Meaning of Communication
Characteristics of Communication
Process of Communication
Types of Communication
Levels of Communication
Barriers of Communication
Meaning of Communication
Characteristics of Communication
Process of Communication
Types of Communication
Levels of Communication
Barriers of Communication
Oral presentation which is also called Public Speaking is the exhibition or display of ideas, information, feelings and opinions by using the different sounds of a language. A normal speech situation is informal, impromptu and unrehearsed. So, it perfectly normal for one to experience some kind of nervousness like trembling voice, fear and heavy breathing when one is called to present a speech publicly for the very first time. This however is unacceptable if one cannot overcome such drawbacks in subsequent occasions for public or formal speech making.
Giving and Receiving Constructive Feedback Powerpointhortykim
What is constructive feedback? Why give constructive feedback? How to give effective constructive feedback. The sandwich method. How to effectively receive effective feedback.
Communication can happen in many ways.We communicate in many ways,through facial expressions,getures and so on. We focus mainly on speech and verbal form of expression.This slideshow explains how to reinforce earliest forms of communication which is intentional communication
The communication is exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or using some other medium. The successful conveying or sharing of ideas and feelings.
Every communication involves (at least) one sender, a message and a recipient. This may sound simple, but communication is actually a very complex subject.
Dorling Kindersley RF/Thinkstock
Learning Objectives
By the end of the chapter you should be
able to:
• Describe the characteristics of communicators
that make them more persuasive
• Describe what characteristics of a message make
it more persuasive
• Describe how culture, age, and self-esteem
affect persuasion
• Differentiate the central route from the peripheral
route to persuasion within the elaboration likeli-
hood model
• Describe the persuasion techniques involving
initial small requests
Persuasion 7
Chapter Outline
7.1 Who—Characteristics of the Persuader
• Credibility: Expertise and Trustworthiness
• Attractiveness and Likeability
7.2 What—Characteristics of the Message
• Emotion
• Framing
• One-Sided and Two-Sided Messages
7.3 To Whom—Characteristics of the Audience
• Culture
• Age
• Self-Esteem
• Elaboration Likelihood Model
7.4 How—Persuasion Techniques
• Foot-in-the-Door Technique
• Lowball Technique
• Legitimization-of-Paltry-Favors
• Reciprocity
• Door-in-the-Face Technique
• That’s-not-all Technique
• Scarcity
• Pique Technique
• Disrupt-Then-Reframe Technique
Chapter Summary
• Describe the use of reciprocity as a persuasion technique
• Explain techniques that begin with a large request
• Explain persuasion techniques that use scarcity
• Describe techniques that involve changing attention
fee85798_07_c07_141-170.indd 141 7/16/13 9:49 AM
CHAPTER 7Section 7.1 Who—Characteristics of the Persuader
Every day, other people try to persuade us. Advertisements on television, the
Internet, or the radio attempt to persuade us to buy a product. Family members,
friends, and employers ask us to do them a favor. Some of these messages we
quickly dismiss, but others convince us to buy the extra absorbent paper towels,
or bake cupcakes for that fundraiser.
Imagine watching an infomercial for an exercise machine. The product is described
by an attractive and trim fitness expert to a mildly skeptical person in front of an
enthusiastic studio audience. The machine is demonstrated, the positive benefits
and ease of use of the machine are touted, and viewers are offered the product
at a low, low price. By the end of the infomercial the skeptic is convinced of the
machine’s miraculous powers and you find yourself picking up the phone to order
one for yourself. What makes such communications persuasive? Social psychology
can help us find the answers to these questions by applying the scientific method to
different aspects of persuasion—the persuader, the message, and the audience—as
well as investigating specific persuasion techniques. Knowing more about persua-
sion may allow us to better resist being persuaded in the future.
Persuasive communication can be divided into four parts: the communicator, the
message, the audience, and the technique (see Figure 7.1). First we will deal with
what characteristics of persuaders make people more likely to be persuaded. Next,
we will think about characte ...
