Viruses are small particles of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat that are incapable of reproducing on their own. They depend on infecting host organisms to survive and reproduce by hijacking the host's cellular machinery. Viruses can cause a variety of infectious diseases in humans, including respiratory infections like the common cold and flu, skin infections like cold sores and chickenpox, food poisoning from norovirus and hepatitis A, and sexually transmitted infections such as HPV, hepatitis B, and HIV. The best ways to prevent viral infections include handwashing, avoiding contact with infected individuals, and vaccination.
this is ppt of viral emerging and re-emerging diseases....pls comment for any doubts, pls follow for more ppts regarding health, heatl care and medical field..thank you
this is ppt of viral emerging and re-emerging diseases....pls comment for any doubts, pls follow for more ppts regarding health, heatl care and medical field..thank you
All of you are well aware about the drastic rise in the number of dengue fever cases reported in Delhi since August this year. It has reached epidemic proportions in the capital and thus it has witnessed the worst outbreak in the past six years.
Presentation by Delia Grace at the first United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Science-Policy Forum ahead of the Second Session of the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA-2), Nairobi, Kenya, 20 May 2016.
Describes factors that are responsible for emergence of zoonoses at the interface. Besides it also includes current scenario of food borne out-breaks, emergence of AMR.
The slides are from a keynote presentation delivered by ASTMH Secretary-Treasurer David R. Hill, MD, DTM&H, FRCP, FFTM, FASTMH at the 2013 Annual Conference of New Zealand Society of Travel Medicine in Wellington, NZ, 3 August - 4 August.
human settlements/communities increased the possibility of a disease infecting many people at a time in a geographical area i.e known as an epidemic. And with time as communities mingled with each other either for trade, war, etc. they spread the diseases to new location fueling the pandemic.
Tropical diseases are the diseases that are most prevalent in tropical regions of the world. There are around 14 tropical diseases that causes great morbidity but still ranks low in the international health agendas and being "neglected" since it is confined to certain regions and does not spread across the globe. These diseases are eliminated in developed countries but are prevalent in developing countries because of improper sanitation.Here,I hope I have covered almost all the neglected tropical diseases.
Neglected tropical diseases in India (NTDs) are a group of bacterial, parasitic, viral, and fungal infections that are common in low income countries but receive little funding to address them. Neglected tropical diseases are common in India.
HIV AND AIDS is the most critical disease in the world.
Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).At the end of 2015, 17.0 million people were receiving ART worldwide; this represents 46% (43–50%) of the 36.7 million (34.0–39.8 million) people living with HIV.
HIV/AIDS remains one of the world's most significant public health challenges, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.There is no functional cure for HIV or AIDS, meaning that there is no procedure or medication which has been scientifically proven to reliably eliminate the virus from a person's body or reverse the damage to the immune system.
All of you are well aware about the drastic rise in the number of dengue fever cases reported in Delhi since August this year. It has reached epidemic proportions in the capital and thus it has witnessed the worst outbreak in the past six years.
Presentation by Delia Grace at the first United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Science-Policy Forum ahead of the Second Session of the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA-2), Nairobi, Kenya, 20 May 2016.
Describes factors that are responsible for emergence of zoonoses at the interface. Besides it also includes current scenario of food borne out-breaks, emergence of AMR.
The slides are from a keynote presentation delivered by ASTMH Secretary-Treasurer David R. Hill, MD, DTM&H, FRCP, FFTM, FASTMH at the 2013 Annual Conference of New Zealand Society of Travel Medicine in Wellington, NZ, 3 August - 4 August.
human settlements/communities increased the possibility of a disease infecting many people at a time in a geographical area i.e known as an epidemic. And with time as communities mingled with each other either for trade, war, etc. they spread the diseases to new location fueling the pandemic.
Tropical diseases are the diseases that are most prevalent in tropical regions of the world. There are around 14 tropical diseases that causes great morbidity but still ranks low in the international health agendas and being "neglected" since it is confined to certain regions and does not spread across the globe. These diseases are eliminated in developed countries but are prevalent in developing countries because of improper sanitation.Here,I hope I have covered almost all the neglected tropical diseases.
