Presentation on Somaliland, its history and current situation. what makes a group to start a separatist movement for self determination or other core elements.

2.  SYED FAKHAR UL HASSAN

4. Somalia, officially the Federal Republic of
Somalia, is a sovereign state with its territory
located in the Horn of Africa.

5. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the west, Djibouti to
the northwest, the Gulf of Aden to the north, the
Indian Ocean and Guardafui Channel to the east,
and Kenya to the southwest..

7.  Capital: Mogadishu
 Population 15 million (UN, 2015)
 Area 637,657sq km (246,201 sq miles)
 Major languages Somali, Arabic, Italian, English
 Major religion Islam
 Life expectancy 55 years (men), 58 years (women)
 Currency Somali shilling

8.  Somalia was an important centre for commerce
with the rest of the ancient world, and according to
most scholars, it is among the most probable
locations of the fabled ancient Land of Punt.
 During the Middle Ages, several powerful Somali
empires dominated the regional trade, including
the Ajuran Sultanate, the Adal Sultanate,
the Warsangali Sultanate, the Sultanate of the
Geledi and the Majeerteen Sultanate.

9.  In the late 19th century, through a succession of
treaties with these kingdoms, the British and
Italians gained control of parts of the coast, and
established British Somaliland and Italian
Somaliland.

10. BRITISH
SOMALILAND
ITALIAN
SOMALILAND

11.  In the interior, Mohammed Abdullah
Hassan's Dervish movement successfully
repulsed the British Empire four times and forced
it to retreat to the coastal region, but the Dervishes
were finally defeated in 1920 by British airpower.

12. Italy acquired full control of the northeastern, central
and southern parts of the territory after successfully
waging a Campaign of the Sultanates against the
ruling Majeerteen Sultanate and the Sultanate of
Hobyo.This occupation lasted until 1941 when it was
replaced by a British military administration.

13. On 1 July 1960, the two regions united as planned
to form the independent Somali Republic under a
civilian government. The Somali National Assembly,
headed by Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf, approved the act
uniting the former Italian Somaliland with British
Somaliland, establishing the Republic of Somalia

14.  The president Mohamed Siad Barre was known as
the general who lead the coup d’etat and came
into power by force after the assassination of
President Sharmarke in 1969
 He began to elect people from his own clan (the
Marehan) for governments posts, to the exclusion
of other clans, such as the Mijertyn and Issaq.

15. In the early 80s, opposition to Siad Barre's military
regime began to emerge. Members of the Issaq clan
formed a guerrilla group, to fight against southern
rule. It was called the Somali National Movement
(SNM). In 1988, the SNM launched an offensive in
the northern cities of Hargeisa and Burco.

16. The forces of Siad Barre's government responded by
bombarding the cities and pursuing the separatist
rebels. Schools were razed; water and electricity were
made inaccessible. Half a million northerners fled into
Ethiopia. Some fifty thousand people died. Those who
returned, after the Somali army had left the north,
found their homes looted and mined.

17.  Early in 1991, under pressure from opposition
clans, Siad Barre fled Mogadishu. His departure
offered the momentum for the north west to break
away from Somalia and declare itself independent

19. On 18 May 1991, Somaliland proclaimed itself
independent with the slogan, 'No More Mogadishu.'
Hargeisa was chosen as capital. In May 1993, a
council of elders elected Mohammed Ibrahim Egal
as the president.

20.  Capital: Hargeisa
 Population 3,508,180 (UN, 2015)
 Area 6176,120 sq km (68,000 sq miles)
 Major languages Somali
 Major religion Islam
 Life expectancy 55 years (men), 58 years
(women)
 Currency Somali shilling

21. During its first years, Somaliland was convulsed by
internal clan-based violence. However, recently, rival
clan members have reached power-sharing treaties.

22. The national revenue of somaliland relies on two
main sources:
livestock exports and remittances
from the Somali diaspora. A population of roughly 3.5
million depends on these. A large percentage of the
population live in poverty.

23.  In 2001 more then 97 percent Somaliland voters
affirmed their independence in a referendum but
their vote was rejected by both Somalia and
international community.

24.  One of the key reason of this rejection is that the
African union fear the this will ignite other violent
separatist movement and it could break other
portion of Somalia like Jubaland and Puntland.
 Somaliland is under control of Somalia and will
continue diplomatically fighting for its
independence.

25. Press freedom is limited in somaliland, its government
carried out several arrests and detentions of
journalists. But the somaliland constitution guarantees
freedom of speech and media.
International media is covering it up because African
Union fears that the Somaliland separatist movement
could break out in the whole Africa

26. There is only one solution in the minds of Somaliland
people and that is an independent recognised
sovereign state.

30. Email: haxankaxmi@gmail.com