Oral presentation which is also called Public Speaking is the exhibition or display of ideas, information, feelings and opinions by using the different sounds of a language. A normal speech situation is informal, impromptu and unrehearsed. So, it perfectly normal for one to experience some kind of nervousness like trembling voice, fear and heavy breathing when one is called to present a speech publicly for the very first time. This however is unacceptable if one cannot overcome such drawbacks in subsequent occasions for public or formal speech making.
Giving and Receiving Constructive Feedback Powerpointhortykim
What is constructive feedback? Why give constructive feedback? How to give effective constructive feedback. The sandwich method. How to effectively receive effective feedback.
Communication can happen in many ways.We communicate in many ways,through facial expressions,getures and so on. We focus mainly on speech and verbal form of expression.This slideshow explains how to reinforce earliest forms of communication which is intentional communication
The communication is exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or using some other medium. The successful conveying or sharing of ideas and feelings.
Every communication involves (at least) one sender, a message and a recipient. This may sound simple, but communication is actually a very complex subject.
Dorling Kindersley RF/Thinkstock
Learning Objectives
By the end of the chapter you should be
able to:
• Describe the characteristics of communicators
that make them more persuasive
• Describe what characteristics of a message make
it more persuasive
• Describe how culture, age, and self-esteem
affect persuasion
• Differentiate the central route from the peripheral
route to persuasion within the elaboration likeli-
hood model
• Describe the persuasion techniques involving
initial small requests
Persuasion 7
Chapter Outline
7.1 Who—Characteristics of the Persuader
• Credibility: Expertise and Trustworthiness
• Attractiveness and Likeability
7.2 What—Characteristics of the Message
• Emotion
• Framing
• One-Sided and Two-Sided Messages
7.3 To Whom—Characteristics of the Audience
• Culture
• Age
• Self-Esteem
• Elaboration Likelihood Model
7.4 How—Persuasion Techniques
• Foot-in-the-Door Technique
• Lowball Technique
• Legitimization-of-Paltry-Favors
• Reciprocity
• Door-in-the-Face Technique
• That’s-not-all Technique
• Scarcity
• Pique Technique
• Disrupt-Then-Reframe Technique
Chapter Summary
• Describe the use of reciprocity as a persuasion technique
• Explain techniques that begin with a large request
• Explain persuasion techniques that use scarcity
• Describe techniques that involve changing attention
fee85798_07_c07_141-170.indd 141 7/16/13 9:49 AM
CHAPTER 7Section 7.1 Who—Characteristics of the Persuader
Every day, other people try to persuade us. Advertisements on television, the
Internet, or the radio attempt to persuade us to buy a product. Family members,
friends, and employers ask us to do them a favor. Some of these messages we
quickly dismiss, but others convince us to buy the extra absorbent paper towels,
or bake cupcakes for that fundraiser.
Imagine watching an infomercial for an exercise machine. The product is described
by an attractive and trim fitness expert to a mildly skeptical person in front of an
enthusiastic studio audience. The machine is demonstrated, the positive benefits
and ease of use of the machine are touted, and viewers are offered the product
at a low, low price. By the end of the infomercial the skeptic is convinced of the
machine’s miraculous powers and you find yourself picking up the phone to order
one for yourself. What makes such communications persuasive? Social psychology
can help us find the answers to these questions by applying the scientific method to
different aspects of persuasion—the persuader, the message, and the audience—as
well as investigating specific persuasion techniques. Knowing more about persua-
sion may allow us to better resist being persuaded in the future.
Persuasive communication can be divided into four parts: the communicator, the
message, the audience, and the technique (see Figure 7.1). First we will deal with
what characteristics of persuaders make people more likely to be persuaded. Next,
we will think about characte ...
Persuasive Speaking
Chapter 18
Foundations of Persuasion & Persuasion: An Overview
Persuasion: An Overview
Richard Perloff’s Five Reasons Studying Persuasion is ImportantThe sheer number of persuasive communications has grown exponentially.Persuasive messages travel faster than ever before.Persuasion has become institutionalized.Persuasive communication has become more subtle and devious.Persuasive communication is more complex than ever before.
What Is Persuasion?Persuasion: An attempt to get a person to behave in a manner, or embrace a point of view related to values, attitudes, and or beliefs, that he or she would not have done otherwise.