Neglected tropical diseases in India (NTDs) are a group of bacterial, parasitic, viral, and fungal infections that are common in low income countries but receive little funding to address them. Neglected tropical diseases are common in India.
HIV AND AIDS is the most critical disease in the world.
Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).At the end of 2015, 17.0 million people were receiving ART worldwide; this represents 46% (43–50%) of the 36.7 million (34.0–39.8 million) people living with HIV.
HIV/AIDS remains one of the world's most significant public health challenges, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.There is no functional cure for HIV or AIDS, meaning that there is no procedure or medication which has been scientifically proven to reliably eliminate the virus from a person's body or reverse the damage to the immune system.
Protozoa and Helminth Parasites ppt by Dr.Prince.C.PDR.PRINCE C P
PPT prepared by :Dr.Prince.C.P
Associate Professor & HOD , Department of Microbiology,
Mother Theresa Post Graduate & Research Institute of Health Sciences (Government of Puducherry Institution)
Medical Parasitology is the subject which deals with the parasites that infect human being, the diseases caused by them, clinical feature and the response generated by human being against them. It's also concerned with the various methods of their diagnosis, treatment and finally their prevention & control.
An ova or cyst or egg is detected by microscopic evaluation of a stool sample that is used to look for parasites that may infect the lower digestive tract, causing symptoms such as diarrhoea. The parasites and their eggs (ova) are shed from the lower digestive tract into the stool
Stool examination (Microscopic) is performed for the diagnosis of following parasitic infections
1. Protozoa • Entamoeba histolytica • Giardia lamblia • intestinal coccidian parasites (i) Cryptosporidium parvum (ii) Cyclospora (iii) Isospora • Balantidium coli
2. Helminthes • nematodes: (i) Ascaris lumbricoides (ii) Trichuris trichuria
(Iii) hookworm • Ancylostoma duodenale • Nectar americans (iv) Strongyloides stercoralis
Cestodes: (i) Taenia spp • T. Saginata • T.Solium (ii) Hymenolepsis nana (iii) Enterobius vermicularis
A zoonosis is an infectious disease that has jumped from a non-human animal to humans. Zoonotic pathogens may be bacterial, viral or parasitic, or may involve unconventional agents and can spread to humans through direct contact or through food, water or the environment
Poxviruses are brick or oval-shaped viruses with large double-stranded DNA genomes. Poxviruses exist throughout the world and cause disease in humans and many other types of animals. Poxvirus infections typically result in the formation of lesions, skin nodules, or disseminated rash.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
2. WHAT IS A VIRUS?
• VIRUSES ARE SMALL PARTICLES OF GENETIC MATERIAL (EITHER DNA OR RNA) THAT
ARE SURROUNDED BY A PROTEIN COAT.
• SOME VIRUSES ALSO HAVE A FATTY "ENVELOPE" COVERING.
• THEY ARE INCAPABLE OF REPRODUCING ON THEIR OWN.
• VIRUSES DEPEND ON THE ORGANISMS THEY INFECT (HOSTS) FOR THEIR VERY
SURVIVAL.
• VIRUSES GET A BAD RAP, BUT THEY ALSO PERFORM MANY IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS
FOR HUMANS, PLANTS, ANIMALS, AND THE ENVIRONMENT
3. VIRUSES
• WHEN MOST PEOPLE HEAR THE WORD "VIRUS," THEY THINK OF DISEASE-
CAUSING (PATHOGENIC) VIRUSES SUCH AS THE COMMON COLD, INFLUENZA,
CHICKENPOX, HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV), SARS-COV-2 AND
OTHERS.
• VIRUSES CAN AFFECT MANY AREAS IN THE BODY, INCLUDING THE
REPRODUCTIVE, RESPIRATORY, AND GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEMS. THEY CAN
ALSO AFFECT THE LIVER, BRAIN, AND SKIN. RESEARCH REVEALS THAT VIRUSES
ARE IMPLICATED IN MANY CANCERS AS WELL.
5. VIRAL INFECTION
A VIRAL INFECTION IS A PROLIFERATION OF A HARMFUL VIRUS INSIDE YOUR BODY.
