Paper looks at the strategy and options for for the growth and development of peri- urban areas in order to make it supportive of sustainability of core urban areas.
Redefining Planning and Development Strategies for Peri-Urban areasJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Peri-urban areas command critical role in the urban development. They are the next generation urban areas, when urban limits are extended. Accordingly, it would be important that these areas are properly defined, rationally planned and effectively managed in terms of their growth and development. Unfortunately , in majority of urban areas, most of the peri-urban areas don’t find recognition in the parlance of existing planning , development and management system. Accordingly, majority of cities face enormous growth in the fringe areas at the cost of development within the defined urban areas because of the availability of cheaper land and lack of adequate development controls. One can see large institutions of higher learning and large/small industries getting localized in the peri-urban areas. Setting up of major projects in isolation and away from the cities invariably leads to emergence of unplanned growth and sub-standard development of such areas. Present policy of approving Special Economic Zones (SEZ) and granting change of land use for the projects, away from the existing urban centres without any supporting framework for planned development of peri-urban areas has led to enormous conversion, subdivision of land and haphazard growth and development around urban centres. It would be important that the issue is critically and objectively looked at , and an effective legal framework to regulate the development in these areas is put in place on priority. In fact, future livability, sustainability and productivity of Urban- India will largely depend and hinge upon , how professionally, effectively and efficiently we manage our peri-urban areas. Conceptually Peri-Urban areas represent one of the best options for promoting balanced growth of urban and rural settlements in a mutually beneficial and supportive manner and accordingly needs to be protected and promoted both rationally and realistically. Adoption of the principle of developing all the urban centres with their defined periphery can usher an era of balanced growth and prosperity, creating affordable housing for large majority of Indian masses besides helping in meeting the national target of housing for all and eliminating existing dichotomy and conflicts in urban and rural interests.
The writeup on Chandigarh is the preface written for the book; Chandigarh-- A City of Two Plans’. Any professional looking for the book may please mail the a dress for sharing the book.
Chandigarh remains most misunderstood and manipulated city, facing numerous challenges and crisis. Known to be city of crisis. Chandigarh was conceived in crisis, born in crisis, grown in crisis and continues in crisis of population, poverty, politics and pollution. Despite all these crises, Chandigarh remains a role model in the domain of urban planning, architecture, urban design, landscaping and urban management. Assuring minimum quality of life even to the poorest of poor and offering basic amenities of life, Chandigarh remains the only city in the country, providing minimum two room accommodation, piped water supply, water borne sewerage, and sanitation system, metaled roads, assured electric supply etc. to all the residents of the city. Known for experimentation and commitment of the professionals including, architects, town planners and engineers, who worked tirelessly, has made Chandigarh, one of the finest planned and developed cities, locally and globally, in the post -independent period. Despite limitations and constrains imposed by the non-availability of adequate financial resources, state of art construction technologies, construction machinery etc, Chandigarh showcased how profession of architecture, town planning and engineering can be effectively leveraged to create one of the finest examples of human settlement.
Planning and development options for Peri-urban areasJIT KUMAR GUPTA
This document discusses planning and development options for peri-urban areas. It notes that urban boundaries are often static and do not account for growth, leading development to occur haphazardly outside city limits. It argues for the importance of properly defining and planning peri-urban areas to integrate them rationally into urban development. Key points include: peri-urban areas experience rapid growth and lack services; their extent depends on the size of the mother city; a legal framework is needed to regulate peri-urban development; and strategies should involve delineating peri-urban limits and creating a planning system for these areas.
Rationalizing the Planned Growth of Urban India through Regulating the Sub-d...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Land, despite being a gift of nature, is being grossly misused, abused , manipulated and traded like a commodity for generating largest financial dividends for both parastatal agencies and individuals. Land is globally used for providing platform for all human driven activities, based on living, working, culture of body/ mind and travel. Limited availability, coupled with large number of human beings trying to source land, has invariably created large demand for land resource for human consumption. Land, in urban context, is required for meeting the specific needs of urban dwellers for residential, commercial, institutional, recreational, travel& traffic purposes besides providing space for infrastructures , amenities, services, trade and commerce etc. Land in urban context remains under large demand and command high price due to concentration of large population in small physical area, with stakeholders making competing claims.
Rapid and uncontrolled growth in population experienced by urban areas has adversely impacted and generated considerable pressure on land resource in cities and towns , leading to large scale conversion, sub-division and occupation of urban land. This pressure on land has largely been met by means of both formal/informal sub-division and development of land. Growth of the urban settlements and entire mechanism of urban planning and development remains land based/ land focused, based on a strategy of sub-division of the land, dictated by the economic forces prevailing in the market. Irrational and ineffective public policies of urban planning and land sub-division, devoid of prevailing ground realities, have turned out to be incompatible with the demands of urban expansion, leading to large scale un-authorized and illegal sub-division of land. In order to make city planning, growth, development and management ,both rational. realistic, orderly and promoter of quality living, it will be critical and essential, that all urban centres are made to focus on eliminating the culture and practices promoting un-authorized/illegal sub-division of land for ushering an environment and era of planned urban development in the country and restoring the glory of land resource.
Planning and development options for Peri-urban areasJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper is an attempt to look into periphery, its role and importance in planned development, roadblocks facing its development and suggesting options for rationalising its growth
Town planning - A Tool to Promote Holistic Development of Human settlementsJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Writing is an attempt to briefly describe the context, role and importance of town planning in shaping the human settlements and make them more livable, sustainable and making value addition to human living and working.
Redefining master plans to promote smart and sustainable cities JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Master plans/ Development Plans, used as the most potent weapon by the town planner, to promote planned and orderly development has done more damage than good to the cities. Consuming large span of time, involving lot of manpower and requiring considerable resources, master plans has made planners chase the development instead of leading the development. Rigidity of master plans, based on defining the use of every piece of land, has made the master plans irrelevant, irrational and illogical in the face fast changing urban dynamics. Master plans, prepared for a period spanning over two decades, try to freeze the city. As planners, when we do not know our own future, what competency, capacity, expertise and capability we have to define the future of the cities. In the process, majority of cities have been suffering from illegal, sub-standard, haphazard and unplanned growth. Master plans have accordingly, emerged as the major road block in promoting planned urban development and making cities sustainable . For promoting planned development and making city growth both rational and dynamic, focus of planning should be on redefining and putting in place a new order of urban planning, development options and management strategies besides suggesting new format of Master Plans to make cities smart, more humane, equitable, just, efficient, productive, sustainable and providers of assured quality of life to all existing and future urban residents including poorest of the poor.
PLANNING THE CAPITAL CITY OF CHANDIGARH : PROBLEMS, LESSONS AND PROSPECTSJIT KUMAR GUPTA
This document summarizes the planning of Chandigarh city and discusses its current problems and prospects. It notes that while Chandigarh was initially planned well with sectors, amenities, and protections, population growth and economic forces have led to issues. Key problems include overpopulation, uneven population distribution, residential and commercial slums, uncontrolled village growth, and degraded green spaces. Coordinated regional planning and management of land use, transportation, housing, and amenities is needed to address these issues and ensure Chandigarh's orderly development.
Redefining Planning and Development Strategies for Peri-Urban areasJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Peri-urban areas command critical role in the urban development. They are the next generation urban areas, when urban limits are extended. Accordingly, it would be important that these areas are properly defined, rationally planned and effectively managed in terms of their growth and development. Unfortunately , in majority of urban areas, most of the peri-urban areas don’t find recognition in the parlance of existing planning , development and management system. Accordingly, majority of cities face enormous growth in the fringe areas at the cost of development within the defined urban areas because of the availability of cheaper land and lack of adequate development controls. One can see large institutions of higher learning and large/small industries getting localized in the peri-urban areas. Setting up of major projects in isolation and away from the cities invariably leads to emergence of unplanned growth and sub-standard development of such areas. Present policy of approving Special Economic Zones (SEZ) and granting change of land use for the projects, away from the existing urban centres without any supporting framework for planned development of peri-urban areas has led to enormous conversion, subdivision of land and haphazard growth and development around urban centres. It would be important that the issue is critically and objectively looked at , and an effective legal framework to regulate the development in these areas is put in place on priority. In fact, future livability, sustainability and productivity of Urban- India will largely depend and hinge upon , how professionally, effectively and efficiently we manage our peri-urban areas. Conceptually Peri-Urban areas represent one of the best options for promoting balanced growth of urban and rural settlements in a mutually beneficial and supportive manner and accordingly needs to be protected and promoted both rationally and realistically. Adoption of the principle of developing all the urban centres with their defined periphery can usher an era of balanced growth and prosperity, creating affordable housing for large majority of Indian masses besides helping in meeting the national target of housing for all and eliminating existing dichotomy and conflicts in urban and rural interests.
The writeup on Chandigarh is the preface written for the book; Chandigarh-- A City of Two Plans’. Any professional looking for the book may please mail the a dress for sharing the book.
Chandigarh remains most misunderstood and manipulated city, facing numerous challenges and crisis. Known to be city of crisis. Chandigarh was conceived in crisis, born in crisis, grown in crisis and continues in crisis of population, poverty, politics and pollution. Despite all these crises, Chandigarh remains a role model in the domain of urban planning, architecture, urban design, landscaping and urban management. Assuring minimum quality of life even to the poorest of poor and offering basic amenities of life, Chandigarh remains the only city in the country, providing minimum two room accommodation, piped water supply, water borne sewerage, and sanitation system, metaled roads, assured electric supply etc. to all the residents of the city. Known for experimentation and commitment of the professionals including, architects, town planners and engineers, who worked tirelessly, has made Chandigarh, one of the finest planned and developed cities, locally and globally, in the post -independent period. Despite limitations and constrains imposed by the non-availability of adequate financial resources, state of art construction technologies, construction machinery etc, Chandigarh showcased how profession of architecture, town planning and engineering can be effectively leveraged to create one of the finest examples of human settlement.
Planning and development options for Peri-urban areasJIT KUMAR GUPTA
This document discusses planning and development options for peri-urban areas. It notes that urban boundaries are often static and do not account for growth, leading development to occur haphazardly outside city limits. It argues for the importance of properly defining and planning peri-urban areas to integrate them rationally into urban development. Key points include: peri-urban areas experience rapid growth and lack services; their extent depends on the size of the mother city; a legal framework is needed to regulate peri-urban development; and strategies should involve delineating peri-urban limits and creating a planning system for these areas.
Rationalizing the Planned Growth of Urban India through Regulating the Sub-d...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Land, despite being a gift of nature, is being grossly misused, abused , manipulated and traded like a commodity for generating largest financial dividends for both parastatal agencies and individuals. Land is globally used for providing platform for all human driven activities, based on living, working, culture of body/ mind and travel. Limited availability, coupled with large number of human beings trying to source land, has invariably created large demand for land resource for human consumption. Land, in urban context, is required for meeting the specific needs of urban dwellers for residential, commercial, institutional, recreational, travel& traffic purposes besides providing space for infrastructures , amenities, services, trade and commerce etc. Land in urban context remains under large demand and command high price due to concentration of large population in small physical area, with stakeholders making competing claims.
Rapid and uncontrolled growth in population experienced by urban areas has adversely impacted and generated considerable pressure on land resource in cities and towns , leading to large scale conversion, sub-division and occupation of urban land. This pressure on land has largely been met by means of both formal/informal sub-division and development of land. Growth of the urban settlements and entire mechanism of urban planning and development remains land based/ land focused, based on a strategy of sub-division of the land, dictated by the economic forces prevailing in the market. Irrational and ineffective public policies of urban planning and land sub-division, devoid of prevailing ground realities, have turned out to be incompatible with the demands of urban expansion, leading to large scale un-authorized and illegal sub-division of land. In order to make city planning, growth, development and management ,both rational. realistic, orderly and promoter of quality living, it will be critical and essential, that all urban centres are made to focus on eliminating the culture and practices promoting un-authorized/illegal sub-division of land for ushering an environment and era of planned urban development in the country and restoring the glory of land resource.
Planning and development options for Peri-urban areasJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper is an attempt to look into periphery, its role and importance in planned development, roadblocks facing its development and suggesting options for rationalising its growth
Town planning - A Tool to Promote Holistic Development of Human settlementsJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Writing is an attempt to briefly describe the context, role and importance of town planning in shaping the human settlements and make them more livable, sustainable and making value addition to human living and working.