Change Attitudes, Values, and BeliefsAttitude: An individual’s general predisposition toward something as being good or bad, right or wrong, or negative or positive.Value: An individual’s perception of the usefulness, importance, or worth of something. We can value a college education or technology or freedom.Beliefs: Propositions or positions that an individual holds as true or false without positive knowledge or proof.Core beliefs: Beliefs that people have actively engaged in and created over the course of their lives (e.g., belief in a higher power, belief in extraterrestrial life forms).Dispositional beliefs: Beliefs that people have not actively engaged in, but rather judgments that they make, based on their knowledge of related subjects, when they encounter a proposition.
Change in BehaviorBehaviors come in a wide range of forms, so finding one you think people should start, increase, or decrease shouldn’t be difficult at all.For example, speeches encouraging audiences to vote for a candidate, sign a petition opposing a tuition increase, or drink tap water instead of bottled water are all behavior-oriented persuasive speeches.
Why Persuasion Matters
Frymier and Nadler’s Three Reasons to Study PersuasionWhen you study and understand persuasion, you will be more successful at persuading others.When people understand persuasion, they will be better consumers of information.When we understand how persuasion functions, we’ll have a better grasp of what happens around us in the world.
Why it’s Important Ethically to Understand PersuasionWe believe that persuasive messages that aim to manipulate, coerce, and intimidate people are unethical, as are messages that distort information.As ethical listeners, we have a responsibility to analyze messages that manipulate, coerce, and/or intimidate people or distort information.We also then have the responsibility to combat these messages with the truth, which will rely on our skills and knowledge as effective persuaders.
Theories of Persuasion
We often find ourselves in situations where we are trying to persuade others to attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors with which they may not agree.
To help us persuade others, what we need to think about is the range of possible attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors that exi.
There is so much incivility today that the way to argue issues and achieve something has weakened. Therefore, I studied, applied and presented some concepts on how to argue. I hope this presentation is helpful to you.
Chapter 7
Persuasion
Dorling Kindersley RF/Thinkstock
Learning Objectives
By the end of the chapter you should be able to:
· Describe the characteristics of communicators that make them more persuasive
· Describe what characteristics of a message make it more persuasive
· Describe how culture, age, and self-esteem affect persuasion
· Differentiate the central route from the peripheral route to persuasion within the elaboration likelihoodmodel
· Describe the persuasion techniques involving initial small requests
· Describe the use of reciprocity as a persuasion technique
· Explain techniques that begin with a large request
· Explain persuasion techniques that use scarcity
· Describe techniques that involve changing attention
Chapter Outline
7.1 Who—Characteristics of the Persuader
· Credibility: Expertise and Trustworthiness
· Attractiveness and Likeability
7.2 What—Characteristics of the Message
· Emotion
· Framing
· One-Sided and Two-Sided Messages
7.3 To Whom—Characteristics of the Audience
· Culture
· Age
· Self-Esteem
· Elaboration Likelihood Model
7.4 How—Persuasion Techniques
· Foot-in-the-Door Technique
· Lowball Technique
· Legitimization-of-Paltry-Favors
· Reciprocity
· Door-in-the-Face Technique
· That's-not-all Technique
· Scarcity
· Pique Technique
· Disrupt-Then-Reframe Technique
Chapter Summary
* * *
Every day, other people try to persuade us. Advertisements on television, the Internet, or the radio attempt to persuade us tobuy a product. Family members, friends, and employers ask us to do them a favor. Some of these messages we quickly dismiss,but others convince us to buy the extra absorbent paper towels, or bake cupcakes for that fundraiser.
Imagine watching an infomercial for an exercise machine. The product is described by an attractive and trim fitness expert to amildly skeptical person in front of an enthusiastic studio audience. The machine is demonstrated, the positive benefits and easeof use of the machine are touted, and viewers are offered the product at a low, low price. By the end of the infomercial theskeptic is convinced of the machine's miraculous powers and you find yourself picking up the phone to order one for yourself.What makes such communications persuasive? Social psychology can help us find the answers to these questions by applyingthe scientific method to different aspects of persuasion—the persuader, the message, and the audience—as well as investigatingspecific persuasion techniques. Knowing more about persuasion may allow us to better resist being persuaded in the future.
