This document provides information on drugs used for upper and lower respiratory infections. It discusses the anatomy of the respiratory tract and the process of respiration. For upper respiratory infections, it describes antihistamines, decongestants, intranasal glucocorticoids, antitussives, and expectorants. For lower respiratory disorders like asthma, it discusses beta-2 adrenergic agonists, anticholinergics, methylxanthine derivatives, leukotriene modifiers, glucocorticoids, cromolyn, and nedocromil. The document provides details on the mechanisms, uses, and side effects of these various drug classes.
This document provides information about asthma, including its definition, prevalence, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic studies, management, and nursing considerations. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough. It affects over 300 million people globally. Management involves both long-term control medications and quick-relief medications. The goals of nursing management are to stabilize respiratory status, relieve symptoms, reduce anxiety, promote health, prevent complications, and prevent further asthma episodes.
Respiratory drugs and its side effects And useswajidullah9551
This document discusses drugs used to treat respiratory conditions like asthma and COPD. It begins by defining key terms like antihistamines, decongestants, antitussives, and expectorants. It then covers specific drug classes for respiratory diseases like bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene inhibitors, and monoclonal antibodies. For each drug class, it discusses mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and nursing implications. The document provides an in-depth review of pharmacology for treating common respiratory conditions.
Histamine is an autacoid that acts as a local hormone near its site of synthesis. It is synthesized from the amino acid histidine. There are four types of histamine receptors: H1, H2, H3, and H4. H1 receptors mediate various physiological effects like gastric acid secretion, allergic responses, and cardiovascular effects. Antihistamines like chlorpheniramine and cetirizine act as antagonists at H1 receptors to relieve allergy symptoms. H2 receptor antagonists like cimetidine and ranitidine are used to reduce gastric acid secretion. H3 receptors are presynaptic autoreceptors that regulate histamine release, and their antagonists have potential for improving cognition
- Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by airway inflammation and narrowing of the airways. It causes symptoms like wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.
- It is diagnosed based on a patient's medical history and symptoms, and confirmed via spirometry testing which shows improved lung function after use of a bronchodilator.
- Treatment involves controlling triggers, medications like inhaled corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, and managing exacerbations which involve increasing medications under a treatment plan.
This document provides an overview of the pharmacology of drugs used to treat asthma. It discusses the pathogenesis of asthma and the role of inflammation. It describes the classes of drugs used including beta-agonists, methylxanthines, corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, anticholinergics, and cromolyn sodium. Beta-agonists are the most widely used for rapid relief of bronchospasm. Inhaled corticosteroids are effective anti-inflammatory agents and the mainstay of long-term control. Leukotriene modifiers and methylxanthines are also used but have greater side effects.
This document provides an overview of drugs used for bronchial asthma. It discusses the history and pathophysiology of asthma, as well as the various drug classes used in treatment including bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, and novel drug classes. The main routes of drug delivery and goals of pharmacological management are also summarized.
This document discusses drugs that affect the respiratory system, including the upper and lower respiratory tracts. It covers antihistamines, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and bronchodilators. Antihistamines work by blocking histamine receptors, relieving allergy symptoms. Decongestants constrict blood vessels in the nasal passages to relieve stuffiness. Antitussives suppress the cough reflex. Expectorants thin mucus making it easier to cough up. Bronchodilators relax airway smooth muscle to dilate the bronchioles and make breathing easier. The document discusses the mechanisms, effects, uses, and side effects of these drug classes in treating common conditions like col
This document summarizes drugs acting on the respiratory system, including expectorants, antitussives, nasal decongestants, respiratory stimulants, antiasthmatic drugs, and drugs for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It describes the mechanisms and classifications of expectorants, antitussives, nasal decongestants, respiratory stimulants, bronchodilators, methylxanthines, anticholinergics, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, and glucocorticoids. It also discusses the mechanisms of action, uses, and adverse effects of these drug classes in treating respiratory conditions.
This document provides information about asthma, including its definition, prevalence, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic studies, management, and nursing considerations. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough. It affects over 300 million people globally. Management involves both long-term control medications and quick-relief medications. The goals of nursing management are to stabilize respiratory status, relieve symptoms, reduce anxiety, promote health, prevent complications, and prevent further asthma episodes.
Respiratory drugs and its side effects And useswajidullah9551
This document discusses drugs used to treat respiratory conditions like asthma and COPD. It begins by defining key terms like antihistamines, decongestants, antitussives, and expectorants. It then covers specific drug classes for respiratory diseases like bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene inhibitors, and monoclonal antibodies. For each drug class, it discusses mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and nursing implications. The document provides an in-depth review of pharmacology for treating common respiratory conditions.
Histamine is an autacoid that acts as a local hormone near its site of synthesis. It is synthesized from the amino acid histidine. There are four types of histamine receptors: H1, H2, H3, and H4. H1 receptors mediate various physiological effects like gastric acid secretion, allergic responses, and cardiovascular effects. Antihistamines like chlorpheniramine and cetirizine act as antagonists at H1 receptors to relieve allergy symptoms. H2 receptor antagonists like cimetidine and ranitidine are used to reduce gastric acid secretion. H3 receptors are presynaptic autoreceptors that regulate histamine release, and their antagonists have potential for improving cognition
- Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by airway inflammation and narrowing of the airways. It causes symptoms like wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.
- It is diagnosed based on a patient's medical history and symptoms, and confirmed via spirometry testing which shows improved lung function after use of a bronchodilator.
- Treatment involves controlling triggers, medications like inhaled corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, and managing exacerbations which involve increasing medications under a treatment plan.
This document provides an overview of the pharmacology of drugs used to treat asthma. It discusses the pathogenesis of asthma and the role of inflammation. It describes the classes of drugs used including beta-agonists, methylxanthines, corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, anticholinergics, and cromolyn sodium. Beta-agonists are the most widely used for rapid relief of bronchospasm. Inhaled corticosteroids are effective anti-inflammatory agents and the mainstay of long-term control. Leukotriene modifiers and methylxanthines are also used but have greater side effects.
This document provides an overview of drugs used for bronchial asthma. It discusses the history and pathophysiology of asthma, as well as the various drug classes used in treatment including bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, and novel drug classes. The main routes of drug delivery and goals of pharmacological management are also summarized.