Redefining master plans to promote smart and sustainable cities JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Master plans/ Development Plans, used as the most potent weapon by the town planner, to promote planned and orderly development has done more damage than good to the cities. Consuming large span of time, involving lot of manpower and requiring considerable resources, master plans has made planners chase the development instead of leading the development. Rigidity of master plans, based on defining the use of every piece of land, has made the master plans irrelevant, irrational and illogical in the face fast changing urban dynamics. Master plans, prepared for a period spanning over two decades, try to freeze the city. As planners, when we do not know our own future, what competency, capacity, expertise and capability we have to define the future of the cities. In the process, majority of cities have been suffering from illegal, sub-standard, haphazard and unplanned growth. Master plans have accordingly, emerged as the major road block in promoting planned urban development and making cities sustainable . For promoting planned development and making city growth both rational and dynamic, focus of planning should be on redefining and putting in place a new order of urban planning, development options and management strategies besides suggesting new format of Master Plans to make cities smart, more humane, equitable, just, efficient, productive, sustainable and providers of assured quality of life to all existing and future urban residents including poorest of the poor.
PLANNING THE CAPITAL CITY OF CHANDIGARH : PROBLEMS, LESSONS AND PROSPECTSJIT KUMAR GUPTA
This document summarizes the planning of Chandigarh city and discusses its current problems and prospects. It notes that while Chandigarh was initially planned well with sectors, amenities, and protections, population growth and economic forces have led to issues. Key problems include overpopulation, uneven population distribution, residential and commercial slums, uncontrolled village growth, and degraded green spaces. Coordinated regional planning and management of land use, transportation, housing, and amenities is needed to address these issues and ensure Chandigarh's orderly development.
Strategies for Development of Peri Urban Areas in a Developing Country A Case...ijtsrd
The world is experiencing a new phenomena – peri urbanism. As the population is increasing and cities are infrastructurally upgraded, there has been a gradual shift of the urban population from the more developed regions to the less developed ones, aimed at availing free open spaces to live, grow and setting up new communities. This movement of urban population in large numbers has led to formation of peri urban spaces. With no such boundary to define the peri urban spaces, these areas are the outskirts of the urban centres which are to be explored. A detailed understanding about the dynamics of urbanisation is necessary for coping with the negative effects poised by urban sprawling on the peri urban areas. Being designated as one of the first smart city of India, Bhubaneswar city is experiencing formation of urban sprawls around the major urban nodes. In order to further examine the need for policy formulation, a detailed study has been done to understand the demographic, economic and social profile of the inhabitants residing within the fringe areas of Bhubaneswar. The emperical approach of the paper is based on the study of the infrastructure and development issues of the area using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The final findings of the study includes the issues, problems and recommendations to be applicable for a planned and controlled development in the peri urban areas of Bhubaneswar. Leena Sahoo | Swapna Sarita Swain "Strategies for Development of Peri-Urban Areas in a Developing Country (A Case Study of Bhubaneswar)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42350.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/architecture-and-planning/42350/strategies-for-development-of-periurban-areas-in-a-developing-country-a-case-study-of-bhubaneswar/leena-sahoo
Planning Laws - Its Implications for Urban Development JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper tries to analyse the role and importance of legal framework in the context of urban development and the need to make urban laws more rational, simple and supportive of the urban development.
Town planning - A Tool to Promote Holistic Development of Human settlementsJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Town planning aims to promote planned development of human settlements through various tools and processes. It involves studying existing settlements, demographics, land use, infrastructure, and environment to identify issues and opportunities. Town planners then prepare proposed plans and policies to guide future growth, land use, housing, transportation, amenities, economy, heritage preservation, and phasing of development. The goal is to make settlements more livable, productive, and sustainable while ensuring public welfare through inclusive and sustainable planning.
Urban development in deeper mess in the state of punjabJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper tries to focus on the adverse impact of regularisation of unauthorised colonies with reference to state of Punjab on the planned development, quality of life, sustainability and growth and development of urban centres of the state including rural areas.
Presentation makes an attempt to brief about the genesis, brief of preparing master plan for an urban settlement to rationalise the growth and development of any urban centre
The document discusses urbanization trends in India and concepts related to city planning. It notes that cities are growing rapidly and expanding into surrounding rural areas. Regional planning is becoming more important, with the metropolitan region defined as the city and surrounding suburbs and rural areas. Peripheral regions beyond metropolitan regions are also influenced by cities through economic and social ties. Small towns play an important role as service centers for rural hinterlands, and future planning needs to consider the relationships between cities and the regions and hinterlands they serve.
Presentation describes the journey of Chandigarh Master Plan right from its inception and tries to bring out facts which have gone into making of the Master Plan of 2013
Urban Villages of Delhi: Case study Kotla MubarakpurJoel Michael
Documentation and analysis of surveys and mapping conducted in 3 urban villages of Delhi, namely, Kotla Mubarakpur, Mohammedpur and Hauz Khaz. Comparative analysis of their stages of urbanization and a proposal for Kotla Mubarakpur.
The Punjab Regional and Town Planning and Development Act,1995JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation is an overview in brief of the provisions of The Punjab Regional and Town Planning and Development Act,1995 including its objectives, typogies of authorities, planning framework and functions of Authorities. However, paper does not cover its critical appraisal
Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas. Rapid urban growth has both positive and negative impacts on town planning. Positively, it can increase economic production and provide better opportunities and services. However, it can also lead to issues like urban sprawl, traffic, and pollution as megacities struggle to provide infrastructure for large populations. Effective town planning requires statutory development plans that provide strategies and proposals to manage growth, as well as regional plans that focus on balanced development across connected urban and rural areas.
The document provides information about Aya Nagar, a settlement located in South Delhi. It discusses the location and connectivity of Aya Nagar, noting distances from major transport hubs. It also outlines the history and growth of Aya Nagar from a village to a large urban settlement. Issues facing Aya Nagar are discussed, such as lack of adequate housing, infrastructure like roads and drainage, education and healthcare facilities. The document proposes various solutions and projects to address these issues in a sustainable manner through community participation and improved governance.
The presentation is an attempt to trace the history of Chandigarh Master Plan. It showcases also the making of Chandigarh Capital city and the making of Chandigarh Master Plan-2031
This document provides an overview of the Regional Plan 2021 for the National Capital Region (NCR) in India. Some key points:
- The NCR covers the National Capital Territory of Delhi as well as districts in the surrounding states of Haryana, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh based on plans established in the 1950s-1980s to decentralize growth from Delhi.
- The Regional Plan 2021 aims to provide a suitable economic base and infrastructure to absorb growth overflowing from Delhi, minimize environmental impacts, and promote sustainable development across the region.
- It divides the NCR into policy zones like the Central NCR intended to support Delhi with jobs and activities, and highway corridors. Population is
Urban Real Estate & Development in IndiaNitin Narang
The document discusses urban real estate development in India and strategies for achieving sustainability and social responsibility. It notes that most new development is large-scale greenfield projects on the outskirts of cities led by private developers. However, current approaches often lack comprehensive planning, public infrastructure, and focus primarily on profits. The document advocates for updated public policies and incentives to encourage collaboration between developers for building sustainable, mixed-use, and socially inclusive communities. It provides examples of successful developments abroad that integrate these goals.
The document discusses the settlement pattern and hierarchy proposed for an irrigated colony area in Rajasthan, India based on the central place theory. It involves a 5-tier settlement hierarchy with basic villages, amenity/middle school villages, service towns, mandi towns, and regional towns. The Naurangdesar distributary area is used as a case study to demonstrate how this hierarchy was applied at the sub-area level, taking into consideration factors like existing settlements, optimal village and farm sizes, and accessibility. The proposed hierarchy aims to provide an integrated, balanced, and functionally efficient pattern of rural-urban settlements for the newly irrigated area.
This document discusses smart cities and urban planning in India. It begins with definitions of traditional city planning and smart city planning. It then discusses the impacts of globalization and economic changes on urbanization and city growth in India. Some key challenges discussed for Indian cities include population growth, urban sprawl, flooding, garbage, air and water pollution. The document examines trends in urbanization for India by 2030 and outlines some urban challenges around areas like transportation, infrastructure, land use, and the environment. It advocates for a shift towards more sustainable urban planning approaches focused on mobility and people rather than just transportation infrastructure expansion.
The document provides information on the City Development Plan for Panaji City, Goa, India. It outlines key details about Goa such as population, population density, and per capita income. It then discusses the demographic characteristics of Panaji City including population projections, gender ratio, and floating population. The document also covers various aspects of infrastructure in Panaji City such as transportation links, land use, heritage areas, water and storm water management, sewerage, roads, tourism, and housing.
The document discusses town and country planning acts in India. It provides an overview of the Model Regional and Town Planning and Development Law formulated in 1985 to help states enact comprehensive urban planning legislation. It also summarizes some key state laws like those of Bihar, Kerala, Karnataka and the revisions proposed to the URDPFI guidelines. It notes that while many states have enacted town planning acts based on the 1985 model law, some like Haryana, Rajasthan and Chandigarh still lack comprehensive acts. It also analyzes census data on urbanization trends and issues related to notifying census towns.
Paper is an attempt to look at the Indian urban settlements in terms of their planning, designing, travel, buildings etc, identify problems they have and options which can be leveraged to make them more effective, efficient, livable, productive and sustainable
The document summarizes a government policy in Maharashtra, India to address the lack of affordable housing through joint ventures between the government housing agency (MHADA) and private developers. It provides context on the Pune region, analyzes the current housing situation and market trends, and outlines the key points of the policy including development regulations, construction guidelines, and incentives for developers to provide affordable housing units. It also discusses public feedback and suggestions received on the draft policy.
LEGAL FRAMEWORK IN THE STATE OF PUNJAB- INTERFACE BETWEEN DEPARTMENTS OF TO...JitKumarGupta1
Indian believes in high traditions of democracy and accordingly, is characterized by multiplicity of laws. With focus on subject specific laws, one can see multiplicity laws. Each law tries to overtake other law, when they relate to the same subject. Sometimes there exists lot of overlapping and contradictions in the legal framework. Since India legal system remain bureaucratic and institutional focused under each law, focus of bureaucracy remains to create more laws and more space number for creating institutions and jobs for the bureaucracy. Despite India , as a nation accepting the role and importance of Urban local Bodies in 1972, when 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, was enacted, still states were passing laws in 1996 to create separate/additional/ independent agencies operating in the domain of urban planning, development and management, ignoring to empower urban local bodies to take up that role. Accordingly, state scenario in urban development in the country remains multi-faceted with existence of large number of departments and agencies operating in the urban development, which dilutes the intent of planned and orderly development in human settlements.Prevailing urban development scenario indicates existence of not only large number of urban laws but also large number of urban development agencies. However, there exists concentration of development agencies operating in the large urban areas but these agencies are conspicuous by their absence in the small urban settlements. Our capacity to create rational, effective, efficient, compact planning framework and agencies for effectively implementing of planning framework, will hold the key for future planned growth of urban settlements .Write-up focuses on the State of Punjab which has put in place a legal regime providing for promoting comprehensive and integrated development of urban and rural area through the preparation of Regional Plans and Master Plans in 1996 . In the year 2006, the entire set of provisions regulating the preparation of Regional Plans and Master Plans were critically reviewed, rationalized, simplified and modified drastically to streamline the procedure by making amendments eliminating/ minimizing number of vital steps involving public participation, involving urban local bodies; printing existing landuse plans etc. First master plan came into operation in 2006, after a decade of launching the Act. Till now more than 35 cities have bbeen covered unde such plans out of 216 urban settlements recorded in 2011 census.
.
Urban planning and urban governance invariably remain people centric having prime concern/focus on looking at/ promoting the welfare of the people, improving their social, physical, economic and environmental conditions besides improving quality of life. Both are mandated to create supportive/enabling conditions and environment to help people to perform their basic functions involving living, working , care of body & spirits and circulation, in a most effective / efficient manner. Accordingly urban planning and urban governance remain interlinked /integrated, and have close relationship. No good urban governance can exist in isolation/ without the input of good and rational planning. Looking at the entire context of good urban governance, it can be fairly concluded that effective urban planning holds the key to good urban governance. Poor urban governance has its genesis in poor urban planning. For enabling urban planning to play its desired and designated role in urban governance, it will be essential that operational mechanism of existing pattern of urban planning is critically looked into, reviewed, revised and re-defined to made it more responsive to the emerging urban dynamism/challenges. Unfortunately, in India, role of urban planners has been diluted and marginalized and has never been given appropriate recognition. Limited numbers of planning institutions have contributed to restricting the number of qualified professionals. With urban centres holding the key, future growth and development of the cities will be contingent largely upon the proficiency, efficacy and efficiency of ‘Planning Profession and Professionals’. However, , for planners/planning to play its ordained role, they have to be made more responsive , professionally competent, having capacity /expertise to understand /appreciate the complexities of urban growth and development, based on prevailing ground realities, and evolving appropriate options. .Planning tools will also require review and redefining to make them more effective and efficient.
