Ni particles signify action that takes place 'in', 'to', 'at', or the 'place' of something. For example, "ni modoru" means "to return to". When turning a corner in a certain direction, the corner is marked with "o" and the direction with "ni". 'O' and 'ga' particles can be confusing to differentiate. 'Ga' emphasizes a specific sound is audible. 'O' follows a preceding noun, like a person being kept waiting. When exchanging two nouns, 'to' connects them and 'o' is used. Merchandise is returned, with 'o' particle preceding the verb to return it.

1. Lesson 20 Particles

2. Ni particles
• Ni particles are pretty straight forward when it comes to verbs. It is an particle that
signifies action that takes place ‘in’ something, ‘to’ something, ‘at’ something or
‘place’ of something.
〜にもどる ~ ni modoru to return; to come back
‘ni modoru’ is pretty straight forward as it is just like english. To return to/ back to.
(corner) を (direction) に まがる (corner) o (direction) ni magaru: to
turn
‘o’ follows the obect in which case is the corner and then turning to the direction we use the
‘ni’ adjective before the verb.

3. ‘o’ and ‘ga’ particles
• These two types of particles are what I find most confusing to differentiate,
mostly because as you learn more grammer structures these two particles
become exchangeable.
• がきこえる ga kikoeru: to be audible
‘ga’ is used because it emphasis that that certain sound is audible and not anything
else.
• 〜をまたせる ~ o mataseru to keep someone waiting
‘o’ particle is preeceeded by a noun so in this case, the person that was kept waiting.
• （ x ）と （ y ）をこうかする (x) to (y) o kouka suru to exchange (x)
and (y)
the ‘to’ particle means ‘and’, two nouns(items) are exchaged so a use of ‘o’ is
needed.

4. • 〜を へんぴんする ~ o henpin suru to return (merchandise)
the mechendise is a noun so we use the ‘o’ particle henpinsuru.