This document discusses drugs that affect the respiratory system, including the upper and lower respiratory tracts. It covers antihistamines, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and bronchodilators. Antihistamines work by blocking histamine receptors, relieving allergy symptoms. Decongestants constrict blood vessels in the nasal passages to relieve stuffiness. Antitussives suppress the cough reflex. Expectorants thin mucus making it easier to cough up. Bronchodilators relax airway smooth muscle to dilate the bronchioles and make breathing easier. The document discusses the mechanisms, effects, uses, and side effects of these drug classes in treating common conditions like col
This document summarizes drugs acting on the respiratory system, including expectorants, antitussives, nasal decongestants, respiratory stimulants, antiasthmatic drugs, and drugs for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It describes the mechanisms and classifications of expectorants, antitussives, nasal decongestants, respiratory stimulants, bronchodilators, methylxanthines, anticholinergics, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, and glucocorticoids. It also discusses the mechanisms of action, uses, and adverse effects of these drug classes in treating respiratory conditions.
Respiratory physiology on airway resistance Faez Toushiro
1. The document outlines the relationships between airflow, pressure, and resistance in the conducting airways and the effects of various substances.
2. Catecholamines like epinephrine cause bronchodilation through adrenergic receptors while cholinergic agonists like carbachol cause bronchoconstriction.
3. Histamine causes bronchoconstriction through H1 receptors by increasing mucus and vascular permeability. Prostaglandins have dual effects with prostacycline causing bronchodilation and PGE2 having both constricting and dilating effects.
The document discusses drugs that act on the respiratory system. It describes the main functions of the respiratory system as delivering oxygen to cells, eliminating carbon dioxide from the body, and regulating blood pH. It then discusses various components of lung function including ventilation, distribution, diffusion, and perfusion. It provides details on common respiratory drugs like bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene receptor antagonists, expectorants, mucolytics, antitussives, and methylxanthines. It also covers adverse effects and guidelines for treating conditions like asthma and acute bronchitis.
The document discusses drugs used to treat respiratory conditions like the common cold, asthma, and COPD. It describes the actions and side effects of various classes of drugs including antihistamines, decongestants, expectorants, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and others. Treatment approaches are outlined for different severities of asthma using a stepwise approach beginning with short-acting bronchodilators and progressing to inhaled corticosteroids, long-acting bronchodilators, oral corticosteroids, and IV corticosteroids as needed.
Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to symptoms like wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. It can be triggered by various factors including allergens, respiratory infections, exercise, smoke, and pollutants. Management involves medication, identifying triggers, creating an action plan, monitoring symptoms, staying active, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, getting vaccinated, and regular check-ups with healthcare providers. Effective management aims to control symptoms, prevent flare-ups, and improve overall quality of life.
This document discusses the pharmacology of various drugs used to treat respiratory diseases like asthma and COPD. It begins by describing asthma as a recurrent and reversible shortness of breath caused by bronchospasm, inflammation, and mucus production. It then outlines categories of asthma and defines COPD. The rest of the document summarizes different classes of drugs used to treat these conditions, including long-term controllers, quick relievers, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, mast cell stabilizers, and other respiratory agents. For each class, it discusses mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and nursing implications.
This document provides information about asthma, including:
- Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by bronchial hyper-responsiveness, mucosal edema, mucus production, and air flow obstruction due to underlying inflammation.
- It can be triggered by environmental factors, allergens, irritants, infections, emotions, and certain medications.
- Symptoms include recurrent wheezing, breathlessness, cough, and chest tightness. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and classified as mild intermittent, mild persistent, moderate persistent, or severe persistent.
- Management includes medications like bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs, as well as non-pharmacological approaches.
This document reviews pulmonary diseases including COPD, asthma, and tuberculosis. It describes COPD as consisting of chronic bronchitis and emphysema, both causing difficulty exhaling air. Asthma is defined as a chronic inflammatory lung disease causing recurrent breathing issues. Tuberculosis is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, which primarily attacks the lungs. It can spread through airborne droplets when coughing or sneezing. The document outlines symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatments for each disease.
This document provides an overview of pulmonary diseases including Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), asthma, and tuberculosis. It describes the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of each condition. COPD is characterized by difficulty exhaling air and includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Asthma involves constricted airways, swollen bronchial linings, and excess mucus production. Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and primarily affects the lungs, transmitted via airborne droplets.
Pharmacotherapy of Cough & Bronchial asthmaDr.Arka Mondal
This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of cough and bronchial asthma. It begins by describing the etiology and types of cough, as well as the cough reflex process. It then covers the types of drugs used to treat cough, including expectorants, mucolytics, antitussives, and pharyngeal demulcents. The mechanisms and examples of each drug type are provided. The document also discusses the pathophysiology and classification of drugs used to treat bronchial asthma, including bronchodilators, leukotriene receptor antagonists, glucocorticoids, and monoclonal antibodies. The mechanisms and examples of the major drug classes used for asthma treatment are summarized.
This document discusses cough physiology and antitussives. It begins by explaining the physiology of cough including the receptors, afferent and efferent pathways involved. It then classifies antitussives as expectorants, which promote secretion clearance, anti-tussives which suppress cough, and other drugs. Specific expectorants discussed include mucolytics like acetylcysteine and carbocisteine. Anti-tussives are classified as opioids like codeine, non-opioids like dextromethorphan, and antihistamines. The document cautions against fixed dose combinations of antitussives that are not rational.
This document discusses drugs that act on the respiratory system. It describes different types of respiratory diseases including restrictive and obstructive diseases. It then focuses on defining asthma, describing the different types of asthma, and explaining the hypersensitivity process. It also discusses COPD and its classification. The document outlines several classes of drugs used to treat respiratory diseases, including sympathomimetics like salbutamol, methylxanthines like theophylline, anticholinergics like ipratropium bromide, and mast cell stabilizers like sodium cromoglycate. It provides details on the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses and side effects of these drug classes and examples within each class.
This document discusses the treatment of cough. It begins by classifying cough based on duration as acute (less than 3 weeks), subacute (3-8 weeks), or chronic (more than 3 weeks). For acute cough, the most common causes are viral infections, sinusitis, pertussis, COPD exacerbations, and allergies. Post-infectious cough can last 1-2 weeks. Chronic cough is often caused by postnasal drip, asthma, gastroesophageal reflux, or smoking-related chronic bronchitis. The document provides guidance on evaluating and treating cough based on duration and suspected etiology. Emphasis is placed on treating the underlying cause rather than just suppressing cough symptoms.