Persuasive communication can be divided into four parts: the communicator, the message, the audience, and the technique (seeFigure 7.1). First we will deal with what characteristics of persuaders make people more likely to be persuaded. Next, we willthink about characteristics of the message that lead people to change. Then, we will explore what characteristics of theaudience can lead them to be persuaded. Finally, we will .
Chapter 8: “Who Says It”: Source Factors in Persuasion
Chapter 9: Fundamentals of the Message
Chapter 10: Emotional Message Appeals: Fear and Guilt
Perloff, R. M. (2014). The dynamics of persuasion: communication and attitudes in the twenty-first century. Routledge.
Often we believe “if they only understood the facts, they would agree with us.” However, this method only works with a small part of the population. Opinion formation is very complex and includes many other factors besides scientific facts, such as emotion, values, and trust.
Fear-based messaging has been frequently used as an attempt to provide a spark that will lead to further learning and behavioral changes. However, these messages must be coupled with both information and support in order to be effective. Without these two resources, people often suffer from feelings of helplessness, remoteness, and lack of control over the situation which all prevent behavior change from occurring. For more, visit: http://www.extension.org/69114
CHAPTER6RESEARCHLEARNING OBJECTIVES• Describe the importan.docxtiffanyd4
CHAPTER
6
RESEARCH
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Describe the importance of responsible research choices
• Outline an effective, efficient research strategy
• Create search terms for focused online searches
• Gather relevant research materials
• Discover the note-taking approach that works best for you
• Evaluate the credibility and usefulness of different sources
• Effectively organize research materials and choose the most useful ones
• Correctly cite your sourcesCHAPTER OUTLINE
• Introduction: Becoming an Expert
• Researching Responsibly
• The Research Process
• How to Conduct an Online Search
• Gathering Your Materials
• Reading Your Materials and Taking Notes
• Evaluating Sources
• Revising Your Claims
• Organizing Your Research Information
• Choosing the Sources for Your Speech
• Citing Your Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism
• Getting Help from a Research Expert
Robert and Dixie have been assigned to speak on either side of an issue, a kind of “pros and cons” format. They chose home schooling as their issue. each has a general position on it (Dixie is in favor, and Robert against) but they admit they just don't know that much about it. So what now? How do they become well enough informed to give a speech on the topic? Where should they even start? How can you keep track of your research? Do you have cite it?Overview
Research is necessary for an effective public speech. This chapter will help you make responsible, well-crafted, and carefully executed research choices. First, we will help you figure out what you already know and translate that knowledge into a research strategy. Next, we will provide some concrete tips on where to go for research (including other people as well as the Internet and the library), how to design a good search query for search engines and databases, and how to narrow your search. After that, we will address what you need to do once you have collected your research material, including how to read through it, take notes, and evaluate which sources are worthwhile. Finally, we will deal with how to use your research process to refine your arguments, choose and organize your quotations, and give proper credit for the sources you use in your speech.
MindTap®
Start with a warm-up activity about Stephanie's speech, and review the chapter's Learning Objectives.INTRODUCTION: BECOMING AN EXPERT
Researching, composing, and delivering an effective public speech requires you to acquire some expertise on your topic. You don't have to be the kind of expert who can produce original facts, figures, and data and publish groundbreaking work regarding your topic. But you do need to become enough of an expert on your topic to translate the research that you have done to an audience that may not have the same background or comfort with concepts and terminology that you have developed in your research. On your topic, you are the expert for your audience's purposes. You should cultivate enough expertise on your topic to bring new insights to .
7 ways storytelling improves communication - slidesharejointeambuilding
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Com. St. 11 - Study Questions for Final Exam1. Explain the stra.docxclarebernice
Com. St. 11 - Study Questions for Final Exam
1. Explain the strategy of being “thoroughly prepared” for reducing communication apprehension.
2. Explain extemporaneous delivery?
3. Name five resources, which can be helpful in gathering ideas for a speech.
4. Identify five reference sources for a speech.
5. Identify the elements of vocal delivery.
6. Identify five strategies for the introduction and conclusion.
7. Outline the following body (second main point):
Through marketing, establish an emotional connection. According to Fox News 2016, it is important to create an advertisement that will captivate the viewers and consumers emotions. According to Money Talk co-host, Aaron M. Sanchez, the emotional aspect plays numerous roles in consumer behavior. It is not only about making the consumer purchase the product, it is also about maintaining them. Therefore, it is crucial to create a long lasting emotional affect. In Psychology Today 2013, it states that, “fMRI neuro-imagery shows that when evaluating brands, consumers primarily use emotions (personal feelings and experiences) rather than information (brand attributes, features, and facts)”.