Strategies for Development of Peri Urban Areas in a Developing Country A Case...ijtsrd
The world is experiencing a new phenomena – peri urbanism. As the population is increasing and cities are infrastructurally upgraded, there has been a gradual shift of the urban population from the more developed regions to the less developed ones, aimed at availing free open spaces to live, grow and setting up new communities. This movement of urban population in large numbers has led to formation of peri urban spaces. With no such boundary to define the peri urban spaces, these areas are the outskirts of the urban centres which are to be explored. A detailed understanding about the dynamics of urbanisation is necessary for coping with the negative effects poised by urban sprawling on the peri urban areas. Being designated as one of the first smart city of India, Bhubaneswar city is experiencing formation of urban sprawls around the major urban nodes. In order to further examine the need for policy formulation, a detailed study has been done to understand the demographic, economic and social profile of the inhabitants residing within the fringe areas of Bhubaneswar. The emperical approach of the paper is based on the study of the infrastructure and development issues of the area using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The final findings of the study includes the issues, problems and recommendations to be applicable for a planned and controlled development in the peri urban areas of Bhubaneswar. Leena Sahoo | Swapna Sarita Swain "Strategies for Development of Peri-Urban Areas in a Developing Country (A Case Study of Bhubaneswar)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42350.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/architecture-and-planning/42350/strategies-for-development-of-periurban-areas-in-a-developing-country-a-case-study-of-bhubaneswar/leena-sahoo
Planning Laws - Its Implications for Urban Development JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper tries to analyse the role and importance of legal framework in the context of urban development and the need to make urban laws more rational, simple and supportive of the urban development.
Town planning - A Tool to Promote Holistic Development of Human settlementsJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Town planning aims to promote planned development of human settlements through various tools and processes. It involves studying existing settlements, demographics, land use, infrastructure, and environment to identify issues and opportunities. Town planners then prepare proposed plans and policies to guide future growth, land use, housing, transportation, amenities, economy, heritage preservation, and phasing of development. The goal is to make settlements more livable, productive, and sustainable while ensuring public welfare through inclusive and sustainable planning.
Urban development in deeper mess in the state of punjabJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper tries to focus on the adverse impact of regularisation of unauthorised colonies with reference to state of Punjab on the planned development, quality of life, sustainability and growth and development of urban centres of the state including rural areas.
Presentation makes an attempt to brief about the genesis, brief of preparing master plan for an urban settlement to rationalise the growth and development of any urban centre
The document discusses urbanization trends in India and concepts related to city planning. It notes that cities are growing rapidly and expanding into surrounding rural areas. Regional planning is becoming more important, with the metropolitan region defined as the city and surrounding suburbs and rural areas. Peripheral regions beyond metropolitan regions are also influenced by cities through economic and social ties. Small towns play an important role as service centers for rural hinterlands, and future planning needs to consider the relationships between cities and the regions and hinterlands they serve.
Presentation describes the journey of Chandigarh Master Plan right from its inception and tries to bring out facts which have gone into making of the Master Plan of 2013
Urban Villages of Delhi: Case study Kotla MubarakpurJoel Michael
Documentation and analysis of surveys and mapping conducted in 3 urban villages of Delhi, namely, Kotla Mubarakpur, Mohammedpur and Hauz Khaz. Comparative analysis of their stages of urbanization and a proposal for Kotla Mubarakpur.
The Punjab Regional and Town Planning and Development Act,1995JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation is an overview in brief of the provisions of The Punjab Regional and Town Planning and Development Act,1995 including its objectives, typogies of authorities, planning framework and functions of Authorities. However, paper does not cover its critical appraisal
Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas. Rapid urban growth has both positive and negative impacts on town planning. Positively, it can increase economic production and provide better opportunities and services. However, it can also lead to issues like urban sprawl, traffic, and pollution as megacities struggle to provide infrastructure for large populations. Effective town planning requires statutory development plans that provide strategies and proposals to manage growth, as well as regional plans that focus on balanced development across connected urban and rural areas.
The document provides information about Aya Nagar, a settlement located in South Delhi. It discusses the location and connectivity of Aya Nagar, noting distances from major transport hubs. It also outlines the history and growth of Aya Nagar from a village to a large urban settlement. Issues facing Aya Nagar are discussed, such as lack of adequate housing, infrastructure like roads and drainage, education and healthcare facilities. The document proposes various solutions and projects to address these issues in a sustainable manner through community participation and improved governance.
The presentation is an attempt to trace the history of Chandigarh Master Plan. It showcases also the making of Chandigarh Capital city and the making of Chandigarh Master Plan-2031
This document provides an overview of the Regional Plan 2021 for the National Capital Region (NCR) in India. Some key points:
- The NCR covers the National Capital Territory of Delhi as well as districts in the surrounding states of Haryana, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh based on plans established in the 1950s-1980s to decentralize growth from Delhi.
- The Regional Plan 2021 aims to provide a suitable economic base and infrastructure to absorb growth overflowing from Delhi, minimize environmental impacts, and promote sustainable development across the region.
- It divides the NCR into policy zones like the Central NCR intended to support Delhi with jobs and activities, and highway corridors. Population is
Urban Real Estate & Development in IndiaNitin Narang
The document discusses urban real estate development in India and strategies for achieving sustainability and social responsibility. It notes that most new development is large-scale greenfield projects on the outskirts of cities led by private developers. However, current approaches often lack comprehensive planning, public infrastructure, and focus primarily on profits. The document advocates for updated public policies and incentives to encourage collaboration between developers for building sustainable, mixed-use, and socially inclusive communities. It provides examples of successful developments abroad that integrate these goals.
The document discusses the settlement pattern and hierarchy proposed for an irrigated colony area in Rajasthan, India based on the central place theory. It involves a 5-tier settlement hierarchy with basic villages, amenity/middle school villages, service towns, mandi towns, and regional towns. The Naurangdesar distributary area is used as a case study to demonstrate how this hierarchy was applied at the sub-area level, taking into consideration factors like existing settlements, optimal village and farm sizes, and accessibility. The proposed hierarchy aims to provide an integrated, balanced, and functionally efficient pattern of rural-urban settlements for the newly irrigated area.
This document discusses smart cities and urban planning in India. It begins with definitions of traditional city planning and smart city planning. It then discusses the impacts of globalization and economic changes on urbanization and city growth in India. Some key challenges discussed for Indian cities include population growth, urban sprawl, flooding, garbage, air and water pollution. The document examines trends in urbanization for India by 2030 and outlines some urban challenges around areas like transportation, infrastructure, land use, and the environment. It advocates for a shift towards more sustainable urban planning approaches focused on mobility and people rather than just transportation infrastructure expansion.
The document provides information on the City Development Plan for Panaji City, Goa, India. It outlines key details about Goa such as population, population density, and per capita income. It then discusses the demographic characteristics of Panaji City including population projections, gender ratio, and floating population. The document also covers various aspects of infrastructure in Panaji City such as transportation links, land use, heritage areas, water and storm water management, sewerage, roads, tourism, and housing.
The document discusses town and country planning acts in India. It provides an overview of the Model Regional and Town Planning and Development Law formulated in 1985 to help states enact comprehensive urban planning legislation. It also summarizes some key state laws like those of Bihar, Kerala, Karnataka and the revisions proposed to the URDPFI guidelines. It notes that while many states have enacted town planning acts based on the 1985 model law, some like Haryana, Rajasthan and Chandigarh still lack comprehensive acts. It also analyzes census data on urbanization trends and issues related to notifying census towns.
Paper is an attempt to look at the Indian urban settlements in terms of their planning, designing, travel, buildings etc, identify problems they have and options which can be leveraged to make them more effective, efficient, livable, productive and sustainable
The document summarizes a government policy in Maharashtra, India to address the lack of affordable housing through joint ventures between the government housing agency (MHADA) and private developers. It provides context on the Pune region, analyzes the current housing situation and market trends, and outlines the key points of the policy including development regulations, construction guidelines, and incentives for developers to provide affordable housing units. It also discusses public feedback and suggestions received on the draft policy.
LEGAL FRAMEWORK IN THE STATE OF PUNJAB- INTERFACE BETWEEN DEPARTMENTS OF TO...JitKumarGupta1
Indian believes in high traditions of democracy and accordingly, is characterized by multiplicity of laws. With focus on subject specific laws, one can see multiplicity laws. Each law tries to overtake other law, when they relate to the same subject. Sometimes there exists lot of overlapping and contradictions in the legal framework. Since India legal system remain bureaucratic and institutional focused under each law, focus of bureaucracy remains to create more laws and more space number for creating institutions and jobs for the bureaucracy. Despite India , as a nation accepting the role and importance of Urban local Bodies in 1972, when 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, was enacted, still states were passing laws in 1996 to create separate/additional/ independent agencies operating in the domain of urban planning, development and management, ignoring to empower urban local bodies to take up that role. Accordingly, state scenario in urban development in the country remains multi-faceted with existence of large number of departments and agencies operating in the urban development, which dilutes the intent of planned and orderly development in human settlements.Prevailing urban development scenario indicates existence of not only large number of urban laws but also large number of urban development agencies. However, there exists concentration of development agencies operating in the large urban areas but these agencies are conspicuous by their absence in the small urban settlements. Our capacity to create rational, effective, efficient, compact planning framework and agencies for effectively implementing of planning framework, will hold the key for future planned growth of urban settlements .Write-up focuses on the State of Punjab which has put in place a legal regime providing for promoting comprehensive and integrated development of urban and rural area through the preparation of Regional Plans and Master Plans in 1996 . In the year 2006, the entire set of provisions regulating the preparation of Regional Plans and Master Plans were critically reviewed, rationalized, simplified and modified drastically to streamline the procedure by making amendments eliminating/ minimizing number of vital steps involving public participation, involving urban local bodies; printing existing landuse plans etc. First master plan came into operation in 2006, after a decade of launching the Act. Till now more than 35 cities have bbeen covered unde such plans out of 216 urban settlements recorded in 2011 census.
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Urban planning and urban governance invariably remain people centric having prime concern/focus on looking at/ promoting the welfare of the people, improving their social, physical, economic and environmental conditions besides improving quality of life. Both are mandated to create supportive/enabling conditions and environment to help people to perform their basic functions involving living, working , care of body & spirits and circulation, in a most effective / efficient manner. Accordingly urban planning and urban governance remain interlinked /integrated, and have close relationship. No good urban governance can exist in isolation/ without the input of good and rational planning. Looking at the entire context of good urban governance, it can be fairly concluded that effective urban planning holds the key to good urban governance. Poor urban governance has its genesis in poor urban planning. For enabling urban planning to play its desired and designated role in urban governance, it will be essential that operational mechanism of existing pattern of urban planning is critically looked into, reviewed, revised and re-defined to made it more responsive to the emerging urban dynamism/challenges. Unfortunately, in India, role of urban planners has been diluted and marginalized and has never been given appropriate recognition. Limited numbers of planning institutions have contributed to restricting the number of qualified professionals. With urban centres holding the key, future growth and development of the cities will be contingent largely upon the proficiency, efficacy and efficiency of ‘Planning Profession and Professionals’. However, , for planners/planning to play its ordained role, they have to be made more responsive , professionally competent, having capacity /expertise to understand /appreciate the complexities of urban growth and development, based on prevailing ground realities, and evolving appropriate options. .Planning tools will also require review and redefining to make them more effective and efficient.
Strategies for Planning Smart and Sustainable CitiesJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Smart city remains a misnomer. No city on planet earth can claim to be smart. Experts are still searching the soul of smart city in order to precisely define it .Unfortunately smart city has become a money spending/spinning exercise for few individuals/agencies. Entire concept of smart city has been made technology centric, minimizing the role and importance of human beings. In addition, role of Town Planners in smart city has been totally marginalized. How can a city be made smart without intervention of planning and planners. Smart city as a concept has been copied globally to promote operational efficiency and productivity of the cities , with minimum concern for human growth and development. Addressing issue of poverty and making city livable for all should be the agenda of urban growth and development. In the face of homeless people , absence of basic amenities and facilities essential of human living, making city’s smart will be a fallacy and prove to be counterproductive. Cities do not exist in isolation and require the support of rural hinterland. Dealing cities alone by excluding villages will invariably lead to lopsided growth of cities because genesis of majority of urban ills has roots in the neglect of the rural areas. Urban areas must do handholding for the rural areas for synergizing mutual strength and to usher a new era of rational growth. Smart city concept must focus on empowering human being/ living, making them more skilled, create options for meeting the basic human needs and removing the curse of poverty and unemployment.
The document discusses the planning and evolution of two satellite towns of Delhi - Gurugram and Noida. It provides details on the master plans developed for Gurugram (2021, 2025, 2031) and Noida (1991, 2001, 2021, 2031) which planned for increasing populations and land usage over time. While both towns aimed to decongest Delhi, analysis shows Gurugram lacked public transportation connectivity and basic infrastructure services, whereas Noida invested more in transportation networks like DMRC and water management.
Redefining Master Plans to Promote Smart and Sustainable CitiesIRJET Journal
This document discusses redefining master plans to promote smart and sustainable cities. It begins by noting that traditional master plans based on rigid land use planning have made cities inflexible and unsustainable, ignoring urban dynamism. The document argues for a new approach to master planning that makes cities more humane, equitable, efficient, and provides a good quality of life for all residents. It discusses how global urbanization trends show most of the world's population now lives in cities, and cities in India are growing rapidly without proper planning. The challenges of meeting housing, infrastructure, and service needs in a sustainable way are discussed. The document concludes that India must harmonize urban growth and development through effective urban planning to make cities smart and rational as
Regional planning deals with the efficient placement of land uses, infrastructure, and settlement growth across a larger area than an individual city or town. A region can be defined based on homogeneous physical characteristics or human activities within clearly defined boundaries. There are three main types of regions - formal, functional, and vernacular. Formal regions have official boundaries like states or districts, while functional regions are defined by economic interdependencies between places. Planning regions are used for comprehensive development and depend on the country's multi-level planning system, using generally administrative regions as planning units.
Redefining master plans for smart and sustainable citiesJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Master plans have traditionally focused on rigid land use planning, but this has made cities inflexible and unable to adapt to dynamic urban growth. It has also promoted unequal and unsustainable development. There is a need to redefine master plans to make cities more smart, sustainable, and equitable. New master plans should be flexible, community-oriented, and focus on transit-oriented compact development, energy efficiency, and inclusiveness. They should involve a variety of experts and stakeholders and use new technologies to guide sustainable urban form and development over time rather than rigidly defining land uses. The goal is to minimize urban problems and make cities higher quality places for all residents.
Redefining master plans for smart and sustainable citiesJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper tries to relook at the master plan in its prevalent form , content and procedure and tries to redefine the agenda for making it a positive tool for leveraging the sustainable development of urban settlements
Redefining Planning Strategies for Promoting Sustainable Urban SettJitKumarGupta1
Urbanisation in developing economies is fast emerging as a process of transfer of rural poverty to urban environment, leading to concentration of misery; creating distortions and emergence of numerous imbalances and problems. Accordingly, urban settlements are suffering from improper and haphazard development, absence of basic infrastructures and services, lack of housing, high degree of visual and environmental degradation and uncontrolled traffic etc. The cumulative effect of these factors is the degradation of quality of life in urban settlements and large number of subsidies required to keep them operational. Indian urbanization is characterized by urbanization of population, urbanization of poverty, urbanization of pollution and urbanization of environment.Looking at the existing scenario, all evidences suggest that despite best of the efforts of Planners to contain the population and limit and regulate the growth of large cities, they continue to grow and expand at an alarming pace; despite best of the efforts to promote planned growth, haphazard and unplanned development has emerged as the order of the day; despite best efforts made to contain slums, their number and size are growing much faster; despite pursuing the objective of ensuring quality of life to all, majority of urban dwellers are facing deprivation and lack of access to housing, basic amenities and facilities resulting in constant degradation of living environment. Thus, wide gaps have emerged over the years between what is planned and what actually comes on the ground.The dualities and contradictions emerging in the settlement scenario accordingly call for having a closer look at the very mechanism of city planning, development and management. It also calls for evaluating the concepts and systems, which have been followed in the past, for promoting planned growth of human settlements and have resulted in high level of distortions emerging in settlement planning and development mechanism. Since the existing systems and concepts have resulted in widening the gap between planning and development and have failed to achieve the goal of planned growth, surely it calls for their substitutions by some innovative concepts and systems, which would remove emerging distortions, dualities and contradictions in the settlement planning and make them rational and orderlu.
Redefing planning starategies for promoting sustainable Urban DevelopmentJitKumarGupta1
Looking at the way cities are being planned and developed, existing planning options need review and redefinition by adopting innovative planning solutions to make planning profession more responsive to emerging new realism (Nick Devas). New urban realism must invariably involves, evolve and revolves around; Urban growth must be planned to be inclusive; Recognition that form of cities is determined largely by the decisions of individuals and organizations, rather than by governments; Recognizing limited capacity of the government to intervene effectively in the urban system; Realism about resource constraints which government faces at both national and local level; Realism that people can afford to pay for improved urban services and shelter; Realism about standard of services to be adopted, priced and shared between competing claimants; Recognition that planning process cannot be a tidy, linear sequence of survey, plan-action but need to be pursued concurrently; Recognizing that plans need to be flexible and incremental; Realism about limited capacity of institutions in terms of technical skills, management capacity, institutional efficiency and inter-agency conflict; Realism about limited ability of planning authorities to enforce regulatory system of development ;Realism about seeing’ politics’ not as an obstacle, but as a framework, within which an implementable plan / program must be developed
Comact City as an Option for Making Urban India more Sustainable and LivableJitKumarGupta1
Cities and towns remain critical in chartering and scripting the development trajectory of any community/nation. Structural transformation of the economy, sustaining high rates of economic growth and realization of economic potential is largely contingent on the efficacy and efficiency of urban settlements and rationalization of the process of urbanization. Well-managed, urbanization is known to fosters social and economic advancement and improved quality of life. However, cities are globally facing greater threat and challenges in terms of growing number of urban residents living in informal settlements , inadequate urban services, climate change; global warming; exclusion and rising inequality and poverty; rising insecurity; growing migration, rising global carbon emission. The current models and framework/approach to urbanization and urban planning remains highly unsustainable. Majority of Indian cities lack planning, capacity and preparedness to manage and counter effectively the challenges associated with rapid and massive urbanization. Accordingly, new agenda will be essential and critical to defined /effectively address the emerging challenges and take advantage of the opportunities offered by urbanization. The new urban agenda should promote human settlements that are planned, designed and managed to be environmentally sustainable; socially inclusive and economically productive. Compact city, as a role model of urban planning and development, offer enormous opportunities and options, to make cities more effective and efficient intense dense, efficient. Compact city is also known for its distinct quality of offering enormous opportunities to make cities more sustainable, socially interactive, walkable , cost-effective, land -efficient, productive, socially and environmentally, easy to develop/maintain. Accordingly, appropriate urban planning, development and management framework needs to be put in place and made operational on priority to make compact city model a distinct reality.
Strategies for Planning Smart Cities in IndiaJIT KUMAR GUPTA
This document discusses strategies for planning smart cities in India. It outlines that as urban populations grow, cities must be planned to promote quality of life, efficiency, and sustainability. New approaches to urban planning are needed that are people-centric, flexible, and promote inclusion, equity and opportunities for all residents. Cities must also be planned compactly and vertically to reduce resource use, pollution and travel needs. Smart buildings that are energy efficient through design and technology will be important for making cities sustainable.
Comprehensive Development of Amritsar- Need for A Planning and Urban Develop...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper was written when Amritsar development Authority was not created and Amritsar Master Plan was in evolution. Paper was written primarily to focus on the need of creating a dedicated agency for promoting the planned development of Amritsar Metroplis. Paper is being published by adding the post srcipt in the already published text
Designing for smart and Inclusive Cities in indiaJitKumarGupta1
Making cities Smart remains an illusion/ mirage and a fallacy in this world, which is illogically and irrationally being chased and promoted by politician, administrators and people in the power. How can cities be made Smart, both conceptually and physically, when cities are marked by dualities and contradictions, when it cannot take care of its stakeholders; Create ownership among them; provide them basic infrastructures, amenities and services; assure them appropriate employment and economic options; provide them with reasonable shelter; ensure healthy living. Cities cannot be made Smart till poverty continue to rule the cities; where planning remains marginalized/diluted; where multiplicity of agencies continue to operate and rule in contradiction to each other; where decision made remain mired with subjectivity; where there is total lack of ownership; where leadership has no understanding of the city growth and development and where manpower deployed remain inadequately qualified to understand and address the issues of urbanization. Cities would require more focus and will need care and caution, provided with the input of professionals who can lead the cities to make them more livable. I think need is to move from and focus on promoting livability rather than smartness. How can we achieve the objective of livability, should remain the agenda for all professionals and stake holders involved with making cities Smart.
Re-inventing and Re-defining Urban Planning for Promoting Sustainable Mega Ci...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper make an attempt to understand the planning related issues and options for the mega cities with focus on capital City of Lahorein Pakistan, its growth and development post 1947 and the options which can be leveataged to make the city sustainable and livable. Paper looks at the good practices used in the planning of capital city of Chandigarh and also at the option of decentralising these cities. Look at the size, economic role and its criticality in the development of the state/region, --suggestion has been made to plan and devlop these mega cities in the regional/ national context.so as to enable them to play their designated role. However, these cities need to be made resilient to make them withstand any manmade/natural disasters. These cities despite their criticality and importance remain diffficult to manage and govern.
Paper is an attempt to define the role and importance of smart cities in the context of state of art planning and design to promote happiness among the residents and stakeholders of the city .
The document outlines the course objectives for an urban governance and management course. It aims to provide an understanding of urban governance concepts and legal provisions in India. It will acquaint students with governance structures in India and identify areas for urban reform. Students will learn tools and techniques to improve performance and strengthen governance. They will also develop skills to identify resources, revenues, and public-private partnerships to augment municipal finances.
Compact city as an Option for Making Indian Cities Smart and SustainableJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper, written jointly with Ar Anoop Sharma from SMVDU Jammu, tries to look holistically at the prevailing pattern of India urbanization and planning and designing of Indian cities. Paper tries to underline the problems faced by cities in terms of environment, pollution, land , slums, traffic& transportation, housing,services etc and tries to suggest solutions looking at the advantages offed by the compact cities in terms of optimizing land, minimising travel/pollution, making cities development cost-effective, efficient and promoting walking instead of using fossil fuel propelled mechanical transportation. to make cities more livable and sustainable, resilient, safe and inclusive
This document provides an overview of the evolution of urban and regional planning in India from pre-independence to present day. It discusses key definitions and concepts in urban planning. Historically, rapid urbanization during industrialization led to overcrowding and poor living conditions in cities. In post-independence India, the Five Year Plans from the 1st Plan in 1951 to the current 12th Plan in 2017 placed increasing emphasis on urban planning and development to address population growth, infrastructure needs, and quality of life issues in Indian cities.
Similar to Legal Imperatives for Rationalized Planning and Development of Peri-Urban Areas with special reference to Chandigarh Periphery (20)
Heritage Conservation.Strategies and Options for Preserving India HeritageJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation looks at the role , relevance and importance of built and natural heritage, issues faced by heritage in the Indian context and options which can be leveraged to preserve and conserve the heritage.It also lists the challenges faced by the heritage due to rapid urbanisation, land speculation and commercialisation in the urban areas. In addition, ppt lays down the roadmap for the preservation, conservation and making value addition to the available heritage by making it integral part of the planning , designing and management of the human settlements.
Role and Relevance of Architects and architecture in SustainabilityJIT KUMAR GUPTA
This brief text on Role, Relevance and importance of Architects and profession of Architecture in making this world and human settlements more livable, climate responsive and sustainable has been prepared as commitment of the professionals and profession of Architects on this World Environment Day ; June 5th , 2024 , with the hope that profession would be understood, valued ,appreciated and empowered in the right context for enabling it play its designated role in making built environment qualitative, cost-effective, energy-efficient, eco-friendly, safe and sustainable.
Bridging gap between resources and responsibilities at Local level.JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Text refers to need, role, relevance and importance of empowering urban local bodies by bridging gap between resources available and responsibilities bestowed, for enabling ULBs to operate and function as institutions of local governance more effectively and efficiently.
Construction Industry Through Artificial Intelligence -.docxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Considering the role, relevance and importance of construction sector in promoting economy, generating employment and creating wealth besides providing infrastructures and amenities, there is need to make the sector more effective, efficient, productive and sustainable. Driven manually, construction sector remains in the slow lane of creating quality built environment which are cost-effective, energy efficient, least consumers of resources and generators of waste. Artificial intelligence can help and empower the construction to make it more valuable, productive and qualitative besides supportive of environment and ecology. However, construction sector must be ready to co-operate and collaborate with IT industry to look for options and opportunities to make construction sector more qualitative and productive. Majority of urban ills and climate related issues can be resolved if Artificial intelligence can be embedded as integral part of the construction industry right prom planning, designing, construction, operation and management of the built environment and infrastructures. Communities and nations will save lot of valuable non-renewable resources if the construction sector is transformed from human led to technology led by the induction of Artificial intelligence. However, Construction industry has to search the areas where Artificial intelligence can be used effectively and intelligently.