VIRUSES CANNOT REPRODUCE WITHOUT THE ASSISTANCE OF A HOST.
VIRUSES INFECT A HOST BY INTRODUCING THEIR GENETIC MATERIAL INTO THE
CELLS AND HIJACKING THE CELL'S INTERNAL MACHINERY TO MAKE MORE VIRUS
PARTICLES. WITH AN ACTIVE VIRAL INFECTION, A VIRUS MAKES COPIES OF ITSELF
AND BURSTS THE HOST CELL (KILLING IT) TO SET THE NEWLY-FORMED VIRUS
PARTICLES FREE.
6. VIRUSES AND CANCER
• VIRUSES INSERT THEMSELVES INTO HOST CELL DNA IN ORDER TO MAKE MORE
VIRUS PARTICLES. CANCER IS A DISEASE THAT OCCURS AS THE RESULT OF
MUTATIONS OR ALTERATIONS TO DNA.
• BECAUSE VIRUSES AFFECT THE DNA OF HOST CELLS, VIRUSES ARE KNOWN TO
CONTRIBUTE TO SEVERAL DIFFERENT TYPES OF CANCER.
• VIRUSES KNOWN TO INCREASE THE RISK OF CANCER INCLUDE:
1.EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS (EBV) FOR NASOPHARYNGEAL CANCER, BURKITT LYMPHOMA,
HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA, AND STOMACH CANCER
2.HEPATITIS B AND HEPATITIS C FOR LIVER CANCER
3.HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) FOR KAPOSI SARCOMA, INVASIVE
CERVICAL CANCER LYMPHOMAS, AND OTHER CANCERS
7. 4. HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS-1 (HTLV-1) FOR T-CELL
LEUKEMIA/LYMPHOMA (ATL)
5. HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS (HPV) FOR CERVICAL CANCER
6. MERKEL CELL POLYOMAVIRUS (MCV) FOR A RARE SKIN CANCER CALLED
MERKEL CELL CARCINOMA
9. BACTERIA VS. VIRUS
• BACTERIA AND VIRUSES ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF PATHOGENS, ORGANISMS THAT
CAN CAUSE DISEASE.
• BACTERIA ARE LARGER THAN VIRUSES AND ARE CAPABLE OF REPRODUCING ON
THEIR OWN.
• VIRUSES ARE MUCH SMALLER THAN BACTERIA AND CANNOT REPRODUCE ON
THEIR OWN.
• INSTEAD, VIRUSES REPRODUCE BY INFECTING A HOST AND USING THE HOST'S
DNA REPAIR AND REPLICATION SYSTEMS TO MAKE COPIES OF ITSELF.
10. WHAT IS A BACTERIAL INFECTION?
• A BACTERIAL INFECTION IS A PROLIFERATION OF A HARMFUL STRAIN OF BACTERIA
ON OR INSIDE THE BODY. BACTERIA CAN INFECT ANY AREA OF THE BODY.
• PNEUMONIA, MENINGITIS, AND FOOD POISONING ARE JUST A FEW ILLNESSES
THAT MAY BE CAUSED BY HARMFUL BACTERIA.
• BACTERIA COME IN THREE BASIC SHAPES:
1.ROD-SHAPED (BACILLI)
2. SPHERICAL (COCCI)
3. HELICAL (SPIRILLA)
11. ARE VIRUSES ALIVE?
MICROBIOLOGISTS STILL DISAGREE
THOSE WHO SAY VIRUSES ARE ALIVE OFFER THESE REASONS:
• THEY MAKE COPIES OF THEMSELVES TO REGENERATE.
• THEY ACQUIRE ENERGY (FROM THEIR HOSTS).
REASONS SOME SAY VIRUSES ARE NOT ALIVE:
• THEY HAVE NO CELLS (ONLY PROTEIN COATINGS SURROUNDING GENETIC
MATERIAL).
• THEY DON'T REPRODUCE BY THEMSELVES; THEY NEED HOST CELLS.
12. VIRUS TRANSMISSION
VIRUSES CAN BE TRANSMITTED IN A VARIETY OF WAYS.