8. Outline the following conclusion:
Although it is not scientifically proved if environmental experience can make healing on people with cancer, according to a research in academia.edu website, spatial qualities definitely are related to emotional experience of people. Therefore, design can improve environmental experiences and add the wholesome to the character of the built environment.
9. Please explain how to cite the following source in your speech.
Adams, G. S., & Inesi, M. E. (2016). Impediments to forgiveness: Victim and transgressor attributions of intent and guilt. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 111, 866–881.
10. Please explain how to cite the following source in your speech.
Prospective Psychology.org
11. Please explain how to cite the following source in your speech.
Helen Fisher Says the Future of Love Will Play Out by Prehistoric Rules
By Helen Fisher, PhD
Wall Street Journal, July 2014
12. Outline the following introduction:
Hi everyone! By the show of hands, how many of you can admit that you tend to lie through situations? What many of us do not realize are the consequences that come with lying. Even the smallest lies, like a white lie, will eventually come back to haunt us. Today, I would like to discuss the consequences of lying. This includes losing trust, having broken promises and having these aspects lead to rumors.
13. Write a specific purpose and thesis for the following topic (Informative Speech):
Kindness
14. Write a specific purpose and thesis for the following topic (Persuasive Speech):
Compassion
Chapter 8 - Conducting Research
Preparing for Research
Establishing Credibility
Check reliability of authors and the authenticity of publications or so-called
expe ...
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2. LESSON 6 : OBJECTIVES
� At the end of the course, the students are
expected to:
� Create clear, coherent, and effective
communication materials.
� Write and communicate ideas in public
with appropriate tone,style, conventions,
and gestures.
3. Direction: Choose from the topics one
popular topics. Each will takes a turn to
choose. The task is to tell their argument why
they lean on one side.
� Should we vote the Marcoses to
power again?
� Should we fight our territory against
China?
� Do you believe in Karma? Do you
believe in after life?
� Should we allow Marijuana to be
legalized?
4. “Communication is made for numerous
purposes. The way messages are crafted
depends highly on the intention of the sender.”
Lesson 6 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION : INFORMATIVE,
PERSUASIVE AND ARGUMENTATIVE COMMUNICATION
1. Informative Communication involves giving than
asking. As an informative communicator, you want your
receivers to pay attention and understand, but not to
change their behavior.
By sharing information, ignorance is reduced, or better yet,
eliminated. The informative value of a message is
measured by how novel and relevant the information is or
the kind of understanding it provides to the receivers
5. Lesson 6 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION : INFORMATIVE,
PERSUASIVE AND ARGUMENTATIVE COMMUNICATION
� Osborn (2009) purports that informative
communication arises out of three deep
impulses:
a. We seek to expand our awareness of the
world around us.
b. We seek to become more competent.
c. We have an abiding curiosity about how
things work and how they are made.
6. Lesson 6 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION : INFORMATIVE,
PERSUASIVE AND ARGUMENTATIVE COMMUNICATION
� When preparing for an informative
exchange, ask yourself the following
questions:
1. Is my topic noteworthy to be considered
informative?
2. What do my recipients already know about
my topic?
3. What more do they have to know?
4. Am I knowledgeable enough of my topic to
help my receivers understand it?
7. Lesson 6 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION : INFORMATIVE,
PERSUASIVE AND ARGUMENTATIVE COMMUNICATION
2.Persuasive Communication is an art of gaining
fair and favorable considerations for our point of
view. It provides a choice among options and
advocates something through a speaker.
� It uses supporting material to justify advice.
� It turns the audience into agents of change.
� It asks for strong audience commitment.
� It gives importance to the speaker's credibility.