Making Urban India a Role Model of Planned Urban Growth a.docxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Known for productivity, promoting economy, employment and innovations cities, when properly planned, rationally developed and professionally managed, have been labelled and recognized as engines of economic growth. Prosperity and urbanisation are known to have positive co-relation with rational urbanisation, leveraging growth and development of any community, city, state and region. In majority of developing countries, where urbanisation remains unregulated, forced largely by rural push and less by urban pull, cities invariably remain in crisis, crisis of population, crisis of poverty, crisis of development and management. Cities need to be cared ,incentivized, empowered and made more productive, effective, efficient and humane.
Redefining Globalization, urbanisation and LocalisationJIT KUMAR GUPTA
If cities are to made more livable, humane and productive, it is time that intent, contents and scope of globalization must be revisited and reviewed, both critically and objectively. Globalisation would need redefinition for promoting universality and inclusiveness among people and nations to have basic amenities and quality of life for all its residents , including poorest of the poor to lead a dignified life. Failure to redefine globalization, rationalise urbanisation, restore localization empowering poor and promoting universalisation and inclusivity; will invariably lead to making SDGs merely a paper exercise. In addition, making the world, cities and communities sustainable, livable, safe and inclusive, would remain merely a dream and a mirage, for future generations and communities, making planet earth as their preferred place of residence.
Knowing, Understanding and Planning Cities- Role and Relevance Physical Plan...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Cities are known for its complexities and operational inefficiencies. cities remain dynamic ,ever evolving, ever devolving, never static and never finite.
All cities remain different, distinct, unique and universal. No two cities are similar. Each city has its own strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Accordingly, problem faced by any city cannot be viewed, dissected, analyzed and enumerated, while sitting within the four walls of the air-conditioned rooms and by the so called intellectual sitting in the so called offices determining the future of cities and towns. Neither the cities can be made more rational by limited knowledge agencies providing consultancy to cities , states and nations.
For realistically and rationally understanding, analyzing the cities and having simple, cost-effective and quality solutions to the problems and challenges faced , Cities have to be walked through and concerns of the various communities have to be properly understood and appreciated.
Prime reason for inability and lack of capacity on the part of majority of physical planners, engaged in the art and science of planning, designing and developing the cities, to address the issues and challenges faced by cities , realistically and rationally, has genesis in the lack of understanding of the origin, growth and development of cities.
Lack of capacity in majority of town planners, has roots in the quality of education imparted and seriousness and commitment on the part of both teachers and taught involved. As it stands today, majority of institutions involved in imparting education in planning are being run on an ad-hoc manner and by proxy. Only few institutions have regular teachers and regular students. Majority of planning institutions are being run on proxy with proxy students and proxy teachers. Education system including curricula used for teaching, needs, review, revision and redefinition to make it more relevant to rational for addressing the issues and challenges faced by the cities and towns.
Land as a Resource for urban finanace- 24-1-23.pptJIT KUMAR GUPTA
PPt tries to brief Land, as a gift of nature, is being grossly misused, abused , manipulated Land is globally used for providing platform for all human driven activities, based on living, working, culture of body/ mind and travel.
Limited availability, coupled with large number of human beings trying to source land, has invariably created large demand for land resource for human consumption. Land, in urban context, is required for meeting the specific needs of urban dwellers for residential, commercial, institutional, recreational, travel& traffic purposes besides providing space for infrastructures , amenities, services, trade and commerce etc. Land in urban context remains under large demand and command high price due to concentration of large population in small physical area, with stakeholders making competing claims.Rapid and uncontrolled growth in population experienced by urban areas has adversely impacted and generated considerable pressure on land resource in cities and towns , leading to large scale conversion, sub-division and illegal occupation of urban land. Unregulated and regulated pressure on land has largely been met by means of both formal/informal sub-division and development of land. Growth of the urban settlements and entire mechanism of urban planning and development remains land based/ land focused. In order to make optimum use of land resource on 24x7x365; making city planning, growth, development and management ,both rational. realistic, orderly and promoter of quality living, it will be critical and essential, that all ULBs are made to focus on eliminating culture and practices promoting un-authorized/ illegal sub-division of land for ushering an environment and era of planned urban development in the cities. Land needs to be effectively leveraged to generate resources for ULBs to make cities vibrant.
COST-EFFETIVE and Energy Efficient BUILDINGS ptxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Built environment is known for its capacity, capability, role, relevance and importance to change the quality of life of the occupants and communities. Presentation focuses on options which need to be leveraged to make buildings sustainable, cost-effective, energy efficient, resource efficient, qualitative over its entire life-cycle through designing, construction, operation. It calls for making buildings green and sustainable.
Making Buildings cost-effective , Energy Efficient ptxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation focuses on options which need to be leveraged to make buildings sustainable, cost-effective, energy efficient, resource efficient, qualitative over its entire life-cycle
Ppt briefs about role, relevance, importance of the rating systems applicable in India, criteria used in assessing
greeness, weightage allocated, , brief of how these rating systems are applied, parameters involved; weightage granted, levels of rating granted , incentives given by states for green rated buildings and brief of suggestions, how to make rating system more effective, efficient, objective and transparent.
The phenomenon of global warming remains more pronounced in the urban areas, for the reason cities house large concentration of people and activities in a small/compact urban space.Densely-built downtown areas tend to be warmer than suburban residential areas or rural areas.. UHI not only raises urban temperatures but also increases ozone concentrations because ozone is a greenhouse gas whose formation will accelerate with the temperature. Tokyo, an example of an urban heat island. Normal temperatures of Tokyo go up higher than those of the surrounding area. However, it needs to be understood and appreciated that climate change is not the cause of urban heat islands but it is causing more frequent and more intense heat waves which in turn amplify the urban heat island effect in cities. Major reasons for ever growing global warming and climate change can be attributed to the; Nature and natural; Human-Driven; population; Rapid Urbanisation; Irrational Urban planning; High Density; Inefficient Transportation ;Large generation/consumption of fossil fuel based Energy; Unsustainable Buildings; Polluting Industry & Manufacturing; Unsustainable Agriculture; Irrational Development; Large scale Deforestation; Lack of open spaces and individual life-choices;
Making and Unmaking of Chandigarh - A City of Two Plans2-4-24.pptJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation is a narrative of a
capital city- known for its innovative planning, designing, construction and management of a new capital . It briefs about the principles used in the planning and designing of city -by the first team of planners led by Albert Mayer and Mathew Nowicki-- followed by the second team led by Le- Corbusier, P Jenerette, Jane B Drew , Maxwell Fry. It also details about the various aspects of the city planning, planning of the sector as a neighbourhood, typologies of
various developmental controls used for regulating the construction of buildings. Innovations used for regulating the growth and development of periphery; redensification of city in case city exceeds its planned population of half a million, creating a narrative of city and periphery, innovative landscaping, defining an edict for the city to educate the future citizens of the capital city to safeguard the future growth and development besides lessons learnt from planning and designing the new cities.
Planning and Designing Green buildings-.issues, options and strategiesJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Affordability and sustainable development are considered anti-thesis across the world. Generally there exists conflict between the approach to sustainable built environment and affordable buildings. Sustainable development is considered more expensive. According to Middleton, ‘Sustainability and affordability aren’t mutually exclusive goals. It’s not about adding extra, but thinking more carefully about the design of buildings and incorporating technologies that can offset the rising costs of energy, water and other services. Affordability and sustainability are known to fit together perfectly’.
Through excellent design, buildings can be made more sustainable and affordable. Smaller the footprint of buildings, lower will be the upfront costs and embodied energy and lower shall be the running costs of buildings. Looking at the entire context of health, rising cost of amenities/services; Sustainable/Green designs are now being increasingly adopted, to make built environment more cost-effective and affordable. Considering the enormous amount of built environment to be created, India will have no option but to tread the path of sustainability and sustainable development in the built environment. Sustainable built environment would also help in and go a long way in achieving the majority of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals for the reason, built environment is known to be the largest consumer of energy, avoid wasteful use of resources and minimise generation of waste. Global sustainability will be largely contingent upon how effectively and efficiently we can make our buildings sustainable and qualitative through innovative/green design solutions based on local climate and culture, valuing site planning, embedding orientation, cross ventilation, using renewable/waste materials and involving state of the art building technologies.
_Neighborhood Planning in Capital City of Chandigarh- An Appraisal (2) - Copy...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Neighborhood as an idea, concept, option and strategy has been extensively used locally and globally by the Urban Planners to plan and decentralize cities, create cities within cities, promote self-contained communities and to make cities more humane, safe and socially vibrant. Neighborhood has also been used recently to define the city in terms of travel time - making 10/15 minutes city
Accordingly, large typologies of NH ,in terms of planning and designing , with varying shapes, sizes and contents have emerged in the urban context. Americans have used superblock and French using Sector for defining the neighborhood. Despite distinct advantages, holding high degree of relevance in urban and local area planning , NH planning has not been able to deliver the envisioned objectives of safety and social vibrancy. Cities in the process have been socially, economically and physically fragmented, leading to clear division of cities into different communities with little economical and social connectivity. Variance of planning and designing norms followed at NH and sub-neighborhood levels have promoted more dichotomy and contradictions with varying quality of life inducted at local level. Differential population and infrastructures have divided the city into the categories of high/low end NH units. Fabric and morphology of cities, in large cases, has been distorted with urban settlement emerging as a distinct social map of communities graded economically and socially,on the basis of area/location . In the process, the way NH planning concept has been used, neighborhood planning has emerged as an instrument of social and economic segregation/division. In fact in number of cases, concept has been used, misused, abused in intent and content to divide the cities into distinct social and economic layers. Instead of unifying , concept has led to division of cities.
Genesis of modern application of NH can be found in the planning and designing of Chandigarh where entire city fabric of capital city was woven around Sector as the basic unit of planning, concptulasied as self-contained and self-sustaining unit at the local level. However, the way sectors have been planned, it has led to dividing the cities into different and distinct communities. Individual status in Chandigarh can be judged from his/her residence. Concept of Sector has done more damage than good to the fabric of the city. Chandigarh is likely to face considerable problem in making city socially and economically cohesive/vibrant,. Sectors in Chandigarh remain anti-thesis to the basic concept of NH planning of safety, involving walkability, vehicular movement, putting commercial space in the centre. Considering role, relevance, importance and usability , NH needs to be planned, designed with care and caution, in order to make cities socially and economically vibrant, inclusive. NH planning deserves a new definition and approach to make it relevant and rational.
Reviewing, Revising and Redefining Master Plans and Development Plans to Ma...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Looking at its efficacy and efficiency, it can be seen and observed that Master Plans/ Development Plans have done more damage than good for the planned growth and development of the cities to which they have been made applicable. These plans have been violated with impunity both by the people, communities, cities and parastatal agencies; for the betterment/welfare of which these plans were prepared. These plans have been visualized as controller of development rather than promoters of development. Instead of planned development , these plans have been usherers of the unplanned development. These plans are known to be responsible for promoting large number of slums besides making quality of life poor for majority of the urban inhabitants. Cities under Master Plans are also known to promote exclusion rather than inclusion. Master Plans/Development Plans are known to promote prosperity for few and marginalize the large proportions of the local community by making them poor. Instead of catering to urban dynamism, Master Plans/Development Plans try to freeze the city, for next two decades, to which it is made to serve. Accordingly, these plans need to be reviewed , rationalised, revised and redefined to make them better Master Plans/Development Plans
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Rapid and uncontrolled growth in population experienced by urban areas has adversely impacted and generated considerable pressure on land resource in cities and towns , leading to large scale conversion, sub-division and illegal occupation of urban land. Unregulated and regulated pressure on land has largely been met by means of both formal/informal sub-division and development of land. Growth of the urban settlements and entire mechanism of urban planning and development remains land based/ land focused, based on a strategy of sub-division of the land, dictated by the economic forces prevailing in the market. Irrational and ineffective public policies of urban planning and land sub-division, devoid of prevailing ground realities, have turned out to be incompatible with the demands of urban expansion, leading to large scale un-authorized and illegal sub-division of land. In the process, valuable land resources, gift of nature, has been misused, abused and mutilated in this race of uncontrolled and irrational urbanisation. In order to make optimum use of land resource; making city planning, growth, development and management ,both rational. realistic, orderly and promoter of quality living, it will be critical and essential, that all urban centres are made to focus on eliminating the culture and practices promoting un-authorized/illegal sub-division of land for ushering an environment and era of planned urban development in the country.
Suggestion and Options for integrating villages. within the framework of the...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Preparing Master Plans/Development Plans for any urban settlements, basically and essentially, involves declaring a planning area for which the said long term plans are prepared. Planning area invariably includes and involves, number of rural settlements, which comprise of the planning area besides the urban settlement. It has been observed that in majority of cases, while detailed studies and analysis are carried out of the urban settlements but villages in the study and analysis remain marginalized, diluted and muted. Despite the fact, villages have critical role in the rational development of the urban settlement, but in preparing Master Plans their role and relevance is not made part of the said plan. Accordingly, this text tries to bring out the typologies of villages falling in the planning area and the suggested framework to develop these villages in making Master Plans, better Master Plan. In order to improve Master Plan qualitatively, quantitively, both in intent, contents and scope, It will be appropriate that all the villages falling in the planning area must be studied , analyzed and made integral part of the final outcome of the proposals of Master Plan. In-fact one Chapter must be exclusively dedicated to detail out the issues faced by the Villages and options which can be leveraged to promote the rational growth of villages ,as an integral part of the long term development of the urban settlement , for which the Master Plan is being prepared. This will help not only in integrating the urban- rural settlements falling in the planning area, but would also go a long way in promoting and ensuring rational growth and development of the urban settlement, for which the Master Plan is being prepared.
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“Decarbonization” of cities ,as an issue ,as an option and as a strategy , has been gaining currency in the parlance of; making planet earth livable and sustainable. “Decarbonization has been globally valued for keeping the global temperature below 1.5C, and achieving the agenda and goals defined in the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, defined by UN for achieving universal sustainability. Despite distinct role and relevance, criticality and importance of decarbonization of cities has neither been properly understood and appreciated nor made integral part of the architectural practice and art and science of designing and construction of buildings. Consuming one -third of global energy (33%) and generating 39% of greenhouse gas emissions buildings have been considered as the major player in the domain of climate change and global warming. Since Architects and Architecture are
actively involved in the making and unmaking of buildings, accordingly it becomes important that planners and architects must play a significant role in making
cities and buildings least consumers of energy and generators of the minimum greenhouse gas emissions. This objective can be achieved if decarbonizing cities/buildings is made a distinct reality . Issue of decarbonizing the cities/buildings assumes importance for the reason, that world’s building floorspace is likely to be become double by the year 2060, with the addition of large number of newcities/ buildings due to rapid urbanization, population growth and economic development ; required for catering to
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Cities in India are known to be in perpetual crisis; facing numerous crises in terms of; crisis of rational growth, crisis of orderly and planned development; crisis of effective and efficient urban management; crisis of making provision of basic infrastructure and services; crisis of climate change; crisis of global warming; crisis of poverty, pollution and population and crisis of making human living and prevailing environment qualitative. These urban crises have genesis in the fact that cities in India, lack ownership, command, authority and lack of willingness to run and manage cities professionally and objectively. In majority of cases, cities in India are run by proxy. In terms of physical growth and development; large cities are marked by multiplicity of agencies claiming right/ownership of development over the urban areas, whereas smaller cities face absence of such ownership and are made to run, operate and function like orphans
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Legal Imperatives for Rationalized Planning and Development of Peri-Urban Areas with special reference to Chandigarh Periphery
1. Legal Imperatives for Rationalized Planning and Development of Peri-Urban
Areas with special reference to Chandigarh Periphery
∗
J.K. Gupta
1. Introduction
1.1 Looking historically, one can see clearly that ‘Homo Sapiens’ did not start life as urban
creatures. If finding food, security and a settled life were the major factors for
establishing villages, then learning, innovation, sophistication, trade and commerce
became the major drivers of creating urban centers. City development has been found to
be positively co-related and synonymous with human development. With cities emerging
as centers of exchange, both of goods and ideas, they became centre of excellence,
innovations and learning, attracting large number of people in the process. Over the years
with the growth in population, city also grew in physical terms and size to accommodate
large population and to provide for their housing and other support infrastructure and
activities.
1.2 Despite the rapid growth of cities and towns witnessed in the post-independence period,
the city size and shape officially continued to be static. These limits were officially
defined by the parastatal agencies under the municipal law and most of these limits were
defined without taking into account the existing and future growth and development,
within and outside the area. With numerous factors governing the definition of urban
boundaries, the process remained slow and static. In large number of cases the urban
limits remained static even over a span of 10-15 years despite the fact that during this
period population of the urban center increased by more than 50-75%. This lead to the
growth and development coming up right outside urban limits which had become highly
potential.
1.3 Pace of peri-urban areas development was largely determined by limited options
available within the existing limits of urban centres. Slow pace of development of urban
land, legal restrictions on land development within urban centres, locational advantage,
lower land values and easy accessibility to the urban infrastructure and work centers are
the critical factors leading to the growth and development of peri-urban areas. Over a
period of time, the growth and development of areas outside the urban limits assumed
importance and became synonymous with the growth and development of the mother
city. Infact, in certain cases the momentum of growth outside urban limits has been
found to be of higher order due to numerous factors constraining the development within
the city. As per one of the study of Bhopal metropolis, it has been revealed that the share
of various parts of the city had shown distinct characteristics. As the city grew outwards,
the share of old part of the city reduced drastically from 70% during 1970 to 40% in
2001. Major gainers of the population have been found to be areas on the periphery,
within & outside the planning boundary and the peri-urban areas.
1.4 Peri-urban areas have been found to be under lot of developmental pressure due to
centrifugal forces generated by the mother city besides activities in such areas have
strong interface with the mother city. Accordingly, the development in the periphery of
the urban areas assume importance for proper regulation in order to rationalize the
planned growth of the urban centres of which peri-urban areas form an integral part.
Director, College of Architecture, IET-Bhaddal (ROPAR)
1
2. Unfortunately in India, in most of the cases urban peripheral areas are not being
subjected to strict legal controls, despite the fact that these areas are witnessing rapid
transformation. Considering the role and importance of the peri-urban areas, it becomes
critical that development of these areas is objectively looked into and appropriate
strategies, which minimizes conflicts and strengthen rural-urban interface and integrated
city and peri-urban areas in a phased manner, are evolved to make them integral part of
the city growth and developmental process. Such an approach would help in making
urban areas more liveable and productive.
2. Defining Peri-Urban Areas
2.1 In the Indian context, peripheral urban areas have not been duly recognized in terms of
their role and importance in rationalizing and promoting the planned growth of urban
centers and making cities more humane, more productive and more sustainable. These
areas have been left largely to be exploted by the speculators, individuals, real-estate
developers and builders to create structures and sub-divide the land against all planning
and developmental norms. In the Indian context, the peri-urban areas do not find much
recognition in the existing planning and legislative framework. However, in all western
countries, the peri-urban areas are strictly regulated in terms of their definition and
parameters of planning and development. Peri-urban area has been defined:
As an area around an urban settlement which is distinctive in character having
diverse and mixed land uses and residents. These are the areas generally located
outside the municipal limits.
In U.S.A. Peri-Urban areas in the state of Houston is defined on the basis of numerous
inter- linked factors which include population density, employment in non-agricultural
industries and population mobility.
New Zealand Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment has defined the term
“Peri-urban”:
As those areas which are in some form of transition from strictly rural to urban.
These areas form the immediate urban-ruralinterface and may even fully evolve
into being fully urban. Peri-urban are places where people are key components-
they are lived in environments. The majority are on the fringe of established
urban areas but they may also be clusters of rural residential development within
rural landscape.
2.2 In the Indian scenario, sporadic and limited efforts have been made to define the extent
of the peri-urban areas. First attempt was made in the case of new capital city of
Chandigarh, where initially 8 km. stretch outside the project area was defined as
“Periphery” in order to regulate the growth and development outside the limits of the
new city and to put a check on the haphazard, unplanned and sub-standard growth
besides making land available, free from all encumbrances, for future growth and
expansion of the new city. The extent of periphery was subsequently increased to 16 km
considering the pressure of development around the capital city. Defining the Periphery
of Chandigarh was done under the provisions of Punjab New Capital (Periphery) Control
Act, 1952.
2
3. 2.3 State of Punjab has also been pioneer in recognizing the role and importance of
peri-urban areas in the context of planned urban development when in 1963, a legal
framework, “The Punjab Scheduled Roads and Controlled Areas (Unregulated)
Development Act”, was put in place which inter-alia provided for declaring area up to
8 km around any city/town to be declared as Controlled area which would be subjected
to distinct controls, rules and regulations evolved under a Development Plan prepared
under the Act.. It also provided for regulating development along all important roads and
Bye-passes defined in the Act in order to rationalize the peri-urban growth along these
roads, outside the municipal limits. The stretch proposed to be regulated varied from 30
meters along Scheduled Roads and 100 meters along Bye-passes. However, the said Act
was repealed in 1995 with the enactment of The Punjab Regional and Town Planning
and Development Act despite the fact that the Act had and important objective and
useful purpose to serve. The 1995 Act did not have similar provisions to take care of the
planned and regulated development of peri-urban areas. Haphazard and peri-urban
growth in the State of Punjab has got accelerated since 1995 leading to emergence of
numerous problems for the urban areas.
2.4 State of Haryana has also attempted to define peri-urban areas under the Punjab
Scheduled Roads Act and the Haryana Urban Areas, Act 1975. Under the Haryana
Urban Areas Act, areas outside the municipal limits could be declared as urban areas
which are subjected to strict developmental controls defined in the Development Plan.
Haryana model of development focuses on the need and importance of the rational and
planned development of the peri-urban areas whereas development of core urban
areas/mother city is left to the municipal law where no provision exists for the
preparation of the Development Plan. This model is based on the premise of using the
potential of peri-urban areas which have little development but offer enormous options to
developers to acquire cheaper land and promote urban development on a massive scale
by creating large residential, commercial colonies and townships.
2.5 With regard to the extent of the peri-urban areas defined in the case of Chandigarh, it is
observed that the Punjab New Capital (Periphery) Control Act, 1952 does not specify
any limit of such area. It was perhaps the vision of the first Capital Project Team, which
included eminent Architects, Planners, Administrators and Engineers, who considered
prudent that 8 km. would be sufficient to regulate the development around the new city.
However, no study was carried out while defining the extent of the periphery of the city.
Stipulations made in the “The Punjab Scheduled Roads and Controlled Areas
(Unregulated) Development Act,1963 with regard to defining the extent of peri-urban
areas seem to have been largely influenced by pattern followed in Chandigarh. Haryana
Urban Areas Act defines 5 km as the extent of peri-urban areas against 8 kms. specified
in the other law. However, in all these cases, objective and well defined criteria to
determine peri-urban areas are absent. Accordingly, considering the large implications
of the peri-urban areas, it becomes critical that the extent of such areas should be
properly delineated based on well defined parameters. It would not be appropriate to
limit the extent of peri-urban areas by defining it in the law itself because the extent of
the peri-urban areas would vary with individual settlement. Accordingly, it will be more
rational and appropriate if instead of defining the extent of area, proper methodology and
objective criteria are laid down in the law to delineate the area.
3
4. 3. Development Issues
3.1 In this era of globalization of liberalization of Indian economy, peri-urban areas have
emerged as preferred destination for most of the economic activities which largely
dictate the direction of the future growth and development of the city. Major triggers of
the rapid development of peri-urban areas in the Indian context have been identified as:
• High growth potential for urban and industrial development.
• Existence of developmental triggers like large industrial/institutional units,
major road/rail network.
• Existence of large number of godowns & whole sale markets.
• Existence of inefficient land market and inadequate supply of serviced land
within the mother city.
• Prevailing high land prices within the core area.
• Existence of restricting legal framework (like ULCRA), and irrational
Development Control Regulations within the mother city.
• Better options for cheaper, spacious and affordable housing.
• Simpler and liberal process of approvals for development, conversion of land use
and grant of building permissions.
• Easier availability of large quantum of land at cheaper rates.
• Easy accessibility to the mother city including its specialized infrastructure and
services.
• Close proximity to work centers and centers of employment.
• Comparatively low cost of living.
• Absence of any toll, taxes, levies, fees etc.
• Availability of basic amenities and services at comparatively lower price.
3.2 Peri-urban areas because of their close proximity to the mother city, are subjected to
numerous development forces which results in changing their basis rural character. Due
to absence of any regulatory authority, the development in the areas is subjected to
whims and fancies of the individuals. In the absence of any planning framework, most of
the development is both haphazard and unplanned. The area suffers from lack or absence
of basic infrastructure and services despite the fact, it houses large number of people.