• SOME VIRUSES CAN SPREAD THROUGH TOUCH, SALIVA, OR EVEN THE AIR.
• OTHER VIRUSES CAN BE TRANSMITTED THROUGH SEXUAL CONTACT OR BY
SHARING CONTAMINATED NEEDLES.
• INSECTS INCLUDING TICKS AND MOSQUITOES CAN ACT AS "VECTORS,"
TRANSMITTING A VIRUS FROM ONE HOST TO ANOTHER.
• CONTAMINATED FOOD AND WATER ARE OTHER POTENTIAL SOURCES OF VIRAL
INFECTION.
15. RESPIRATORY VIRAL INFECTIONS
RESPIRATORY VIRAL INFECTIONS AFFECT THE LUNGS, NOSE, AND THROAT. THESE
VIRUSES ARE MOST COMMONLY SPREAD BY INHALING DROPLETS CONTAINING
VIRUS PARTICLES.
EXAMPLES INCLUDE:
• RHINOVIRUS IS THE VIRUS THAT MOST OFTEN CAUSES THE COMMON COLD, BUT
THERE ARE MORE THAN 200 DIFFERENT VIRUSES THAT CAN CAUSE COLDS. COLD
SYMPTOMS LIKE COUGHING, SNEEZING, MILD HEADACHE, AND SORE
THROAT TYPICALLY LAST FOR UP TO 2 WEEKS.
16. RESPIRATORY VIRAL INFECTIONS
• SEASONAL INFLUENZA IS AN ILLNESS THAT AFFECTS ABOUT 5% TO 20% OF THE
POPULATION IN THE US EVERY YEAR.
• MORE THAN 200,000 PEOPLE PER YEAR ARE HOSPITALIZED ANNUALLY IN THE US DUE
TO COMPLICATIONS OF THE FLU.
• FLU SYMPTOMS ARE MORE SEVERE THAN COLD SYMPTOMS AND OFTEN INCLUDE
BODY ACHES AND SEVERE FATIGUE. THE FLU ALSO TENDS TO COME ON MORE
SUDDENLY THAN A COLD.
17. RESPIRATORY VIRAL INFECTIONS
•RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS (RSV) IS AN
INFECTION THAT CAN CAUSE BOTH UPPER
RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS (LIKE COLDS) AND
LOWER RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS
(LIKE PNEUMONIA AND BRONCHIOLITIS).
•IT CAN BE VERY SEVERE IN INFANTS, SMALL
CHILDREN, AND ELDERLY ADULTS.
18. RESPIRATORY VIRAL INFECTIONS
SARS-COV-2 IS A RESPIRATORY CORONAVIRUS THAT CAUSES COVID-19 INFECTION.
• COVID-19 CAUSED A GLOBAL PANDEMIC IN 2020, SHUTTING DOWN SCHOOLS,
BUSINESSES, AND PUBLIC LIFE IN NATIONS ACROSS THE WORLD, INFECTING
MILLIONS OF PEOPLE AND KILLING OVER 1 MILLION WORLDWIDE AND 210,000 IN
THE US AS OF EARLY FALL.
• THE FIRST REPORTS OF THIS VIRUS CAME FROM WUHAN, CHINA IN DEC. 2019.
SYMPTOMS INCLUDE COUGH, FEVER, SHORTNESS OF BREATH, AND PNEUMONIA
19. BEST WAY TO AVOID RESPIRATORY
VIRAL INFECTION
•FREQUENT HAND-WASHING, COVERING THE NOSE
AND MOUTH WHEN COUGHING OR SNEEZING, AND
AVOIDING CONTACT WITH INFECTED INDIVIDUALS
CAN ALL REDUCE THE SPREAD OF RESPIRATORY
INFECTIONS.
20. •WEARING A MASK WHEN GOING OUT OF YOUR HOME
AND KEEPING AWAY FROM GROUPS OF INDIVIDUALS
INSIDE BUILDINGS (SOCIAL DISTANCING – STAYING AT
LEAST 6 FEET APART FROM OTHERS) MAY DECREASE
YOUR CHANCES OF GETTING SUCH VIRAL INFECTIONS
AS THE FLU AND COVID-19.