This document discusses drugs for cough. It begins by describing the mechanism and causes of cough. Cough can be voluntary or reflexive, and has afferent and efferent pathways involving various nerves. Causes include upper respiratory infections, pneumonia, and other conditions. The document then classifies drugs for cough into four main categories: pharyngeal demulcents to soothe the throat; expectorants to increase or thin mucus; antitussives to suppress coughing; and bronchodilators to relieve cough caused by bronchospasm. Specific drugs and combinations are provided as examples for each category. The document concludes by describing specific treatments for cough based on its underlying cause.
Unit II. Respiratory system disorders.pptxSani191640
This document provides information on disorders of the respiratory system. It begins by describing the anatomy and functions of the respiratory system, including the conducting airways. It then discusses various upper and lower respiratory tract disorders like tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, acute tracheo-bronchitis, and chronic bronchitis. For each disorder, it provides information on definition, causes, signs and symptoms, management, and nursing interventions. The document concludes with describing assessment techniques for respiratory disorders.
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by bronchospasm and airway hyperresponsiveness. Several drugs are used to treat asthma including bronchodilators like beta-2 agonists which relax airway smooth muscle, corticosteroids which reduce airway inflammation, and leukotriene antagonists which block inflammatory mediators. Theophylline is a methylxanthine bronchodilator that works by inhibiting phosphodiesterase and antagonizing adenosine receptors to relax smooth muscle and reduce airway constriction.
This document summarizes drugs that affect the respiratory system, including those used to treat common colds, allergies, asthma, and COPD. It describes the actions, indications, and side effects of various antihistamines, decongestants, expectorants, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and other drugs. These include diphenhydramine, loratadine, cetirizine, pseudoephedrine, guaifenesin, albuterol, cromolyn, fluticasone, prednisone, ipratropium, salmeterol, and theophylline. Non-pharmacological treatment strategies are also mentioned, such
This document discusses drugs used to treat respiratory disorders. It covers drugs that treat bronchoconstriction, chronic inflammation, and loss of lung elasticity. Specific drug classes covered include bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene inhibitors, antiallergic drugs, mucolytics, and antihistamines. For each drug class, it provides examples of medications, their mechanisms of action, indications for use, and important cautions.
Bronchial asthma is a disease characterized by airway inflammation and episodic, reversible bronchospasm. Symptoms include wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath and can be triggered by allergens, infections, exercise or cold air. Treatment involves avoiding triggers and using medications to control symptoms, including bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs like inhaled corticosteroids. Common bronchodilators are beta-2 receptor agonists like salbutamol, which provide rapid relief during asthma attacks, and long-acting drugs like salmeterol to prevent symptoms. Side effects of beta-2 agonists include increased heart rate and tremors.
This document provides information about the respiratory system and respiratory drugs. It describes the parts of the respiratory tract from the nose to the lungs. It then discusses several respiratory diseases that affect the upper and lower tract, including sinusitis, pneumonia, asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis. The document explains drug classifications for respiratory agents and inhalant products. It provides details about common respiratory drugs like Flonase, Ventolin, and Mucomyst, describing their classification, action, indications, side effects, dosing and more. References are listed at the end.
Approach to patient with chronic coughJoyshree Das
This document discusses the approach to a patient presenting with chronic cough lasting more than 8 weeks. It describes the cough reflex pathway and etiologies of chronic cough, including upper airway cough syndrome, asthma, gastroesophageal reflux disease, non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis, and ACE-inhibitor use. It provides details on diagnosing and managing these conditions through clinical history, examinations, diagnostic tests, and treatment trials. Other potential causes discussed include psychogenic cough and underlying structural lung diseases.
A nurse manager coordinates and manages the nursing staff, ensuring the effective operation of the department. The key roles of a nurse manager include creating a vision, implementing goals, facilitating changes, mentoring staff, collecting and evaluating information, communicating, decision-making, developing relationships, and controlling the work environment. Important qualities for a nurse manager are clinical expertise, strong communication skills, flexibility, managing people, and other skills like providing quality patient care and dealing with financial aspects.
This document discusses various routes of drug administration including enteral, parenteral, and other routes. Enteral routes involve placing drugs directly into the GI tract, such as orally, sublingually, or rectally. Parenteral routes bypass the GI tract and include intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous injections. Factors like absorption rate, bioavailability, and first-pass metabolism vary between different administration routes and influence drug delivery and effects in the body.
Respiratory physiology on airway resistance Faez Toushiro
1. The document outlines the relationships between airflow, pressure, and resistance in the conducting airways and the effects of various substances.
2. Catecholamines like epinephrine cause bronchodilation through adrenergic receptors while cholinergic agonists like carbachol cause bronchoconstriction.
3. Histamine causes bronchoconstriction through H1 receptors by increasing mucus and vascular permeability. Prostaglandins have dual effects with prostacycline causing bronchodilation and PGE2 having both constricting and dilating effects.
The document discusses drugs that act on the respiratory system. It describes the main functions of the respiratory system as delivering oxygen to cells, eliminating carbon dioxide from the body, and regulating blood pH. It then discusses various components of lung function including ventilation, distribution, diffusion, and perfusion. It provides details on common respiratory drugs like bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene receptor antagonists, expectorants, mucolytics, antitussives, and methylxanthines. It also covers adverse effects and guidelines for treating conditions like asthma and acute bronchitis.
The document discusses drugs used to treat respiratory conditions like the common cold, asthma, and COPD. It describes the actions and side effects of various classes of drugs including antihistamines, decongestants, expectorants, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and others. Treatment approaches are outlined for different severities of asthma using a stepwise approach beginning with short-acting bronchodilators and progressing to inhaled corticosteroids, long-acting bronchodilators, oral corticosteroids, and IV corticosteroids as needed.
Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to symptoms like wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. It can be triggered by various factors including allergens, respiratory infections, exercise, smoke, and pollutants. Management involves medication, identifying triggers, creating an action plan, monitoring symptoms, staying active, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, getting vaccinated, and regular check-ups with healthcare providers. Effective management aims to control symptoms, prevent flare-ups, and improve overall quality of life.
This document discusses the pharmacology of various drugs used to treat respiratory diseases like asthma and COPD. It begins by describing asthma as a recurrent and reversible shortness of breath caused by bronchospasm, inflammation, and mucus production. It then outlines categories of asthma and defines COPD. The rest of the document summarizes different classes of drugs used to treat these conditions, including long-term controllers, quick relievers, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, mast cell stabilizers, and other respiratory agents. For each class, it discusses mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and nursing implications.
This document provides information about asthma, including:
- Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by bronchial hyper-responsiveness, mucosal edema, mucus production, and air flow obstruction due to underlying inflammation.
- It can be triggered by environmental factors, allergens, irritants, infections, emotions, and certain medications.
- Symptoms include recurrent wheezing, breathlessness, cough, and chest tightness. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and classified as mild intermittent, mild persistent, moderate persistent, or severe persistent.
- Management includes medications like bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs, as well as non-pharmacological approaches.
This document reviews pulmonary diseases including COPD, asthma, and tuberculosis. It describes COPD as consisting of chronic bronchitis and emphysema, both causing difficulty exhaling air. Asthma is defined as a chronic inflammatory lung disease causing recurrent breathing issues. Tuberculosis is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, which primarily attacks the lungs. It can spread through airborne droplets when coughing or sneezing. The document outlines symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatments for each disease.
This document provides an overview of pulmonary diseases including Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), asthma, and tuberculosis. It describes the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of each condition. COPD is characterized by difficulty exhaling air and includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Asthma involves constricted airways, swollen bronchial linings, and excess mucus production. Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and primarily affects the lungs, transmitted via airborne droplets.
Pharmacotherapy of Cough & Bronchial asthmaDr.Arka Mondal
This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of cough and bronchial asthma. It begins by describing the etiology and types of cough, as well as the cough reflex process. It then covers the types of drugs used to treat cough, including expectorants, mucolytics, antitussives, and pharyngeal demulcents. The mechanisms and examples of each drug type are provided. The document also discusses the pathophysiology and classification of drugs used to treat bronchial asthma, including bronchodilators, leukotriene receptor antagonists, glucocorticoids, and monoclonal antibodies. The mechanisms and examples of the major drug classes used for asthma treatment are summarized.
This document discusses cough physiology and antitussives. It begins by explaining the physiology of cough including the receptors, afferent and efferent pathways involved. It then classifies antitussives as expectorants, which promote secretion clearance, anti-tussives which suppress cough, and other drugs. Specific expectorants discussed include mucolytics like acetylcysteine and carbocisteine. Anti-tussives are classified as opioids like codeine, non-opioids like dextromethorphan, and antihistamines. The document cautions against fixed dose combinations of antitussives that are not rational.
This document discusses drugs that act on the respiratory system. It describes different types of respiratory diseases including restrictive and obstructive diseases. It then focuses on defining asthma, describing the different types of asthma, and explaining the hypersensitivity process. It also discusses COPD and its classification. The document outlines several classes of drugs used to treat respiratory diseases, including sympathomimetics like salbutamol, methylxanthines like theophylline, anticholinergics like ipratropium bromide, and mast cell stabilizers like sodium cromoglycate. It provides details on the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses and side effects of these drug classes and examples within each class.
This document discusses the treatment of cough. It begins by classifying cough based on duration as acute (less than 3 weeks), subacute (3-8 weeks), or chronic (more than 3 weeks). For acute cough, the most common causes are viral infections, sinusitis, pertussis, COPD exacerbations, and allergies. Post-infectious cough can last 1-2 weeks. Chronic cough is often caused by postnasal drip, asthma, gastroesophageal reflux, or smoking-related chronic bronchitis. The document provides guidance on evaluating and treating cough based on duration and suspected etiology. Emphasis is placed on treating the underlying cause rather than just suppressing cough symptoms.
This document discusses drugs for cough. It begins by describing the mechanism and causes of cough. Cough can be voluntary or reflexive, and has afferent and efferent pathways involving various nerves. Causes include upper respiratory infections, pneumonia, and other conditions. The document then classifies drugs for cough into four main categories: pharyngeal demulcents to soothe the throat; expectorants to increase or thin mucus; antitussives to suppress coughing; and bronchodilators to relieve cough caused by bronchospasm. Specific drugs and combinations are provided as examples for each category. The document concludes by describing specific treatments for cough based on its underlying cause.
Unit II. Respiratory system disorders.pptxSani191640
This document provides information on disorders of the respiratory system. It begins by describing the anatomy and functions of the respiratory system, including the conducting airways. It then discusses various upper and lower respiratory tract disorders like tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, acute tracheo-bronchitis, and chronic bronchitis. For each disorder, it provides information on definition, causes, signs and symptoms, management, and nursing interventions. The document concludes with describing assessment techniques for respiratory disorders.
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by bronchospasm and airway hyperresponsiveness. Several drugs are used to treat asthma including bronchodilators like beta-2 agonists which relax airway smooth muscle, corticosteroids which reduce airway inflammation, and leukotriene antagonists which block inflammatory mediators. Theophylline is a methylxanthine bronchodilator that works by inhibiting phosphodiesterase and antagonizing adenosine receptors to relax smooth muscle and reduce airway constriction.
This document summarizes drugs that affect the respiratory system, including those used to treat common colds, allergies, asthma, and COPD. It describes the actions, indications, and side effects of various antihistamines, decongestants, expectorants, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and other drugs. These include diphenhydramine, loratadine, cetirizine, pseudoephedrine, guaifenesin, albuterol, cromolyn, fluticasone, prednisone, ipratropium, salmeterol, and theophylline. Non-pharmacological treatment strategies are also mentioned, such
This document discusses drugs used to treat respiratory disorders. It covers drugs that treat bronchoconstriction, chronic inflammation, and loss of lung elasticity. Specific drug classes covered include bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene inhibitors, antiallergic drugs, mucolytics, and antihistamines. For each drug class, it provides examples of medications, their mechanisms of action, indications for use, and important cautions.
Bronchial asthma is a disease characterized by airway inflammation and episodic, reversible bronchospasm. Symptoms include wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath and can be triggered by allergens, infections, exercise or cold air. Treatment involves avoiding triggers and using medications to control symptoms, including bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs like inhaled corticosteroids. Common bronchodilators are beta-2 receptor agonists like salbutamol, which provide rapid relief during asthma attacks, and long-acting drugs like salmeterol to prevent symptoms. Side effects of beta-2 agonists include increased heart rate and tremors.
