Lesson 14
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An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence, containing both a subject and a verb. A dependent clause cannot stand alone as it does not express a complete thought, often beginning with a dependent marker word. There are two types of words that can connect independent clauses - coordinating conjunctions require a comma, while independent marker words require a semicolon.
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The document discusses different types of sentences according to their structure: simple sentences contain one independent clause; compound sentences contain at least two independent clauses joined by coordinating conjunctions; complex sentences contain an independent clause and at least one dependent clause joined by a subordinating conjunction; and compound-complex sentences contain at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. Examples of each sentence type are provided.
Types of clauses
This document defines and provides examples of different types of clauses, including main clauses, dependent clauses, adjective clauses, adverb clauses, noun clauses, and relative clauses. It also distinguishes clauses from phrases by noting that clauses contain a subject and verb and can express a complete thought, whereas phrases lack subjects and verbs. Examples are provided to illustrate each type of clause and how they function within sentences.
TYPES OF SENTENCES.pptx
This document discusses different types of sentences in English. It defines a sentence and identifies four main types according to structure: simple, compound, complex, and complex-compound sentences. It also outlines four types of sentences according to function: declarative, imperative, exclamatory, and interrogative sentences. Examples are provided for each type of sentence. The document concludes with activities to practice identifying types of sentences.
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Verbs can be in the present, past, or future tense. They can also be in the perfect tenses, which are the present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect tenses. The perfect tenses use a helping verb along with the main verb. The present perfect tense uses have or has plus the past participle and shows an action that began in the past and continues in the present. The past perfect tense uses had plus the past participle and shows an action that was completed in the past. The future perfect tense uses will have plus the past participle and shows an action that will begin in the future and continue into a specified time.
Lesson 40
The document discusses verb tenses in English. It explains that verbs indicate the time of an action through their form. There are three main tenses: present, past, and future. The present tense expresses current or recurring actions. The past tense expresses completed past actions. The future tense expresses actions that will occur. It then provides examples of affirmative, negative, and interrogative forms in the simple present, past, and future tenses. The document concludes with practice and homework sections involving verb tense identification and use.
Lesson 39
This document discusses active and passive voice in verbs. It provides examples of sentences using active voice, where the subject performs the action, and passive voice, where the subject receives the action. It explains that passive voice uses a form of the verb "to be" along with the past participle of the main verb. It also lists the forms of the verb "to be" that can be used to form the passive voice. Examples are given to illustrate active and passive voice sentences. Readers are instructed to practice identifying active and passive voice in a section of exercises in their textbook.
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This document discusses gerunds and gerund phrases. It defines a gerund as a verb form ending in "-ing" that functions as a noun. Gerunds can serve as subjects, direct objects, or objects of prepositions. A gerund phrase includes a gerund plus other words that complete its meaning. The document provides examples of gerunds and gerund phrases. It also discusses identifying gerunds versus participles and replacing gerunds with "it" in a sentence.
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This document discusses participles and participial phrases. It defines a participle as a verb-like word ending in -ing or -ed that behaves as an adjective. A participial phrase begins with a participle and includes other related words that modify a noun. Examples are provided to illustrate identifying participles and participial phrases. Guidelines are given for proper use of participial phrases, such as including a comma after one that begins a sentence.
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Lesson 17
The document discusses adverb clauses. It defines an adverb clause as a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb by describing when, where, how, why, to what extent, or under what condition. Adverb clauses are introduced with subordinating conjunctions like when, although, and before. They can be found nearly anywhere in a sentence, beginning, middle or end. Examples of adverb clauses and their functions are provided.
Lesson 16
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Lesson 14
- 2. • An independent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought. An independent clause is a sentence. – Mutasim studied in the cafeteria for his Chemistry quiz. • A dependent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb but does not express a complete thought. A dependent clause cannot be a sentence. Often a dependent clause is marked by a dependent marker word. – When Mutasim studied in the cafeteria for his Chemistry quiz. (NOT a sentence!)
- 3. • A dependent marker word is a word added to the beginning of an independent clause that makes it into a dependent clause. Examples: – When Mutasim studied in the cafeteria for his chemistry quiz. (NOT a sentence!) • Some common dependent markers are: after, although, as, as if, because, before, even if, even though, if, in order to, since, though, unless, until, whatever, when, whenever, whether, and while
- 4. • There are two types of words that can be used as connectors at the beginning of an independent clause: –Coordinating conjunctions –Independent marker words
- 5. • Coordinating conjunctions are used as connecting words at the beginning of an independent clause. • They are: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, & so. (FANBOYS) • When the second independent clause in a sentence begins with a coordinating conjunction, a comma is needed before the coordinating conjunction: – Example: Mutasim studied in the cafeteria for his Chemistry quiz, but it was hard to concentrate because of the noise.
- 6. • Some common independent marker words are: also, consequently, furthermore, however, moreover, nevertheless, and therefore. • An independent marker word is a connecting word used at the beginning of an independent clause. • These words can always begin a sentence that can stand alone. • When the second independent clause in a sentence has an independent marker word, a semicolon is needed before the independent marker word. – Example: Mutasim studied in the cafeteria for his Chemistry quiz; however, it was hard to concentrate because of the noise.