� It appeals to feelings.
8. Lesson 6 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION : INFORMATIVE,
PERSUASIVE AND ARGUMENTATIVE COMMUNICATION
3. Argumentative Communication relies heavily on
sound proof and reasoning. The nature of proof
has been studied since the Golden Age of Greece
and has been improved through time. According
to Aristotle, logos, ethos and patho are the three
primary forms proof.
In our time, many scholars have confirmed the
presence of a fourth dimension of proof, mythos,
which suggests that we respond to appeals to the
traditions and values of our culture and to the
legends and folktales that embody them.
9. Lesson 6 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION : INFORMATIVE,
PERSUASIVE AND ARGUMENTATIVE COMMUNICATION
Lucas (2007) claims that to avoid defective
argumentation, the following must be avoided:
1. Defective evidence
• Misuse of facts
• Statistical fallacies
•Defective Testimony
•Inappropriate evidence
10. Lesson 6 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION : INFORMATIVE,
PERSUASIVE AND ARGUMENTATIVE COMMUNICATION
2. Defective Patterns of Reasoning
• Evidential fallacies
Evidential fallacies arise from a misunderstanding
of the nature of evidence, or from a disparity in the
strength of one's belief/disbelief and the degree of
evidence supporting that belief/disbelief
11. Lesson 6 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION : INFORMATIVE,
PERSUASIVE AND ARGUMENTATIVE COMMUNICATION
2. Defective Patterns of Reasoning
• Slippery slope fallacy-
A slippery slope fallacy occurs when someone makes a
claim about a series of events that would lead to one
major event, usually a bad event.
In this fallacy, a person makes a claim that one event
leads to another event and so on until we come to
some awful conclusion.
Example: "A slice of pizza contains fat. Fat can lead to
excessive cholesterol. Cholesterol can lead to clogged
arteries. Clogged arteries can lead to a heart attack.
Heart attacks can be a cause of death. Thus, a single
slice of pizza can kill you."
12. Lesson 6 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION : INFORMATIVE,
PERSUASIVE AND ARGUMENTATIVE COMMUNICATION
2. Defective Patterns of Reasoning
•Confusing facts with opinion fallacy –
Asserting opinions as fact, or discounting facts as
opinions.
• Red Herring fallacy –
consists in diverting attention from the real issue by
focusing instead on an issue having only a surface
relevance to the first.
Myth of the Mean fallacy –
� Using averages to cover up problems or to skew
perception or hides the truth by using an average
Ex. Used in Presidential debates to make points (not
necessarily good points)
13. Lesson 6 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION : INFORMATIVE,
PERSUASIVE AND ARGUMENTATIVE COMMUNICATION
2. Defective Patterns of Reasoning
• Flawed proofs
� Ad hominem
Attempting to tie the validity of your opponent's
argument to his personal credibility rather than its
intrinsic merits. Attack on the person rather than on
his argument.
� Begging the question
The argument fails to prove anything because it
applies what it is supposed to prove as fact. This is
also known as circular logic.
14. Lesson 6 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION : INFORMATIVE,
PERSUASIVE AND ARGUMENTATIVE COMMUNICATION
2. Defective Patterns of Reasoning
• Defective arguments
❖ Shaky principle
Basing a line of argument on an unsound
assumption.
❖ Omitted qualifiers
Confusing probability with certainty by asserting a
conclusion without qualification.
❖ Post Hoc
A occurred before B, thus A caused B
15. Lesson 6 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION : INFORMATIVE,
PERSUASIVE AND ARGUMENTATIVE COMMUNICATION
2. Defective Patterns of Reasoning
• Defective arguments
❖ Non sequitur
Reasoning in which principles and observations are unrelated
to each other or to the conclusion drawn.
❖ Hasty generalization
Drawing a conclusion from a limited observational pool, or
conclusion based on insufficient or non representative
observations.
❖ Faulty analogy
An analogy which does not apply to the situation in question
16. � Renewable Energy Should Replace Fossil
Fuels.
� Free Speech Is Non-Negotiable.
� Sexual Education Should Be Mandatory.
� Social Media Brings More Harm Than
Good.