This document provides information about the respiratory system and respiratory drugs. It describes the parts of the respiratory tract from the nose to the lungs. It then discusses several respiratory diseases that affect the upper and lower tract, including sinusitis, pneumonia, asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis. The document explains drug classifications for respiratory agents and inhalant products. It provides details about common respiratory drugs like Flonase, Ventolin, and Mucomyst, describing their classification, action, indications, side effects, dosing and more. References are listed at the end.
Approach to patient with chronic coughJoyshree Das
This document discusses the approach to a patient presenting with chronic cough lasting more than 8 weeks. It describes the cough reflex pathway and etiologies of chronic cough, including upper airway cough syndrome, asthma, gastroesophageal reflux disease, non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis, and ACE-inhibitor use. It provides details on diagnosing and managing these conditions through clinical history, examinations, diagnostic tests, and treatment trials. Other potential causes discussed include psychogenic cough and underlying structural lung diseases.
A nurse manager coordinates and manages the nursing staff, ensuring the effective operation of the department. The key roles of a nurse manager include creating a vision, implementing goals, facilitating changes, mentoring staff, collecting and evaluating information, communicating, decision-making, developing relationships, and controlling the work environment. Important qualities for a nurse manager are clinical expertise, strong communication skills, flexibility, managing people, and other skills like providing quality patient care and dealing with financial aspects.
This document discusses various routes of drug administration including enteral, parenteral, and other routes. Enteral routes involve placing drugs directly into the GI tract, such as orally, sublingually, or rectally. Parenteral routes bypass the GI tract and include intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous injections. Factors like absorption rate, bioavailability, and first-pass metabolism vary between different administration routes and influence drug delivery and effects in the body.
The document lists DOS commands and their syntax, providing examples of each. It covers basic commands for changing directories (CD), clearing the screen (CLS), checking the date and time, exiting (EXIT), making directories (MD), copying files to the console (COPY CON), viewing files (TYPE), renaming files (REN), deleting directories (RD) and files (DEL), listing directory contents with various switches (DIR), copying files between locations (COPY), and checking the OS version (VER), disk volume (VOL), and command prompt (PROMPT).
This document provides an overview of blood disorders, including red blood cell, white blood cell, and platelet disorders as well as coagulation disorders. It discusses specific disorders such as polycythemia vera, anemia, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, and erythroblastosis fetalis. For each disorder it covers pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, oral manifestations, laboratory findings, and treatment considerations.
This document provides an overview of assessing the head, eyes, ears, nose, and throat (HEENT) during a physical exam. It describes collecting subjective information from the patient's history and then performing objective assessments of each area. Examination techniques are outlined for inspecting the head, eyes, ears, nose, mouth, throat, and neck. Abnormal findings that may be detected during the exam are also listed. The goal is to evaluate the structure and function of the HEENT systems through physical assessment.
Radiation therapy has been used to treat cancer for over 100 years. It works by damaging the DNA of cancer cells to destroy their ability to reproduce. Over 60% of cancer patients receive radiation therapy as part of their treatment. Modern radiation therapy utilizes 3D imaging and advanced treatment planning to precisely target tumor cells while sparing surrounding healthy tissue. Treatments are usually painless and administered in small daily doses over several weeks by a multidisciplinary team to take advantage of differences in how normal and cancer cells repair radiation damage.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is characterized by poorly reversible airflow limitation caused by chronic inflammation in the lungs. The two main conditions that make up COPD are chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chronic bronchitis involves excessive mucus production and cough, while emphysema results in the destruction of lung tissue and loss of elasticity. Management of COPD focuses on reducing risk factors like smoking, managing stable disease with bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids, and treating exacerbations which present as worsening symptoms.
This document provides information about asthma and COPD. It defines asthma as a disorder causing airway swelling and narrowing leading to wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing. Common asthma triggers include allergens like dust and pollen. There are four categories of asthma severity. Around 25 million Americans have asthma. COPD includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema and is often caused by smoking. It is underdiagnosed, with around 15 million Americans affected. Both conditions impose high health costs and reduce quality of life. Public health initiatives aim to improve diagnosis and management through education.
The document outlines the duties and responsibilities of various nursing roles in an operating theatre (OT). It describes the nursing hierarchy headed by the Nursing Director. Nursing supervisors oversee the daily running of the theatre suite and delegate tasks to scrub nurses and circulatory nurses. Scrub nurses work within the sterile field, preparing equipment and passing instruments to surgeons during procedures. Circulatory nurses manage patient care, coordinate the surgical team's needs, and help maintain a safe environment in the OT. Both scrub and circulatory nurses are responsible for counts of sponges, instruments and ensuring sterility throughout operations.
This document provides an overview of the role and responsibilities of a scrub nurse in the operating room. It discusses welcoming patients, preoperative assessments, scrubbing in using sterile technique, assisting the surgeon by passing instruments and supplies, maintaining sterile fields and patient safety, and concluding procedures. It also provides orientations on common surgical needles, sutures, and instruments that scrub nurses must be familiar with to effectively support surgeons during operations.
The document discusses various topics related to wound care and management. It notes that over a million Americans suffer from non-healing wounds annually, costing $750 million. There are over 3,852 wound care products on the market that can be classified as drugs, biologics, or devices. The goals of wound care products are to bind tissues, protect wounds from infection, maintain a moist environment, permit gas exchange, and promote healing. Common causes of wounds include trauma, inactivity, disease, surgery, pressure, and various medical conditions. Proper wound care involves identifying causative factors, improving the local wound environment, debriding wounds, and using various dressing types and biological agents.
This document discusses different types of suture materials used in veterinary surgery. It provides classifications of suture materials according to source, structure, fate, and coating. Absorbable suture materials discussed include catgut obtained from sheep intestine, kangaroo tendon, fascia lata from bovine fascia, and collagen from bovine tendon. Synthetic absorbable sutures mentioned are polyglactin 910 (Vicryl) and polyglycolic acid (Dexon). Characteristics and uses of each suture material are briefly described.
This document provides an overview of the male and female reproductive systems, including:
1) It describes the main organs involved in both systems such as the testes, ovaries, duct systems, and external genitalia.
2) It explains the processes of sperm and egg production, including spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
3) It outlines the hormonal control of the ovarian and uterine cycles in females and testosterone production in males.
This document discusses first aid for injuries to the face, eyes, and throat. It provides guidance on assessing and treating different types of eye injuries, including foreign objects, burns, and damage to the eyeball or socket. It also outlines care for facial injuries, noting the need to check for potential spinal injuries. Proper treatment of throat injuries focuses on maintaining an open airway and controlling bleeding. Throughout, it emphasizes the importance of seeking immediate medical attention for serious injuries.
This document discusses how exercise affects the respiratory system. It states that exercise increases both the breaths per minute and the amount of air in each breath. During light exercise, ventilation increases mainly by breathing deeper, while during high intensity exercise it increases more through higher breathing frequency. At moderate intensities, ventilation rises through both deeper and more frequent breathing. The document also notes that training adaptations allow ventilation to improve through increased alveolar ventilation and tissue oxygen uptake during light and sub-maximal exercise.
This document discusses refractive errors, eye disorders, and glaucoma. It defines refractive errors as problems with the eye's ability to focus light correctly on the retina due to issues with eye length or refraction. Common refractive errors include myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia, and astigmatism. Eye disorders discussed include blindness, trauma, inflammation/infections like blepharitis and conjunctivitis, and glaucoma. Glaucoma occurs when intraocular pressure increases, potentially causing vision loss or blindness if untreated. Nursing care focuses on reducing pressure through medications, activity restriction, and teaching to prevent further vision impairment.
This document discusses the integumentary system, which includes the skin and its accessory structures. It describes the three layers of the skin - the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous fascia - and their structures and functions. Additionally, it covers skin appendages like hair, nails and glands. The document also addresses skin functions such as protection, temperature regulation and sensation. It examines various skin diseases and conditions. Finally, it provides learning objectives and pronunciation guides for terms related to the integumentary system.
The document discusses Kubler-Ross's five stages of grief (denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance) and common fears of dying patients such as fear of loneliness, sorrow, the unknown, loss of control, and suffering/pain. It also addresses supporting grieving individuals and families, nursing care for the dying patient and after death, and how cultural backgrounds can impact beliefs about death.
The document discusses criteria for admission and triage to the intensive care unit (ICU). It notes that demand often exceeds supply of ICU beds. It presents several models for prioritizing patients, including based on diagnosis and severity of illness. Factors considered for admission include prognosis, likelihood of benefit, and patient wishes. The document also discusses criteria for discharge and intermediate care units as alternatives to the ICU.
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.Gokuldas Hospital
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
Co-Chairs, Val J. Lowe, MD, and Cyrus A. Raji, MD, PhD, prepared useful Practice Aids pertaining to Alzheimer’s disease for this CME/AAPA activity titled “Alzheimer’s Disease Case Conference: Gearing Up for the Expanding Role of Neuroradiology in Diagnosis and Treatment.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/AAPA information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/3PvVY25. CME/AAPA credit will be available until June 28, 2025.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Kosmoderma Academy, a leading institution in the field of dermatology and aesthetics, offers comprehensive courses in cosmetology and trichology. Our specialized courses on PRP (Hair), DR+Growth Factor, GFC, and Qr678 are designed to equip practitioners with advanced skills and knowledge to excel in hair restoration and growth treatments.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
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2. Respiratory Tract
• Upper respiratory tract
includes: nares, nasal
cavity, pharynx, and
larynx.
• Lower respiratory tract
includes: trachea,
bronchi, bronchioles,
alveoli, and alveolar-
capillary membrane
• Air enters the upper
resp. tract & travels to
the lower tract where
gas exchange takes
place
3. Respiratory Tract
• Respiration = the process whereby gas exchange occurs at
the alveolar-capillary membrane. 3 phases:
1. Ventilation - movement of air from the atmosphere
through the upper & lower airways to the alveoli
2. Perfusion - blood from the pulmonary circulation is
adequate at the alveolar-capillary bed
3. Diffusion - molecules move from area of higher
concentration to lower concentration of gases - O2 passes
into the capillary bed to be circulated & CO2 leaves the
capillary bed & diffuses into the alveoli for vent. excretion
4. Respiratory Tract
• Perfusion - influenced by alveolar pressure. For gas
exchange, the perfusion of each alveoli must be matched
by adequate ventilation. Mucosal edema, secretions, &
bronchospasms increase the resistance to airflow & dec.
ventilation & diffusion of gases
• Bronchial Smooth Muscle - In the tracheobronchial tube is
smooth muscle whose fibers spiral around the tube
contraction constriction of airway
- Parasympathetic Nervous system releases acetylcholine
bronchoconstriction
- Sympathetic Nervous system releases epinephrine
stimulates beta-2 receptors in bronchial smooth muscle
bronchodilation
5. Drugs for Upper respiratory
Infections
• Upper Respiratory Infections (URI’s) = common cold,
acute rhinitis, sinusitis, acute tonsillitis, acute laryngitis
- The common cold = most expensive > $500 million
spent on OTC preparations
• Common Cold & Acute Rhinitis -
- Common cold caused by the rhinovirus & affects
primarily the nasopharyngeal tract.
- Acute rhinitis (inflammation of mucus membranes of
nose) usually accompanies the common cold
- Allergic rhinitis - caused by pollen or a foreign substance
6. Drugs for Upper Respiratory
Infections
• Incubation period of a cold = 1 to 4 days before
onset of symptoms & first 3 days of the cold
- Home remedies = rest, chicken soup, hot toddies,
Vitamins
- 4 groups of drugs used to manage symptoms =
antihistamins (H-1 blocker), decongestants
(sympathomimetic amines), antitussives,
expectorants
7. Drugs for Upper Respiratory
Infections - Antihistamines
• Antihistamines or H-1 blockers - compete w/ histamine for
receptor sites prevents a histamine response.
2 types of histamine receptors - H-1 & H-2
H-1 stimulation = extravascular smooth muscles
(including those lining nasal cavity) are constricted
H-2 stimulation = an inc. in gastric secretions = peptic
ulcer disease
Do not confuse the 2 receptors - antihistamines decrease
nasopharyngeal secretions by blocking the H-1 receptor
8. Drugs for Upper Respiratory
Infections - antihistamines
• Histamines - A compound derived from an amino acid
histadine. Released in response to an allergic rxn (antigen-
antibody rxn) - such as inhaled pollen
- When released it reacts w/ H-1 receptors = arterioles &
capillaries dialate = inc. in bld flow to the area =
capillaries become more permeable = outward passage of
fluids into extracellular spaces= edema (congestion) =
release of secretions (runny nose & watery eyes)
- Large amts. of released histamine in an allergic rxn =
extensive arteriolar dilation = dec. BP, skin flushed &
edematous = itching, constriction & spasm of bronchioles
= SOB & lg. amts. of pulmonary & gastric secretions
9. Drugs for Upper Respiratory
Infections - Antihistamines
• Astemizole (Hismanal), Cetirizine (Zertec), Loratadine
(Claritin), Chlorpheniramine (Chlortrimeton),
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
• Actions = competitive antagonist at the histamine
receptor; some also have anticholinergic properties
• Uses = Treat colds; perennial/seasonal allergic rhinitis
(sneezing, runny nose); allergic activity (drying &
sedation); some are also antiemetic
• SE = Drowsiness, dizziness, sedation, drying effects
• CI = glaucoma, acute asthma
10. Drugs for Upper Respiratory
Infections - Decongestants
• Nasal congestion results from dilation of nasal bld.
vessels d/t infection, inflammation, or allergy.
With dilation there’s transudation of fluid into
tissue spaces swelling of the nasal cavity
• Decongestants (sympathomimetic amines)
- stimulate alpha-adrenergic receptor
vasoconstriction of capillaries w/in nasal mucosa
shrinking of the nasal mucus membranes &
reduction in fluid secretion (runny nose)
11. Drugs for Upper Respiratory
Infections - Decongestants
• Naphazoline HCL (Allerest), Pseudoephedrine
(Actifed, Sudafed), Oxymetolazone (Afrin),
Phenylpropanolamine HCL (Allerest, Dimetapp)
• Use - Congestion d/t common cold, hayfever, upper resp.
allergies, sinusitis
• SE = Jittery,nervous,restless, Inc BP, inc. bld. sugar
• CI = Hypertension, cardiac disease, diabetes
• Preparations = nasal spray, tablets, capsules, or liquid
• Frequent use, esp. nasal spray, can result in tolerance &
rebound nasal congestion - d/t irritation of nasal mucosa
12. Drugs for Upper Respiratory Infections -
Intranasal Glucocorticoids
• Beclomethasone (Beconase, Vancenase, Vanceril),
Budesonide (Rhinocort), Dexamethasone
(Decadron)fluticasone (Flonase)
- Action - steroids used to dec. inflammation locally in the
nose
- Use - Perennial/seasonal allergic rhinitis (sneezing, runny
nose) - May be used alone or w/ antihistamines
- SE - rare, but w/ continuous use dryness of the nasal
mucosa may occur
13. Drugs for Upper Respiratory
Infections - Antitussives
• Action - Acts on the cough control center in the medulla to
suppress the cough reflex
• Use - Cough suppression for non-productive irritating
coughs
* Codeine - Narcotic analgesic to control a cough d/t the
common cold or bronchitis
* Dextromethorphan - nonnarcotic antitussive that
suppresses the cough center in the medulla, widely used
- syrup, liquid, chewable & lozenges
- SE = drowsiness, sedation
14. Drugs for Upper Respiratory
infections - Expectorants
• Action - Loosens bronchial secretions so they can
be eliminated w/ coughing
* A nonproductive cough becomes more productive
and less frequent
• Uses - Nonproductive coughs
• Guaifenesin (Robitussin) = Most common
* Use alone or in combo w/ other resp. drugs
• Hydration is the best expectorant
16. Drugs for Lower Respiratory
Disorders
• Lung Compliance - Lung volume based on the unit of
pressure in the alveoli
* Determines the lung’s ability to stretch (tissue elasticity)
* Determined by: connective tissue; surface tension in the
alveoli controlled by surfactant
- surfactant lowers surface tension in alveoli & prevents
interstitial fluid from entering
* Inc. (high) lung compliance in COPD
* Dec. (low) lung compliance in restrictive pulmonary
disease = lungs become “stiff” & need more pressure
17. Drugs for Lower Respiratory
Disorders
• Chronic obstructed pulmonary disease (COPD) &
restrictive pulmonary disease = 2 major lower resp. tract
diseases
• COPD = airway obstruction w/ inc. airway resistance to
airflow to lung tissues - 4 causes
- Chronic bronchitis - emphysema
- Bronchiectasis - asthma
* Above frequently result in irreversible lung tissue
damage. Asthma reversible unless frequent attacks and
becomes chronic.
18. Drugs for Lower Respiratory
Disorders
• Restrictive lung disease = a dec. in total lung
capacity as a result of fluid accumulation or loss of
elasticity of the lung.
* Causes: Pulmonary edema, pulmonary fibrosis,
pneumonitis, lung tumors, scoliosis
• Bronchial Asthma = 10-12 million people of all
ages affected - a chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease characterized by periods of bronchospasm
resulting in wheezing & difficulty in breathing
19. Drugs for Lower Respiratory
Disorders
• Asthma - Bronchospasm or bronchoconstriction results
when the lung tissue is exposed to extrinsic or intrinsic
factors that stimulate a bronchoconstrictive response
- Causes: humidity, air pressure changes, temp. changes,
smoke, fumes, stress, emotional upset, allergies, dust,
food, some drugs
* Pathophys = Mast cells (found in connective tissue
throughout the body) are directly involved in the asthmatic
response - esp. to extrinsic factors
- allergens attach themselves to mast cells & basophils =
antigen-antibody rxn
20. Drugs for Lower Respiratory
Disorders - Asthma
• Mast cells stimulate release of chemical mediators
(histamines, cytokines, serotonin, ECF-A (eosinophils))
• These chemical mediators stimulate bronchial constriction,
mucous secretions, inflammation, pulmonary congestion
• Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) - a cellular
substance responsible for maintaining bronchodilation -
When inhibited by histamines & ECF-A bronchoconst.
• Sympathomimetic (adrenergic) bronchodilators inc. amt.
of cAMP & promote dilation first line drugs used
21. Drugs for Lower Respiratory
Disorders
• Sympathomimetics: Alpha & Beta-2 Adrenergic
Agonists
• Increase cAMP dilation of bronchioles in acute
bronchospasm caused by anaphylaxis from allergic rxn
give nonselective epinephrine (Adrenalin) - SQ in an
emergency to promote bronchodilation & inc. BP
SE = tremors, dizziness, HTN, tachycardia, heart
palpitations, angina
• For bronchospasm d/t COPD - selective beta-2 adrenergic
agonists are given via aerosol or tablet
22. Drugs for Lower Respiratory
Disorders
• Metaproterenol (Alupent, Metaprel) - some beta-1, but
primarily used as a beta-2 agent - PO or inhaler/nebulizer
- For long-term asthma Rx beta-2 adrenergic agonists
frequently given by inhalation
* more drug delivered directly to constricted bronchial
site
* Effective dose less than PO dose & less side effects
- Action = relaxes bronchial smooth muscle - onset = fast
- SE = Nervousness, tremors, restlessness, insomnia & inc.
HR
23. Drugs for Lower Respiratory
Disorders
• Albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin) - More beta-2 selective
- PO or inhaler
- Used for acute/chronic asthma
- Rapid onset of action & longer duration than
Metaproterenol
- Fewer SE because more beta-2 specific, but high doses
can still effect beta-1 receptors & cause nervousness,
tremors & inc. pulse rate
24. Drugs for Lower Respiratory
Disorders - Anticholinergics
• Ipratropium bromide (Atrovent) -
- Action - competitive antagonist (inhibits) of cholinergic
receptors in bronchial smooth muscle = bronchiole
dilation - Inhaler
- Use - In combination w/ beta agonist for asthma & for
bronchospasm associated w/ COPD
- Need to teach clients how to use properly: If using
Atrovent w/ a beta-agonist, use beta-agonist 5 min. before
Atrovent; If using Atrovent w/ an inhaled steroid or
cromolyn, use Atrovent 5 min. before the steroid or
cromolyn - bronchioles dilate & drugs more effective
25. Drugs for Lower Respiratory
Disorders - Methylxanthine derivatives
• Aminophylline, Theophylline (TheoDur), Caffeine –
* PO or IV -
* Use - Treatment of asthma & COPD
* Action - Inc. cAMP bronchodilation; also - diuresis,
cardiac, CNS & gastric acid stimulation
* When given IV a low therapeutic index & range -
Monitor levels frequently
* PO doses can be given in standard dosages
* Avoid smoking, caffeine & inc. fluid intake
26. Methylxanthine derivatives
• Drug Interactions: Inc the risk of dig toxicity, decreases the
effects to lithium,dec theophyllin levels with Dilantin,
theophyllin and beta-adrenergic agonist given together -
synergistic effect can occurcardiac dysrhythmias. Beta
blockers, Tagamet, Inderal and e-mycin decrease the liver
metabolism rate and inc. the half-life and effects of theophyllin
• SE : Anorexia, N&V, nervousness, dizziness, palpitations, GI
upset & bleeding, HA, restlessness, flushing, irritability,
marked hypotension, hyper-reflexia and seizures.
• CI: Severe cardiac dysrhythmias, hyperthyroidism, peptic
ulcer disease (increases gastric secretions)
27. Drugs for Lower Respiratory Disorders -
Leukotrine Receptor Antagonists & Synthesis
Inhibitors
• Leukotriene (LT) a chemical mediator that can cause
inflammatory changes in the lung. The group cysteinyl
leukotrienes promotes and inc in eosinophil migration,
mucus production, and airway wall edema, which result
in broncho-constriction.
• LT receptor antagonists & LT synthesis inhibitors
(Leukotriene modifiers) effective in reducing the
inflammatory symptoms of asthma triggered by allergic
& environmental stimuli - Not for acute asthma
28. Leucotriene receptor antagonist and synthesis
inhibitors
•Zafirlukast (Accolate), Zileuton (Zyflo), Montelukast
sodium (Singulair) – PO
• Action - Decreases the inflammatory process Use -
prophylactic & maintenance drug therapy for asthma
•Accolate – 1st in group, leukotriene receptor antagonist
reduce inflammation & dec bronchoconstriction, PO-
BID-rapidly absorbed
•Singulair –New leukotriene receptor antagonist, short
t1/2 (2.5-5.5) Safe for children under 6yo.
29. Drugs for Lower Respiratory
Disorders - Glucocorticoids (Steroids)
• Glococorticoids have an anti-inflammatory action and are
used if asthma is unresponsive to bronchodilator therapy
• Given: inhaler- beclomethasone (Vanceril, Beclovent);
tablet - triamcinolone (Amcort, Aristocory),
dexamethasone (Decadron), prednisone; injection -
dexamethasone, hydrocortisone
• SE significant w/ long-term oral use - fluid retention,
hyperglycemia, impaired immune response
• Irritating to the gastric mucosa - take w/ food
• When d/c’ing taper the dosage slowly
30. Drugs for Lower Respiratory
Disorders - Cromolyn & Nedocromil
• Cromolyn (Intal) - for prophylactic Rx of bronchial
asthma & must be taken on a daily basis - NOT used for
acute asthma - Inhaler
* Action - inhibits the release of histamine that can cause an
asthma rxn
* SE - mouth irritation, cough & a bad taste in the mouth
** Caution - rebound bronchospasm is a serious side effect
do not d/c the drug abruptly
• Nedocromil sodium - action & uses similar to Intal -
prophylactic usage - inhalation therapy - may be more
effective than Intal
31. Drugs for Lower Respiratory
Disorders - Mucolytics
• Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst) - nebulization
* Action - liquefies & loosens thick mucous secretions so
they can be expectorated
* Use - dissolves thick mucous, acetaminophen overdose
(bonds chemically to reduce liver damage)
* SE - N & V, chest tightness, bronchoconstriction
* Use w/ a bronchodilator
• Dornase alfa (Pulmozyme) - an enzyme that digests the
DNA in thick sputum of cystic fibrosis (CF) clients
32. MATH
NDC 000w-7293-01 VIAL No. 7293
R/X Lilly
ADD-Vantage Vial
NEBCIN
Tobramycin sulfate
injection, usp
60 Mg per 6ml
You need to prepare 30 mg. How
much solution will you need?
30 mg X 6 ml =
60 mg
1 X 6 ml =
2
6 = 3 ml
2