•DISINFECTING HARD SURFACES AND NOT TOUCHING
THE EYES, NOSE, AND MOUTH CAN HELP REDUCE
TRANSMISSION AS WELL.
22. VIRAL SKIN INFECTIONS
•VIRAL SKIN INFECTIONS CAN RANGE FROM MILD TO
SEVERE AND OFTEN PRODUCE A RASH.
EXAMPLES OF VIRAL SKIN INFECTIONS INCLUDE:
•MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM CAUSES SMALL, FLESH-
COLORED BUMPS MOST OFTEN IN CHILDREN AGES 1 TO 10
YEARS OLD; HOWEVER, PEOPLE OF ANY AGE CAN ACQUIRE
THE VIRUS. THE BUMPS USUALLY DISAPPEAR WITHOUT
TREATMENT, USUALLY IN 6 TO 12 MONTHS.
23. VIRAL SKIN INFECTIONS
•HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS-1 (HSV-1) IS THE COMMON
VIRUS THAT CAUSES COLD SORES.
•IT'S TRANSMITTED THROUGH SALIVA BY KISSING
OR SHARING FOOD OR DRINK WITH AN INFECTED
INDIVIDUAL. SOMETIMES, HSV-1 CAUSES
GENITAL HERPES.
•AN ESTIMATED 85% OF PEOPLE IN THE US HAVE
HSV-1 BY THE TIME THEY ARE IN THEIR 60S.
24. VIRAL SKIN INFECTIONS
•VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS (VZV) CAUSES ITCHY, OOZING
BLISTERS, FATIGUE, AND HIGH FEVER CHARACTERISTIC OF
CHICKENPOX.
•THE CHICKENPOX VACCINE IS 98% EFFECTIVE AT PREVENTING
INFECTION.
•PEOPLE WHO HAVE HAD CHICKENPOX (OR IN EXTREMELY RARE
INSTANCES, PEOPLE WHO HAVE RECEIVED THE CHICKENPOX
VACCINE) ARE AT RISK FOR DEVELOPING SHINGLES, AN ILLNESS
CAUSED BY THE SAME VIRUS.
• SHINGLES CAN OCCUR AT ANY AGE, BUT IT OCCURS MOST OFTEN
IN PEOPLE AGE 60 OR OLDER
25. BEST WAY TO AVOID SKIN VIRAL
INFECTION
• THE BEST WAY TO AVOID VIRAL SKIN INFECTIONS IS TO AVOID SKIN-TO-SKIN
CONTACT (ESPECIALLY AREAS THAT HAVE A RASH OR SORES) WITH AN INFECTED
INDIVIDUAL.
• SOME VIRAL SKIN INFECTIONS, SUCH AS VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS, ARE ALSO
TRANSMITTED BY AN AIRBORNE ROUTE. COMMUNAL SHOWERS, SWIMMING POOLS,
AND CONTAMINATED TOWELS CAN ALSO POTENTIALLY HARBOR CERTAIN VIRUSES.
26. VIRAL FOOD POISONING
VIRUSES ARE ONE OF THE MOST COMMON CAUSES OF FOOD POISONING.
THE SYMPTOMS OF THESE INFECTIONS VARY DEPENDING ON THE VIRUS INVOLVED.
• HEPATITIS A IS A VIRUS THAT AFFECTS THE LIVER FOR A FEW WEEKS UP TO SEVERAL
MONTHS. SYMPTOMS MAY INCLUDE YELLOW SKIN, NAUSEA, DIARRHEA, AND VOMITING.
• UP TO 15% OF INFECTED INDIVIDUALS EXPERIENCE RECURRENT ILLNESS WITHIN 6
MONTHS OF INFECTION.
27. VIRAL FOOD POISONING
•NOROVIRUS HAS BEEN REPORTED TO BE
RESPONSIBLE FOR OUTBREAKS OF SEVERE
GASTROINTESTINAL ILLNESS THAT HAPPEN ON
CRUISE SHIPS, BUT IT CAUSES DISEASE IN
MANY SITUATIONS AND LOCATIONS.
