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LESSON-2.-EARTQUAKE.pdf
- 2. WHAT DO YOU THINK OF WHEN YOU HEAR THE WORD EARTHQUAKE.
- 3. Shaking Damages collapse of building injuries, deaths,
- 4. bridge collapsed people trap inside the building isolated places
- 5. EARTHQUAKE feeble shaking to violent trembling of the ground produced by the sudden displacement of rocks or rock materials below the earth’s surface.
- 6. 2 TYPES OF EARHQUAKE Tectonic earthquakes are those generated by the sudden displacement along faults in the solid and rigid layer of the earth.
- 7. TECTONIC Plate tectonics – leading to mountain building, volcanism, ocean formation, etc.
- 9. 1. DIVERGENT BOUNDARIES Occurs when two tectonic plates move away from each other. Along these boundaries Lava spews. Frequent earthquakes strike along the rift.
- 10. CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES When two plates come together The impact of the two colliding plates buckles the edge of one or both plates up into a rugged mountain range
- 11. Sometimes bends the other down into a deep seafloor trench A chain of volcano often forms Powerful earthquakes shake a wide area on both side of the boundary
- 12. TRANSFORM PLATE BOUNDARY Two plates sliding past each other. Natural or human made structures that cross a transform boundary are off set-split into pieces and carried in opposite directions.
- 13. Rocks that line the boundary are pulverized as the plates grind along creating a linear fault valley or undersea canyon. As the plates alternately jump against each other erathquakes rattle.
- 14. VOLCANIC EARTHQUAKES. Earth quakes induced by rising lava or magma beneath active volcanoes
- 15. FAULT Fault- refers to a fracture, fissure or a zone of weakness or fracture of rock where movement or displacement has occurred or may occur again
- 16. “active fault” if it has historical and contemporary seismicity, has evidence of fault slip based on displaced rocks or soil units of known age and displaced landforms; an active fault is defined as a fault which has moved within the last 10,000 years
- 18. Because of its impacts, the damages, the deaths and injuries, it directly affected learner, affected relatives,
- 20. GROUND SHAKING disruptive up-down and sideways movement motion experienced during an earthquake.
- 21. A. Strong ground shaking can cause objects to fall, break windows among others. B. Strong ground shaking can also result to minor damages to buildings and worse, cause collapse of a structure. (e.g. collapse of Hyatt Hotel, Baguio City after the 16 July 1990 Luzon Earthquake). C. Most part of the Philippines will experience shaking at different degrees depending on magnitude of earthquake, distance of one’s location from the fault that moved, local below surface conditions, etc)
- 22. GROUND RUPTURE - displacement on the ground due to movement of fault .
- 23. This will be experienced by areas where fault passes through (note not all cracks on the ground that people see after a strong earthquake are faults, some may just be surficial cracks because of ground failure) B. The movement may have vertical and horizontal component and may be as small as less than 0.5 meters (Masbate 1994 earthquake) to as big as 6 meters (16 July 1990 Earthquake).
- 24. TSUNAMI sea waves resulting from the disturbance of ocean floor by an earthquake
- 25. This is a series of giant sea waves commonly generated by under-the-sea earthquakes and whose heights could be greater than 5 meters. B. Examples of recent tsunami events in the Philippines are the August 1976 Moro Gulf Earthquake and Tsunami and the November 1994 Oriental Mindoro Earthquake and Tsunami, December 2004 Banda Aceh Earthquake (Indonesia), and March 2011 Eastern Japan
- 26. LIQUEFACTION is a process that transforms the behavior of a body of sediments from that of a solid to that of a liquid when subjected to extremely intense shaking.
- 27. As a result, any heavy load on top of the sediment body will either sink or tilt as the sediment could no longer hold the load, such as what happened in Dagupan City during the 16 July 1990 earthquake.
- 28. EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED LANDSLIDE - failures in steep or hilly slopes triggered by an
- 29. loose thin soil covering on the slopes of steep mountains are prone to mass movement, especially when shaken during an earthquake.
- 30. B. • Many landslides occur as a result of strong ground shaking such as those observed on the mountainsides along the National Highway in Nueva Ecija and the road leading up to Baguio City during the 16 July 1990 earthquake.
- 32. IN WHICH ENVIRONMENT EACH OF THE HAZARD IS EXPERIENCED OR IS MORE PROMINENT.
