- Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects humans and animals worldwide, with the highest incidence in tropical and subtropical regions. It is transmitted primarily through contact with infected animal urine. - The disease burden is estimated to be over 1 million cases and nearly 60,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, the actual burden may be underreported. Males account for about 80% of cases. - Prevention strategies include controlling the rodent reservoirs through sanitation and limiting their habitats, provision of clean water, vaccination of livestock, and public education about avoiding contact with contaminated water and soil. Climate change is expanding suitable habitats for rodents and increasing risks of transmission.