The extent of the peri-urban areas have been found to have positive co-relation with the
size of the mother city i.e. larger the city, larger would be the extent of peri-urban limits.
In addition to the development outside the municipal boundaries, area along major road
network also witnesses linear/corridor pattern of development. Thus peri-urban areas
have features which are distinct from those of urban and rural areas. It has development
which is not compact and contiguous. Development to a large extent is interspersed with
agricultural pockets.
3.3 Looking at above factors, the basic characters of peri-urban areas can be defined as :
• General absence of a well-defined legal framework for planning, development &
management.
• Absence/multiplicity of planning and developmental agencies to regulate
development within the area.
4
5. • Absence of well defined planning framework to guide, rationalize and promote
orderly growth of the area.
• Large scale conversion of agricultural land into non-agricultural uses due to
easy procedures/absence of any legal framework.
• Unauthorized and haphazard sub-division of agricultural land into small
parcels.
• Absence of building bye-laws or zoning regulations to rationalize use of land and
control of built environment.
• High degree of land speculation due to comparatively lower land values and
simple procedures of land conversion.
• Irrational/ non- conforming land use pattern.
• Dispersed pattern of development with absence of basic infrastructure and
services.
• Absence of a rationalized traffic & transportation network with corridor pattern
of development along the existing road network.
• Generally low quality of development and low quality of life prevailing in the
area.
• Existence of slums/ low quality housing, informal settlements.
• Poor accessibility within the habitable areas.
• High degree of environmental pollution/ Degraded Environment.
• Inadequate provision of basic services / infrastructure and absence of trunk
services.
3.4 Thus, it can be seen that in the Indian context peri-urban areas, which are on a massive
roll today are being subjected to large developmental forces and pressures. Infact they
are the areas which are going to become urban over a period of time, once municipal
limits are extended. Then they would be required to be provided with appropriate level
of planning and developmental input to integrate them with the existing framework of
the city and its services. Considering the pattern of development existing in the
peri-urban areas, process becomes highly cumbersome and problematic and poses
numerous challenges and problems of integration with the result, these areas continue to
be neglected and suffer for considerable time. To minimize such eventualities, it
becomes critical that peri-urban areas are clearly identified for each settlement and
adequately looked after by a properly defined development authority within a planning
framework so that their integration with the city does not pose any problem
subsequently.
3.5 Peri- urban areas have been found to have significant ecological, bio-diversity, land
form, natural character, landscape and cultural/ natural heritage values. For preserving
these valuable gifts, it becomes all the more important that these areas are rationally and
thoughtfully studied and planned with sensitivity. Since peri-urban development has
serious repercussion for the mother city, it becomes all the more critical that a proper
legal framework is put in place on priority to effectively and efficiently integrate,
manage the growth and development of such areas.
3.6 As per the report of the New Zealand Parliamentary Commissioner, environmental
management and planning framework surrounding peri-urban areas is a complex process
due to large number of agencies with varied range of functions involved in their
5
6. management. The investigation made by the Commissioner highlights variety of
approaches adopted for environmental planning and management. The effectiveness of
the planning processes evaluated in the case studies varied considerably. Effectiveness
tended to relate to the quality and quantity of the inputs: inadequate inputs led to
inadequate outputs while adequate inputs sometimes led to acceptable outputs. In all
cases the long-term environmental outcomes are at best unclear or problematic, and at
worst very probably poor. The investigation highlights a range of issues that seem to be
compromising the effectiveness of the environmental planning and management
processes in the peri-urban areas. Most of these issues have their relevance to Indian
context and accordingly need to be critically looked into for proper management of the
peri-urban growth. The issues include :
• Limited capacity of the planning processes to identify and manage tensions and
conflicts. The communities living in peri-urban areas are diverse and hold a
divergent range of opinions. Debate over the nature and extent of property rights
is a significant tension.
• Local and regional communities feel there has been poor leadership from
national agencies on how to manage these areas.
• Local vision and leadership has at times been inconsistent, subject to re-
litigation and lacking in long-term consensus.
• Institutional capacity to promote the sustainable development of the peri-urban
areas, both intellectual and financial, is variable.
• Tendency to rely on the District Plans as the primary tool for managing the
sustainability of peri-urban areas. However, some councils are effectively using
other tools to influence environmental outcomes in peri-urban areas, such as
acquisition of reserves and walkways, information, and guidelines for best
practice.
• Accountability in the system is weak: the checks and balances when an agency is
not carrying out its statutory responsibilities adequately are limited and not often
activated. It is often left to community groups who are poorly resourced to carry
out this function.
• Baseline resource information is not particularly good, even in the best
resourced councils.
• Capability to define and manage cumulative effects is critical but variable and
the tools to do so are weak.
• Monitoring of implementation and environmental outcomes is not particularly
good.
4. Strategy
4.1 Looking at the existing pattern of growth and development of urban centres in India, it
has been observed that “peri-urban” areas have profound influence and major
implications for core urban areas in terms of their planning, development and
management. Major derivatives for such implications have been found to be existence/
absence of any legal framework, existence/ absence of any planning and development
agency to define, promote, regulate and manage the pattern of development in the area.
Considering the valuable contribution of the peri- urban areas in terms of providing day-
to-day needs, employment, shelter, economy and sustainability to the mother city, their
6
7. planned development assumes importance. Strategies accordingly, shall have to be
formulated in order to ensure that peri-urban areas contribute effectively to the
sustainability, growth and development of the mother city rather than, becoming a
parasite on its resources. Such a strategy should essentially revolve around;
(i) Creating proper legal frame work
It has been observed that planning legislation has profound implications for urban
development because it defines the system of urban development, establishes the
system of urban planning and regulation of land development. It also defines and
delimits the role of urban planners and managers. All urban laws also define and
provide for basic procedures which have to be followed in the plan preparation
and plan approval before they are made operational. It also include the penalties
to be imposed in case of the violation of the provisions of the plan. Therefore, in
all civilized and democratic societies, existence of a well defined legal
framework is a pre requisite to regulate the growth and development of urban
centres. Unfortunately in India very few states have dedicated legal framework
which addresses the need of planned development in the peri-urban areas. Most
of the laws are framed with a focus to take care of the planned development of
the mother city in the shape of master plans or development plans. These laws do
not recognize the peri- urban areas as the area requiring planned development. In
the absence of this, these areas are not subjected to any planning and
development mechanism. However, in certain cases, concept of planning areas,
urbanisable areas are followed in the preparation of master plan but in most of the
cases these areas are marked for uses other than urban and are outside the
framework of implementation. Accordingly it becomes essential that a proper
legal framework must be put in place to effectively regulate the development
outside the urban areas. Once legal framework is put in place, proper
management of peri-urban areas would be much easier, effective and efficient.
Option in this regard to define peri-urban areas as an integral part of all municipal
and urban development related laws should be explored with adequate provision
made to regulated the development in the area. Further municipal authorities
should be given the power and authority to check haphazard / unplanned
development and to regulate and promote planned development of the peri-urban
areas identified on their urban boundaries.
(ii) Defining Peri- Urban areas.
In order to ensure the planned growth of Peri-Urban areas, it will be critical to
precisely define the extent of Peri- Urban areas for each city so that it can be
taken care of in the planning and development process. It has also been observed
that peri-urban is not a static but a dynamic concept, accordingly its extent varies
with the extent of the mother city. Larger the mother city, greater has been found
to be the extent of peri- urban area. Accordingly, It is important that these areas
are delineated with care and sensitivity. For this a well defined set of parameters
will be required based on which peri-urban areas could be defined. These
parameters could include population, population density, percentage of work
force engaged in activities other than agriculture, areas of natural/ built heritage,
pattern of economic and physical growth and development, economic potential of
the area, proximity and accessibility / connectivity with the mother city.
7
8. (iii) Peri- Urban areas to be made Integral Part of Planning Process
Despite the fact that pre-urban areas have important role and enormous potential
to contribute to the natural growth and development of urban areas, they have not
been duly recognized by planners and accordingly peri-urban areas find no
recognition in the parlance of the planning process. In fact most of the existing
problems of urban areas have their genesis in the mismanagement of the
peri-urban areas and their perpetual neglect. Accordingly, for rationalizing and
promoting planned development of the urban centres, it would be critical to make
the peri- urban areas as integral part of city planning and development process.
Considering their proximity and future growth and development of the city, these
areas need to be planned as an extension of the mother city, so that the
services/infrastructure /road net-work of both these areas are effectively
integrated. Once this is done, achieving the objective of planned development of
peri-urban areas would be much easier, simpler and quicker.
(iv)Designating Agency for the Regulating Growth and Development
Most of the growth of peri-urban areas in the Indian context has been found to be
both haphazard and unplanned. Major cause for this malady can be attributed to
the absence of any agency designated to regulate the growth in the area.
Accordingly, it will be important that an appropriate agency must be designated
to regulate the development in the peri-urban areas. It could be a regional level
authority in the case of a regional plan which should be entrusted with the task of
managing all identified peri-urban areas in the region. Task could also be
entrusted to District Planning Committee / Metropolitan Planning Committee
provided these committees have necessary level of planning, development and
management input. However, in case of peri-urban areas of an individual
settlement, the task of management should invariably be entrusted to the city
level agency. Multiplicity of agencies with overlapping areas of operation needs
to be invariably avoided for minimizing conflicts, wastage, conserving and
preserving resources and promoting focused planned development.
(v) Defining Development Controls/Building Bye-Laws
In order in ensure that built environment of appropriate quality and order is
created, it will be essential to put in place proper system of developmental control
within the peri-urban areas. All building plans must conform to those regulation
and controls and all plans should be got approved from competent authority
before construction in the area is undertaken. Since peri-urban areas are future
urban areas, accordingly, it will be important that bye-laws applicable in the city
should also be extended to the peri-urban areas, so that construction in area is
regulated on the pattern of the mother city. However, specific bye-laws could be
made for eco-sensitive areas or areas of heritage importance.
(vi)Regulating Sub- division of Land
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9. It has been observed that peri-urban areas are subjected to massive unplanned and
haphazard sub-division of land which leads to large number of growth maladies
in these areas. Accordingly, it becomes critical that unplanned sub-division of
land in the area is effectively regulated. This would call for evolving appropriate
layout plan, defining clearly the road network/amenities/services, defining shape
and size of the individual parcels of land, laying down clearly set-back lines,
ground coverage, height and FAR, so that growth and development of the area is
orderly and rational. All sub-division of land should be subjected to approval
from the defined Authority so that haphazard growth is minimized. A well
defined framework containing appropriate planning and developmental norms for
sub-division and provision of amenities would be essential and critical to achieve
the objective.
(vii) Regulating Conversion of Land Use
In order to minimize land speculation and emergence of non-conforming land
uses, conversion of land from agricultural to non-agricultural uses should be
effectively and efficiently regulated. It should be made more objective and
focused. All applications are required to be processed in accordance with the
provision of Master Plan and only those meeting the proposals of master plan
should be approved. The power vested with the state government to permit
change of land use in contradiction to the Master Plans should be dispensed with
in order to ensure that the entire growth in the peri-urban areas is within four
corners of Master Plan.
(viii) Levying Charges
For permitting sub-division and development within the peri-urban areas, it
would be critical to levy charges for provision of local and city level
infrastructures. Both internal and external developmental charges should be
levied in order to generate resource for providing trunk services in the area.
Charges for change of land use from agricultural to non-agricultural land use on a
pre-defined scale should also be levied in order to raise resources for the rational
development of the peri-urban areas. The charges should be levied on differential
scale considering the nature of converted land use, intensity of development and
location of the converted land.
(ix)Creating Appropriate EnforceMent Machinery
In order to rationalize the growth of peri-urban areas, it will be critical not only to
put a proper planning framework, but equally important would be to create a
well-equipped enforcement machinery in order to check any violation, haphazard
& unplanned development, unauthorized sub-division of land and creation of
slums. Such machinery must include manpower of appropriate order with enough
power, equipment and resources to meet any contingency. Separate fast-track
courts should be created to deal with cases of violation in the peri-urban areas in
order to ensure their quick disposal. This would help in minimizing violations in
the peri-urban areas.
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10. (x) Redefining the urban Limits
In order to ensure that peri-urban areas do not remain outside the ambit of growth
& management and people living therein are not deprived of basic urban
infrastructure/services/amenities, it would be critical that local authority limits
are re-defined periodically based on the well defined parameters so as to make
peri-urban areas integral part of mother city. For this a detailed exercise must be
undertaken for each urban settlement by the state Department of Town Planning
in collaboration with the Department of Local Government to redefine the
municipal boundaries. Infact, it would be critical for the state government to
create a permanent machinery which can go into this issue on continued basis and
ensure that no peri-urban area suffers mutilation and subjected to forces of
unplanned development in the state. Once peri-urban areas are integrated with the
mother city, most of the urban problems can have rational solutions.
4.2 Considering the critical role of peri-urban areas in the context of urban development, it
would be important that these areas are properly defined, rationally planned and
effectively managed in terms of their growth and development. Unfortunately most of
the peri-urban areas don’t find recognition in the parlance of existing planning and
management system. Legal framework to regulate the area is conspicuous by its absence.
Emergence of large number of peri-urban areas can be attributed to the policies and
programs enunciated by the government. Setting up of major projects in isolation and
away from the cities invariably leads to emergence of such areas. Present policy of
approving Special Economic Zones (SEZ), away from the existing urban centres without
any supporting framework for planned development of peri-urban areas is going to lead
to enormous conversion, subdivision of land and haphazard growth and development
around SEZs. It would be important that the issue is looked at critically and an effective
legal framework to regulate the development in these areas is put in place on priority.
Infact, future liveability, sustainability and productivity of Urban- India will hinge upon
how professionally, effectively and efficiently we manage our peri-urban areas.
5. Chandigarh Periphery : Approach And Development
5.1 Thanks to considerable non-plan development, not only within the city, but also on its
periphery, Chandigarh has failed to live with its identity as a fully planned urban island
encompassed by a green belt of surrounding countryside. An urge to find a place within
or around this city of economic opportunity and ecological quality is not difficult to
understand.
5.2 For a proper understanding of factors operating behind all this, we need to divide the
time into two sub-periods: (i) pre-reorganization and (ii) post reorganization period.
i) Pre-Reorganization period
An onslaught on the rural periphery was feared right from the time of birth of
Chandigarh. The Punjab New Capital (Periphery) Control Act was enacted in
1952 to pre-empt this. The Act envisioned the creation of a periphery around the
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11. capital city of Chandigarh to achieve the objectives of promoting healthy and
planned development of the new capital by preventing growth of slums and
ramshackle constructions and to make available land free from all obstructions
and unauthorized constructions for future expansion of the city. In addition, the
Act aimed at regulating the use of land by preventing unauthorized and
unplanned urbanization besides its haphazard subdivision into small parcels. In
view of rapid growth of urbanization, the periphery, which was initially placed at
8 km. around the capital city, was subsequently extended to 16 km. in 1962. The
stipulated objectives were to: (i) check the expansion of the city beyond its
planned site; (ii) control any speculation in land: and (iii) provide green environs
for the city. City and periphery went along very well till 1966, as the growth of
population was slow and developmental pressure had not built up. The existence
of a single agency in the form of Capital Project ensured that no unauthorized
construction gained momentum in the area. The development plan prepared for
the periphery provided for freezing the entire area against any urbanization; and
aimed at maintaining its general character, essentially agricultural. Thus the role
and functions of city and periphery were clearly demarcated- the city providing
basic and higher order services, infrastructures, amenities, besides the space for
living, working, culture of body and mind and circulation, and the periphery
performing the role of a sustainer and provider of basic day to day needs of the
city and its residents.
ii) Post-Reorganization Scenario
Reorganization of Punjab on linguistic basis in 1966 emerged as the watershed in
the history of city development. It changed the very context of periphery when it
got sub-divided into three distinct parts with the largest part going to state Punjab
(76%) and Haryana and Chandigarh left only with 21% and 3%, respectively of
the original area of around 1400 sq. km. Punjab and Haryana states made the best
possible economic use of the Periphery in close proximity to Chandigarh by
setting up new settlements of S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali) and Panchkula, defeating the
main objective for which the periphery was created. Since the establishment of
S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali) and Panchkula from 1967, periphery area has never rested
and has undergone enormous development, both planned and unplanned but
largely unplanned. With little control over the area and lack of commitment on
the part of the respective state agencies, peripheral area witnessed rapid growth
and development which was faster than what happened in the core cities of
Chandigarh, Panchkula and Mohali. By 2001, S.A.S. Nagar had attained a
population size of 123,284 and Panchkula 140, 925. During the last decade
(1991-2001), population in S.A.S. Nagar has grown by more than a half of its
size at 1991 Census. Against this, population of Panchkula has more than
doubled during the same time. Ribbon development has assumed a conspicuous
form in the periphery . Three prominent belts are easy to identify: Chandigarh-
Ambala highway, with Zirakpur, Baltana and Dhakauli villages most affected;
Chandigarh-Kalka highway, with Manimajra, Pipliwala, Marhiwala, and Nagal
Sodhian villages; and Chandigarh-Kharar road, with Mundi Kharar and Balongi
villages assuming urban character. Villages in the peripheral zone are exceeding
their statutory limits in many cases. In addition, there is considerable speculation
in agricultural land by the political, bureaucratic and other elites of the city.
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12. 5.3 With only 44 Sq. Km. of periphery left, Chandigarh administration used the area partly
for urbanization and partly for rehabilitation of migrants to the city. State of Punjab,
unable to control and regulate development, regularized all unauthorized constructions
carried out in the area till December 1998, including declaring Zirakpur along with few
nearby villages as one of the urban centre. In addition, state of Punjab declared an area of
10,000 Acres as Free Enterprise Zone where industries could be set up without any
permission and without seeking any change of land use thus opening a large chunk of the
periphery to the forces of unplanned and haphazard industrialization. For catering to
growing urbanization, state of Punjab also declared a large chunk of area around Mohali
as planning area under the Punjab Regional and Town Planning and Development Act,
1995 and prepared a Master Plan of the area bringing substantial chunk of periphery
under the urbanization. State, however, did little to promote planned developments of the
urban centres, located within the periphery and these settlements continue to grow in the
most unplanned and haphazard manner. Also, Punjab government used extensively the
mechanism of permitting change in land use on adhoc basis leading to establishment of a
large number of institutions and unplanned constructions. State of Haryana on its part
evolved a new development plan for its areas in periphery on the analogy of the general
purpose master plan providing considerable area for urbanization and urban development
besides earmarking area for other related uses. All these developments have given a new
concept and definition to the periphery, not in consonance with the original objectives
enshrined in the Act.
5.4 Future Scenario
The city is gradually losing the eminence of its administrative status. More prominent are
its commercial and professional functions. Chandigarh is bound to grow into a vibrant
regional center.The future map of the city will be decided not only by what is happening
within it, but also by developments around. The periphery of Chandigarh is experiencing
rapid urban sprawl in the form of new towns, industrial installations, and residential
estates. A considerable amount of haphazard urban growth is also manifest. All this
intensifies pressure on the service base of the city, which will accentuate over time.
By all available indications it appears that periphery is going to be
subjected to large developmental pressure in future with states of Punjab,
Haryana and Chandigarh UT taking full advantage of its developmental
potential. In addition, due to the dilly-dally approach; speculators are
likely to have a field day with large area brought under unauthorized and
sub-standard sub-divisions.
In this scenario what are the options available now to protect the periphery. Should the
periphery be allowed to go the way it has gone over the years, unregulated and uncared?
Should it be allowed to be misused, mutilated, manipulated, speculated and subjected to
human greed? Has the Periphery Act lost its relevance and should be scrapped? Should
the area be frozen against all development when it has undergone total change or allowed
to be used for development in a planned or unplanned manner? If allowed to be
developed then what should be the development imperatives? These questions would
require answers and solutions from professionals.
5.5 Imperatives
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13. • Considering the ground reality, it appears that the periphery has attained high degree of
volatility and growth potential, any effort to stop these developmental forces is likely to
prove counter-productive. The best option would be to channelise these forces in a most
productive manner to achieve the broad objectives enshrined in the Act and maintaining
the sanctity of periphery. Accordingly, a coordinated approach to evolve an appropriate
policy of growth and development would be critical.
• It would be a fallacy to consider periphery as a static concept against the dynamism of
the urban system of which it forms an integrated part. If city has out-grown its defined
limits as envisioned in the Master Plan and has over shadowed part of the Periphery, then
such area of the periphery around the city must give way for catering to the growing
needs of the city and should be treated as an integral part of the city itself. Such an
approach would help in maintaining balance between city and periphery. Accordingly, it
would be appropriate that area ripe for development should be clearly identified and used
for promoting planned development without adversely impacting the broad framework of
the urban system. Such an approach would help in not only using a smaller portion of
periphery for urban purposes but would help in preserving major portion of the area in its
natural form. The area identified for urbanization should be such that it permits
integrated development of Chandigarh, Panchkula and S.A.S Nagar (Mohali) as a single
urban complex.
• In order to ensure the planned growth within a pre-defined planning framework, it would
be appropriate to redraw the development plan for the periphery clearly identifying the
area proposed for development, area proposed for protection and area where low
intensity development would be permitted..
• The present ad-hoc system of granting change of land use should be dispensed with in
order to avoid misuse of the provision. Change of the land use, if any, should be
permitted keeping in view the broad contours of the development plan.
• The concept of Free Enterprise Zone (FEZ) should be immediately scrapped in order to
save larger area from further mutilation by unplanned industrial growth. All industries
must be located within urban areas as an integral part of city growth and developmental
framework. Development framework for the FEZ area should also be prepared in order
to upgrade the level of services in the area where industries have already come up.
• States must put in place a joint strategy for combating the menace of haphazard and
unplanned growth in periphery with the help of effective and efficient enforcement
machinery. Setting up of special courts/tribunal for trying offences committed under the
Periphery Act would help in minimizing the violations. Making unauthorized
construction as a cognizable offence would act as an effective deterrent to stop these
constructions. All unauthorized constructions must immediately be identified and
demolished without delay.
• Unauthorized subdivision of land needs to be stopped with no registration allowed for
areas which are likely to be misused for urbanization and construction purposes. All sale
and purchase of land within periphery should be subjected to close scrutiny by the
revenue authority with prior NOC obtained from the competent authority.
• Development, wherever permitted within periphery should be subjected to well defined
planning norms and standards. Institutions involved in promoting research in the area of
health, education etc. and regional level infrastructures requiring large land area with
small built up area may be permitted within the broad guidelines in the identified zones.
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14. • Use of remote sensing for monitoring the ground realities, enforcement and for evolving
planning framework would be fruitful in the long run. The growth and development of
villages within the periphery needs to be monitored effectively with adequate provision
made to meet the needs of their natural growth. However, enough safeguard needs to be
put in place to minimize misuse and speculation of land available or permitted for
development in these villages.
• It would be prudent to upgrade the available infrastructure in the periphery including
road network, water supply, sewerage etc. in order to promote better quality of life
within rural settlements to minimize out migration. Efforts should also be made to
upgrade the available skills in these villages in order to increase productivity of these
centres and improve their economic status.
• A comprehensive development proposal needs to be prepared and implemented to restore
the lost glory of the Shivalik foothills (Ecological Frazil Zone) This would help in
restoring the forest cover in the area, improving its micro-climate, minimizing soil
erosion, improving moisture receptivity of land, facilitating reemergence of flora and
fauna besides providing large area for recreating and leisure in close proximity to the
urban centres.
• It would be in the best of the interest of states to maintain the sanctity of the periphery
area in order to minimize possibilities of unauthorized, haphazard and sub-standard
development coming up around the planned urban centres of Chandidarh, SAS Nagar
and Panchkula. A coordinated effort would be essential pre-requisite for achieving the
broad objectives of the Act, relevance of which has not yet been lost in the maze of
uncoordinated and unplanned development.
5.6 Conceptually periphery represents one of the best option for promoting balanced growth
of urban and rural settlements in a mutually beneficial and supportive manner and
accordingly needs to be protected and promoted with total commitment and sincerity.
Adoption of the principle of developing all the urban centres with their defined periphery
can usher an era of balanced growth and prosperity, eliminating existing dichotomy and
conflicts in urban and rural interests.
6. References
o Managing Change in Paradise-Sustainable Development in Peri-urban areas :
Report of Parliamentary Commissioner, New Zealand.
o Dhote/ Supriya Vyas / Dr. Ashutosh Sharma- Strategies for Redevelopment of
peri-urban areas-A case of South Bhopal- 55th NTCP Kochi
o Zhang Jiaian- Ecological Construction and Regulation and Rebuilding of Eco-
industries in Peri-urban areas- Internet conference of Eco-city development.
o Gupta J.K. - Imperatives for Planned Development of Chandigarh Periphery.
o Gupta J.K. - The Punjab New Capital (Periphery) Control Act, 1952- An
Analysis.
o Kant Surya- Chandigarh a City of Two Plans
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