The document discusses methods that countries use to indirectly control other countries, including military, political, economic and cultural means. It also discusses China's investment in Africa, noting that over 1 million Chinese people now live in Africa working in raw materials. The document then examines Somalia and Somaliland as a case study, describing how Somaliland declared independence in 1991 after periods of rule by the Ottoman Empire, Britain, and Italy, but still faces instability from its past.

1. Indirect Control

2. As pointed to in the last lesson
• Theories exist about how we can control
countries indirectly
• Countries still use a variety of methods:
• Military – wars of independence IRA,
Sierra Leone, Libya and Syria
• Political – development help, aid
• Economic – provide aid, embargos
• Cultural – The spread of western culture

3. Investment in Africa
• China has invested heavily in Africa

4. • Over 1million Chinese people now live in
Africa
• Many in areas of raw materials
• In 2010 80% of Chinese imports from
Africa were mineral products
• China is Africa’s largest trading partner
• They help create jobs, upskill locals,
stimulate growth.
• All of this has made the relations strong.

5. Case Study Somalia and Somaliland
Use for:
Instability
Investment by countries
Colonialism
• Somaliland is a region of Somalia which
declared independence in 1991
• Has been occupied by the Ottoman
Empire
• In 1888 became a British Protectorate
• Mainly used for a meat supply to British
army/navy in Yemen
• Rest of Somalia was ruled by Italy
• In 1960 Somaliland declared
independence and re-joined Somali to
create the Somali Republic

6. All hell broke loose
• 1969 a Coup d'état and Somaliland
resisted the rule of Siad Barre and was
bombed by his army supported by Russia
• US military troops were deployed and in
1991 due to ethnic resistance a civil war
broke out and the Govt collapsed.
• The country is now a failed state. Though
Somaliland remains relatively stable
• Many residents fled to France and UK
• Whilst colonial territorial boundaries are
law they still annoy locals

7. Change in Somaliland
• 2009 saw Saudi Arabia lift the ban on livestock
exports and imports from Vietnam and China are
growing and people are beginning to return home
• Business growth has been strong enough to see:
– Fibre optic cables and mobile phone networks built
• However the returning wealth against the poor is
causing issues
• Whilst in Mogadishu terrorist attacks continue by Al-
Shabaab reinforcing the issues of past colonial rule.