This document discusses flowcharts and their use in programming. It explains that flowcharts are a visual representation of the logic and sequence of a program using standard symbols. Common symbols include rectangles for processes, diamonds for decisions, arrows for flow. The document provides examples of opening and closing files, reading and writing records. It emphasizes the importance of flowcharts for planning program logic before coding.

2.  Flowcharts
 What is the need of flowchart?
 Various symbols used in flowchart

3. After completing this chapter you should be able
to.…
 Explain what a program flowchart is and what the reasons for
and disadvantages are of using program flowcharts to plan
logic.
 Recognize and know when to use appropriate program
flowchart symbols.

4.  What is a Program Flowchart
 Why do Programmers Use Them to Develop Program Logic?

5.  A tool used by programmers to develop
program logic
 Logic diagram
 Focuses on the sequence of data
transformations from the time data are input
until they are output as information

6.  A flowchart is a visual representation of the
sequence of steps and decisions needed to
perform a process. Each step in the sequence
is noted within a diagram shape. Steps are
linked by connecting lines and directional
arrows.

11. Designates the beginning or end of a program or
routine
HEADINGS
START STOP
RETURN

12. Denotes an operation involving an input or output
device
OPEN
FILES
READ A
RECORD
WRITE
A LINE
CLOSE
FILES

13. Used for move instructions and arithmetic
instructions
AVERAGE =
(SCORE1 +
SCORE2) / 2
MOVE
SCORE1 TO
ACCUMULATOR

14. Designates that different logic paths will be followed
based on a condition occurring in a program
IS A = B?
Yes
No
CODE = ?
1 2 3 4 5

15. Assigns initial values to areas in storage and does
whatever else is necessary to get ready for processing
COUNTER
=
0

16. Links other symbols and indicates the
sequence of operations
•Normal flow is top to bottom and left
to right
•Arrowheads must be used when the
flow is other than the normal flow

18.  Avoid intersecting flowlines
START
STOP
B
C
B
A
C
A
START
STOP

19.  Avoid multiple flowlines entering a symbol

20.  Opening a file
◦ Before a file can be accessed, it must be
opened
◦ Ensures that the file can be accessed
◦ Depending on the programming language,
not all files need to be opened by the
programmer--some are opened
automatically by the language
 Closing a file
◦ Close instruction tells the computer your
are through accessing the file
◦ Some languages will automatically close
files
◦ Writes the end-of-file record on output
files
Start
Open
Files
Read a
Record
Write a
line
Close
Files
Stop

21.  Copies the content of the record
contained in secondary storage into the
primary storage of the computer
 The record is not physically moved from
secondary to primary storage
 Suppose the input record contains the
name MARY SMITH. How does the
computer know where in primary storage
to put the record?
Start
Open
Files
Read a
Record
Write a
line
Close
Files
Stop

22.  We learnt why flowcharts are needed before
developing a program.
 When flowcharts are made?
 How to open and close a flowchart.
 Various symbols while making a flowchart.

23. Q1) Symbol used in flowchart such as rectangle with horizontal
lines on two sides is used for
a) defined statement
b) predefined process
c) error fix
d) variables defined
Q2) Diamond shaped symbol is used in flowcharts to show the
a) decision box
b) statement box
c) error box
d) if-statement box

24. Q3) Link with another part of program or connectors in flowchart
are shown in
a) Rhombus
b) Parallelogram
c) Circle
d) Trapezoid
Q4) What symbol is used to represent output in a flowchart?
a. Square
b. Circle
c. parallelogram
d. triangle

25. Q5) Which statement is used to indicate the
end of a module?
a. stop
b. end
c. return
d. done

26.  Programming using C language ‘ABS
PUBLICATIONS’