Blood is made up of different types of cells like red blood cells (RBC’s), which carries oxygen, platelets which helps in blood clotting and white blood cells (WBC’s) that fight infections. These cells basically comes from stem cells, which have the potential to develop into any type of blood cell as they divide and mature. Problems in this process, known as ‘differentiation’, are at the root of all blood cancers. Different types of blood cancer depend on when and how these problems occur.
Get the facts on Leukemia (cancer of bone marrow and blood), symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment approach, best hospitals in India treating blood cancer and introducing free guidance to patients by experienced patient advisors.
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) occurs primarily in children. Leukemia Cancer doctor In Delhi NCR counts about 6,000 new cases of ALL are diagnosed yearly. The 5-year’s survival rate is 69.9 percent.
visit our website to get appointment with best Cancer Doctor in Delhi NCR : https://cancerconsultindia.com/
A brief presentation on the topic "Leukemia" from a scientific perspective, providing details about risk factors, classifications, Types, treatment, symptoms, diagnosis & risk data with it's concerned resource mentioned.
my reference
Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics, Roger Walker
Rang & Dale’s pharmacology
Essential of medical pharmacology, K D Tripathi
www.google.com
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. WHAT IS LEUKEMIA?
• Leukemia is cancer of the blood cells. It starts in the bone
marrow, the soft tissue inside most bones. Bone marrow is
where blood cells are made.
• When you have leukemia, the bone marrow starts to make a lot
of abnormal white blood cells, called leukemia cells.
• They don't do the work of normal white blood cells, they grow
faster than normal cells, and they don't stop growing when
they should.
• Over time, leukemia cells can crowd out the normal blood
cells. This can lead to serious problems.
2
3. HOW MANY TYPES OF LEUKEMIA
ARE THERE?
•
There are several different types of leukemia. In general, leukemia is grouped
by how fast it gets worse and what kind of white blood cell it affects.
• It may be acute or chronic. Acute leukemia gets worse very fast and may
make you feel sick right away. Chronic leukemia gets worse slowly and may not
cause symptoms for years.
• It may be lymphocytic or myelogenous. Lymphocytic (or lymphoblastic)
leukemia affects white blood cells called lymphocytes. Myelogenous leukemia
affects white blood cells called myelocytes.
The four main types of leukemia are:
•
•
•
•
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
3
4. WHAT CAUSES LEUKEMIA?
Experts don't know what causes leukemia. But some things are known to
increase the risk of some kinds of leukemia. These things are called risk
factors. You are more likely to get leukemia if you:
•
Were exposed to large amounts of radiation.
•
Were exposed to certain chemicals at work, such as benzene.
•
Had some types of chemotherapy to treat another cancer.
•
Have Down Syndrome or some other genetic problems.
•
Smoke.
But most people who have these risk factors don't get leukemia. And most
people who get leukemia do not have any known risk factors.
4
5. WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS?
Symptoms may depend on what type of leukemia you have, but
common symptoms include:
•
Fever and night sweats.
•
Headaches.
•
Bruising or bleeding easily.
•
Bone or joint pain.
•
A swollen or painful belly from an enlarged spleen.
•
Swollen lymph nodes in the armpit, neck, or groin.
•
Getting a lot of infections.
•
Feeling very tired or weak.
•
Loosing weight and not feeling hungry.
5
6. HOW TO TREAT LEUKEMIA
•
•
•
•
•
To find out if you have leukemia, a doctor will order blood tests. Leukemia causes a
high level of white blood cells and low levels of other types of blood cells.
If your blood tests are not normal, the doctor may want to do a bone marrow biopsy.
This test lets the doctor look at cells from inside your bone. This can give key
information about what type of leukemia it is so you can get the right treatment.
What type of treatment you need will depend on many things, including what kind of
leukemia you have, how far along it is, and your age and overall health.
If you have acute leukemia, you will need quick treatment to stop the rapid growth of
leukemia cells. In many cases, treatment makes acute leukemia go into remission. Some
doctors prefer the term "remission" to "cure," because there is a chance the cancer
could come back.
Chronic leukemia can rarely be cured, but treatment can help control the disease. If
you have chronic lymphocytic leukemia, you may not need to be treated until you have
symptoms. But chronic myelogenous leukemia will probably be treated right away.
6
7. HOW TO TREAT LEUKEMIA
(CONTINUED)
Treatments for leukemia include:
•
Chemotherapy, which uses powerful medicines to kill cancer cells. This is the main
treatment for most types of leukemia.
•
Radiation therapy uses high-dose X-rays to destroy cancer cells and shrink swollen
lymph nodes or an enlarged spleen. It may also be used before a stem
cell transplant.
•
Stem cells can rebuild your supply of normal blood cells and boost your immune
system. Before the transplant, radiation or chemotherapy may be given to destroy
cells in the bone marrow and make room for the new stem cells. Or it may be given
to weaken your immune system so the new stem cells can get established.
•
Biological therapy is the use of special medicines that improve your body's natural
defenses against cancer.
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