•ABOUT 20 MILLION PEOPLE IN THE U.S. BECOME
SICK FROM THESE HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS
VIRUSES EVERY YEAR.
28. VIRAL FOOD POISONING
•ROTAVIRUS CAUSES SEVERE, WATERY
DIARRHEA THAT CAN LEAD TO DEHYDRATION.
ANYONE CAN GET ROTAVIRUS, BUT THE
ILLNESS OCCURS MOST OFTEN IN BABIES
AND YOUNG CHILDREN.
30. VIRAL INFECTIONS & STIS
•SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED VIRAL INFECTIONS
SPREAD THROUGH CONTACT WITH BODILY
FLUIDS. SOME SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED
INFECTIONS CAN ALSO BE TRANSMITTED
VIA THE BLOOD
•(BLOOD-BORNE TRANSMISSION).
31. VIRAL INFECTIONS & STIS
• HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV) IS THE MOST COMMON SEXUALLY-
TRANSMITTED INFECTION IN THE US. THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT TYPES OF
HPV. SOME CAUSE GENITAL WARTS WHILE OTHERS INCREASE THE RISK
OF CERVICAL CANCER.
• VACCINATION CAN PROTECT AGAINST CANCER-CAUSING STRAINS OF HPV.
32. VIRAL INFECTIONS & STIS
• HEPATITIS B IS A VIRUS THAT CAUSES INFLAMMATION IN THE LIVER.
• IT'S TRANSMITTED THROUGH CONTAMINATED BLOOD AND BODILY FLUIDS.
• SOME PEOPLE WITH THE VIRUS DON'T HAVE ANY SYMPTOMS WHILE OTHERS
FEEL LIKE THEY HAVE THE FLU. THE HEPATITIS B VACCINE IS MORE THAN 90%
EFFECTIVE AT PREVENTING INFECTION.
33. VIRAL INFECTIONS & STIS
• GENITAL HERPES IS A COMMON SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED INFECTION CAUSED
BY HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS-2 (HSV-2). HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS-1 (HSV-1),
THE VIRUS RESPONSIBLE FOR COLD SORES, CAN ALSO SOMETIMES CAUSE
GENITAL HERPES. THERE'S NO CURE FOR GENITAL HERPES. PAINFUL SORES
OFTEN RECUR DURING OUTBREAKS. ANTIVIRAL MEDICATIONS CAN DECREASE
BOTH THE NUMBER AND LENGTH OF OUTBREAKS.
34. VIRAL INFECTIONS & STIS
oHUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) IS A VIRUS THAT AFFECTS CERTAIN
TYPES OF T CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. PROGRESSION OF THE INFECTION
DECREASES THE BODY'S ABILITY TO FIGHT DISEASE AND INFECTION, LEADING
TO ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS).
• HIV IS TRANSMITTED BY CONTACTING BLOOD OR BODILY FLUIDS OF AN
INFECTED PERSON.
35. OTHER VIRAL INFECTIONS
• VIRUSES ARE ABUNDANT IN THE WORLD AND CAUSE MANY OTHER
INFECTIONS RANGING FROM MILD TO LIFE-THREATENING.
• EPSTEIN-BARRVIRUS (EBV) IS A TYPE OF HERPES VIRUS THAT'S ASSOCIATED
WITH FEVER, FATIGUE, SWOLLEN LYMPH NODES, AND AN ENLARGED SPLEEN.
EBV IS A VERY COMMON VIRUS THAT CAUSES MONONUCLEOSIS ("MONO").
MORE THAN 90% OF ADULTS HAVE BEEN INFECTED WITH THIS "KISSING
DISEASE" THAT IS SPREAD PRIMARILY THROUGH SALIVA.
36. OTHER VIRAL INFECTIONS
• WEST NILE VIRUS (WNV) IS A VIRUS THAT'S MOST COMMONLY TRANSMITTED
BY INFECTED MOSQUITOS. MOST PEOPLE (70% TO 80%) WITH WNV DON'T
HAVE ANY SYMPTOMS WHILE OTHERS DEVELOP A FEVER, HEADACHE, AND
OTHER SYMPTOMS. LESS THAN 1% OF PEOPLE WITH WNV DEVELOP
INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN (ENCEPHALITIS) OR INFLAMMATION OF THE
TISSUE SURROUNDING THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD (MENINGITIS).