- 33. based on what they have learned so far, think of your home, what are the possible impacts/ effects of the 5 earthquake hazards to your home/s?
- 34. Ground Rupture (only if a fault passes through my home) (Note: This will be important for areas with known presence of faults) Ground shaking: Yes Liquefaction (Note, only for areas near rivers, coastal areas, underlain by soft sediments or water-saturated materials) Earthquake-induced landslide (if my home is near/ at the base or on the slope of a mountain side) Tsunami (if my home is near the coast)
- 35. What are the potential hazards that can affect me, my home and my community. How? Will I be affected by (check all the will apply)
- 36. Those I have checked are the hazards I need to prepare for.
- 37. FAULT
- 38. a zone of weakness where movement or displacement has occurred or may occur again
- 39. ACTIVE FAULT Any fault that is likely to have another earthquake sometime in the future if they have moved one or more times in the last 10, 000 years
- 41. West and east valley fault Western phil. Fault Eastern phil fault. South of mindanao fault Central phil fault Rodriguez, rizal San, mateo rizal Marikima Pasig Taguig Muntinlupa San pedro Binan Carmona Santa rosa Calamba Tagaytay oriental mindora Luzon sea Mindoro strait Panay Fault Sulu Sea Philippine Sea Moro gulf Celebes sea Ilocos sur Ilocos norte La union Pangasinan Nueva Ecija Aurora Quezon Masbate Eastern Leyte Southern Leyte Agusan del Norte Agusan del sur Davao del norte
- 42. 1990 luzon earthquake –baguio and rest of the central luzon (due to Central phil fault)
- 43. WEST AND EAST VALLEY FAULT Former Marikina valley fault Is being closedly monitored by PHILVOCS
- 44. The west valley fault movement is mainly horizontal Movement interval is 400 years Last major earthquake happened last 1658 Affect metro manila manila and vicinity
- 45. JICA( Japan international Cooperation Agency MMDA (Metropolitan Manila Development Authority) PHILVOCS (Philippine Institute of volcanology and seismology)
- 46. Fault moves and generate a 7.2 magnitude of earthquake 34000 deaths, 600,000 cases of injury 500 incidents of fire simultaneously “THE BIG ONE”
- 47. JAMES HUTTON Father of modern geology He believed that earth was continuously being formed Because of his contributions Geology was established as a proper science.
- 48. DR. RAYMUNDO PUNONGBAYAN Director of PHILVOCS from 1983 to 2002 He was known for 2 events 1. 1990 luzon earthquake 2. Mount pinatubo eruption
- 49. He closedly monitored mount pinatubo when it started to show some volcanic ativity. He constant remind the residents of zambales, tarlac and pampanga before the eruption. He was able to show proof that mount pinatubo was alive and ready to blow up. Because of this he saved a lot of lives.
- 50. MMEIRS( METRO MANILA EARTHQUAKE IMPACT REDUCTON STUDY ) Objectives Evaluate seismic hazard , damages and vulnerability of metro manila Prepare framework of master plan for earthquake disaster management
- 51. OPERATION METRO YAKAL An operation to be followed in case the “Big One” does happen. Metro will be divided into quadrants, each with its own designated areas for evacuation.
- 53. According to United states Geological Survey (USGS) Earliest reference-373 BC Rats, weasels snakes and centipedes reportedly left their homes and headed for safety days before a destructive earthquake.. Evidence of animals, fish , birds, reptiles and insects exhibiting behavior strange behavior anywhere from weeks to seconds before an earthquake.
- 54. HOW TO DESCRIBE THE STRENGTH OF AN EARTHQUAKE
- 56. MAGNITUDE A measure of earthquake size with respect to the distance from the earthquake origin Measurement requires an instrumental monitoring for its calculation
- 58. INTENSITY Degree of shaking caused by an earthquake at a given place and decreases with distance from the earthquake origin or epicenter
- 59. SEISMOGRAPH OR SEISMOMETER Measure the strength of an earthquake. A measuring instrument that create the seismogram..(a record of the seismic waves from an earthquake)
- 61. Priority: To lessen the impact a. Choose the area to build infrastructures b. Check the stability of objects that are hung on walls or inside caniets
- 62. THINGS TO DO BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE