The document outlines key concepts related to computer software and operating systems, detailing categories like system software and application software, as well as their classifications and characteristics. It discusses various operating systems such as MS-DOS, Linux, UNIX, and Windows, alongside their advantages and disadvantages, particularly focusing on multi-user and real-time systems. Additionally, it presents an overview of popular programming languages, highlighting their usage and significance in contemporary development, emphasizing languages like Python, Java, and JavaScript.

1. Lesson 6
Software, Operating System, and
Different Programming Languages

2. COMPUTER SYSTEM

3. Software
•A program or a set
of instructions and
applications used to
manage and control
various functions of
a device such as a
computer.

4. Two Main Categories of Computer
Software
1. System Software – is a basic requirement for any
computer, as it controls all main functions and
integrates all parts into a unitary system. An example
of a system software is an operating system.
2. Application Software – serves more specific purposes,
such as creating databases and spreadsheets or
processing images. Application software is available as
single programs, software packages or software suites.

5. CLASSIFICATION OF
OPERATING SYSTEMS

6. Multi-user
• Allows two or more users to run programs at the
same time/simultaneously. Some operating systems
permit hundreds or even thousands of concurrent
users.

7. Multiprocessing
• Supports running a program on more than one CPU.
RAM
CPU 1
CPU 2
CPU 3

8. Two Types of Multiprocessing
• Symmetric Multiprocessing – SMP systems
consist of two or more relatively independent
processors or core sharing a common bus and
memory, each executing their own program or
work together on same task.
• Asymmetric Multiprocessing – Individual
processors are dedicated to particular tasks. It
has one MASTER processor and SLAVE
processors

9. CPU 1
CPU 2
CPU 3
P1
P2
P3
SHARED MEMORY
Slave
Master
Slave
P1
P2
P3
NO SHARED MEMORY
SYMMETRIC ASSYMMETRIC

10. Benefits of using a Multiprocessor
•Enhanced performance.
•Multiple applications.
•Multi-tasking inside an application.
•High throughput and responsiveness.
•Hardware sharing among CPUs.

11. Real time
• Responds to
input instantly.
General-purpose
operating
systems, such as
DOS and UNIX,
are not real-
time.

12. Advantages of Real-Time Operating
Systems
•Priority Based Scheduling
•Abstracting Timing Information
•Maintainability/Extensibility
•Modularity
•Promotes Team Development
•Easier Testing
•Code Reuse
•Improved Efficiency
•Idle Processing

13. Disadvantages of Real-Time
Operating Systems
•Limited Tasks
•Use Heavy System resources
•Complex Algorithms
•Device driver and interrupt signals
•Thread Priority

14. Real-Time OS

15. Multithreading
• A thread is a path which is followed during a
program’s execution. Majority of programs
written now a days run as a single thread.
• Multithreading is a process of multiple
threads executes at same time..

16. Multithreading
• a multithreaded operating system may run several
background tasks, such as logging file changes,
indexing data, and managing windows at the same
time.

17. Multithreading

18. Benefits of Multithreading
• Improved throughput
• Simultaneous and fully symmetric use of multiple
processors for computation and I/O
• Superior application responsiveness
• Improved server responsiveness
• Minimized system resource usage
• Program structure simplification
• Better communication

19. GUI (Graphical User Interface)
• a GUI operating
system contains
graphics and
icons and is
commonly
navigated by
using a computer
mouse.

20. Benefits of GUI OS
• User Friendly
• Comprehension
• Attractiveness
• Shortcut Keys
• Multitasking

21. Disadvantages of GUI OS
• Implementation
• Cost
• Speed
• Time Consumption
• Memory Usage

22. OPERATING
SYSTEM

23. MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk
Operating System)
• a non-graphical command line
operating system derived from
86-DOS that was created for
IBM compatible computers.
MS-DOS originally written by
Tim Paterson and introduced
by Microsoft in August 1981
and was last updated in 1994
when MS-DOS 6.22 was
released.

25. Linux
• is a free and open-source
operating system developed
by Linus Torvalds and
friends that was first
announced August 25, 1991
. The Linux kernel runs on
numerous different
platforms including the
Intel and Alpha platform
and is available under the
GNU General Public License.

27. Linux sample CLI

28. UNIX
• Coined by
Brian Kernighan
, Unix or UNIX (not an
acronym) is an
operating system
developed by members of
the (Multiplexed
Information and
Computing Service)
MULTICS team at the Bell
Laboratories starting in
the late 1960's, many who
also help create C.

30. UNIX sample CLI

31. Microsoft
Windows
• is an operating environment
created by Microsoft that
provides an interface, known
as a Graphical User Interface (
GUI), for computers. Windows
eliminates the need to
memorize commands for the
command line (MS-DOS) by
using a mouse to navigate
through menus, dialog boxes,
buttons, tabs, and icons.

32. WINDOWS OS TIMELINE

33. Windows 10 – which version is right
for you?
•Windows 10 Home
•Windows 10 S
•Windows 10 Pro
•Windows 10 Enterprise
•Windows 10 Education
•Windows IoT

35. Mac Os
• MacOS was introduced in
1984 to run Macintosh
personal computers
(PCs). The OS helped
make graphical user
interfaces (GUIs) popular,
even inspiring Microsoft
to move away from its
user input method in
favor of using GUIs for
Windows OSes.

37. MAC OS LOGO EVOLUTION

38. APPLE LOGO EVOLUTION

39. Mac OS sample CLI

40. PROGRAMMIN
G LANGUAGES

41. Top 10 Programming Languages to
Learn in 2022

42. Python
∙ Python can be regarded as the future
of programming languages. As per
the latest statistics, Python is the
main coding language for around
80% of developers. The presence of
extensive libraries in Python
facilitates artificial intelligence, data
science, and machine learning
processes.

43. Java
∙ Java is one of the most powerful
programming languages that is
currently used in more than 3
billion devices. Java is currently one
of the most trending technology. It
is used in desktop applications,
mobile applications, web
development, Artificial intelligence,
cloud applications, and many more.

44. Javascript
∙ JavaScript is one of the world’s
most popular programming
languages on the web. As per
the survey, more than 97
percent of the websites use
JavaScript on the client-side
of the webpage.

45. Kotlin
∙Kotlin is a cross-platform
programming language
designed to develop
apps. It is being used
by more than 60% of
android developers.

46. R
∙
R is a programming language for
statistical and graphical
programming. It is widely used
among statisticians and data miners
for data analysis. It holds profound
importance in data analysis, financial
domains, and telecom sectors.

47. PHP
∙ PHP is one of the general-purpose
scripting languages that will
continue to hold its importance in
the upcoming years. It is among
the first server-side language that
can be embedded with HTML to
add functionality to web pages.

48. GO
∙ Go is one of the most reliable and
efficient programming languages that
stands out from the rest. It was
originally designed at Google in 2007
to manage its rapidly growing
infrastructure. It quickly gained amazing
popularity and has become one of
the top programming languages.

49. C
∙C is a general-purpose
programming
language that is designed
to work efficiently on
games, graphics, and
enterprise applications.

50. SWIFT
∙ It is a robust programming
language developed by Apple
Inc. It is used to create apps
for iOS, watchOS, macOS, and
many more. It can be seen as
the future of high-performance
and secured applications.

51. C#
∙
C# is a programming language
that runs on the .NET framework
and is developed by Microsoft in
2000. It is effective in making
desktop applications and games.
As per the survey, 34% of the top
mobile games are made using C#.

52. Markup Languages and Data Formats