37. OTHER VIRAL INFECTIONS
•VIRAL MENINGITIS IS AN INFLAMMATION OF THE LINING
OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD THAT CAUSES
HEADACHE, FEVER, STIFF NECK, AND OTHER
SYMPTOMS. MANY VIRUSES CAN CAUSE VIRAL
MENINGITIS, BUT A GROUP OF VIRUSES CALLED
ENTEROVIRUSES ARE MOST OFTEN TO BLAME.
38. ANTIVIRAL MEDICATION AND OTHER
TREATMENT
•MANY VIRAL INFECTIONS RESOLVE ON THEIR
OWN WITHOUT TREATMENT. OTHER TIMES,
TREATMENT OF VIRAL INFECTIONS FOCUSES ON
SYMPTOM RELIEF, NOT FIGHTING THE VIRUS.
•FOR EXAMPLE, COLD MEDICINE HELPS ALLEVIATE
THE PAIN AND CONGESTION ASSOCIATED WITH
THE COLD, BUT IT DOESN'T ACT DIRECTLY ON
THE COLD VIRUS.
39. ANTIVIRAL MEDICATION AND OTHER TREATMENT
Medications that work directly on viruses. These are called antiviral
medications. They work by :
1.Inhibiting the production of virus particles.
2.Some interfere with the production of viral DNA.
3.Others prevent viruses from entering host cells.
4.Lower the viral load (amount of active virus) in the body.
40. WHAT DO
ANTIVIRALS
TREAT?
MOST VIRUSES CLEAR UP WITHOUT ANTIVIRAL
MEDICATIONS. HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS PRESCRIBE
ANTIVIRALS TO TREAT CHRONIC OR LIFE-
THREATENING VIRAL INFECTIONS, INCLUDING:
• CORONAVIRUSES LIKE COVID-19.
• EBOLA.
• FLU, INCLUDING H1N1 (SWINE FLU).
• GENITAL HERPES.
• HEPATITIS B AND HEPATITIS C.
• HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV).
41. Can antivirals
cure viral
infections?
• ANTIVIRAL DRUGS CAN EASE SYMPTOMS AND
SHORTEN HOW LONG YOU ARE SICK WITH VIRAL
INFECTIONS LIKE THE FLU AND EBOLA. THEY CAN
RID YOUR BODY OF THESE VIRUSES.
• VIRAL INFECTIONS LIKE HIV, HEPATITIS AND
HERPES ARE CHRONIC. ANTIVIRALS CAN’T GET RID
OF THE VIRUS, WHICH STAYS IN YOUR BODY.
HOWEVER, ANTIVIRAL MEDICINES CAN MAKE THE
VIRUS LATENT (INACTIVE) SO THAT YOU HAVE
FEW, IF ANY, SYMPTOMS. SYMPTOMS THAT
DEVELOP WHILE YOU TAKE ANTIVIRALS MAY BE
LESS SEVERE OR GO AWAY FASTER.
42. What’s the
difference
between
antibiotics
and
antivirals?
• ANTIBIOTICS HELP THE IMMUNE SYSTEM FIGHT
OFF BACTERIAL INFECTIONS. BACTERIA TYPICALLY
REPRODUCE OUTSIDE OF CELLS, MAKING IT
EASIER FOR MEDICINES TO TARGET THEM. AN
ANTIBIOTIC CAN USUALLY TREAT MANY
DIFFERENT TYPES OF BACTERIAL INFECTIONS. BUT
THE DRUGS DO NOT AFFECT VIRUSES.
• EACH ANTIVIRAL ONLY WORKS AGAINST A
SPECIFIC VIRUS. BECAUSE VIRUSES INSIDE CELLS
ARE HARDER TO TARGET, ANTIVIRAL DRUGS ARE
MORE CHALLENGING TO DEVELOP. THERE ARE
MORE VIRUSES THAN ANTIVIRAL DRUGS TO TREAT
THEM.