This is a variation of the pond water lab found abundantly in the web. This handout focuses on teaching the students the difference between unicellular and multicellular organisms found in fresh water ecosystem. Thanks to http://www.msnucleus.org/ for the Guide to Identification of Fresh Water Microorganisms. I appended the guide to this worksheet I created.
Bacteria are microscopic single-celled prokaryotes that can exist as single cells or in chains and clusters. They lack nuclei and other membrane-bound organelles. Bacteria come in a variety of shapes (cocci, bacilli, spirilla, etc.) and arrangements (diplococci, streptococci) and have structures like flagella, pili, and cell walls. The cell wall composition differs between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, determining how they are stained using the Gram staining technique. Bacteria inhabit nearly all environments on Earth.
Bacteria versus fungi, Difference between bacteria and fungiRajkumarKumawat11
Bacteria versus fungi, Difference between bacteria and fungi, presentation on bacteria and fungi by raj kumar kumawat,
Basic differences between bacteria and fungi
The auditory system begins in the inner ear, where sound vibrations are transduced by hair cells in the cochlea into neural signals. These signals travel along the auditory nerve to the brainstem, where they split into two pathways - one for sound localization and one for sound quality analysis. Both pathways project to the thalamus and auditory cortex. The vestibular system monitors head position and motion using two receptor organs that detect rotational and linear acceleration.
Important of plant disease and effect on humanTaichi RyuZaki
Plant diseases have significantly impacted human affairs throughout history. Several major plant diseases led to widespread famines and food shortages:
- In 1840s Ireland, the potato late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans resulted in the Great Famine.
- In 1942, the rice blast disease caused by Helminthosporium oryzae devastated crops in India and caused the Bengal famine, where approximately 2 million people died.
- Other diseases such as coffee rust, sigatoka disease, downy mildew, wheat rust, and bacterial blight of rice have impacted global crop production and economies. Plant diseases continue to threaten food security around the world.
comparative anatomy of respiratory system of Reptiles, Birds and Mammals.UttamaTungkhang
This document compares and contrasts the respiratory systems of reptiles, birds, and mammals. It notes that all three use aerial respiration through lungs, but that some reptiles and birds undergo specialized adaptations related to their habitats. For example, crocodilians have a bony secondary palate for breathing underwater, while some lizards can increase stamina through buccal pumping. The document outlines key parts of the respiratory tract and how gas exchange occurs differently depending on the type of animal.
The document discusses different types of gene interactions:
- Epistasis refers to one gene affecting the expression of another gene. It modifies typical dihybrid ratios.
- Complementary gene action produces a 9:7 ratio where two dominant alleles are required to produce the phenotype.
- Inhibitory gene action produces a 13:3 ratio where a dominant gene prevents expression of another dominant gene.
- Masking gene action produces a 12:3:1 ratio where one gene masks the expression of another.
Examples of different gene interactions in traits such as seed color, flower color, and plant morphology are provided.
Nesting Habitats Birds are among a few other animals who build their own homes in the form of nests Different birds make different types of nests They build nests to stay in them and to lay eggs in and raise their babies
This document discusses the microbial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis. It notes that B. thuringiensis is a gram-positive, soil-dwelling bacteria that produces crystal proteins that are toxic to certain insect orders. The mode of action involves the insect ingesting the crystals, which are then activated and create ion channels that cause dehydration and death of the insect. The document outlines how B. thuringiensis toxins have been used in biopesticides and genetically engineered into crops via gene transfer techniques. Some advantages are that it is safe and environmentally friendly, while increasing crop resistance and productivity, but limitations include costs and risks of developing toxin resistance in insect pests.
Bacteria are microscopic single-celled prokaryotes that can exist as single cells or in chains and clusters. They lack nuclei and other membrane-bound organelles. Bacteria come in a variety of shapes (cocci, bacilli, spirilla, etc.) and arrangements (diplococci, streptococci) and have structures like flagella, pili, and cell walls. The cell wall composition differs between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, determining how they are stained using the Gram staining technique. Bacteria inhabit nearly all environments on Earth.
Bacteria versus fungi, Difference between bacteria and fungiRajkumarKumawat11
Bacteria versus fungi, Difference between bacteria and fungi, presentation on bacteria and fungi by raj kumar kumawat,
Basic differences between bacteria and fungi
The auditory system begins in the inner ear, where sound vibrations are transduced by hair cells in the cochlea into neural signals. These signals travel along the auditory nerve to the brainstem, where they split into two pathways - one for sound localization and one for sound quality analysis. Both pathways project to the thalamus and auditory cortex. The vestibular system monitors head position and motion using two receptor organs that detect rotational and linear acceleration.
Important of plant disease and effect on humanTaichi RyuZaki
Plant diseases have significantly impacted human affairs throughout history. Several major plant diseases led to widespread famines and food shortages:
- In 1840s Ireland, the potato late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans resulted in the Great Famine.
- In 1942, the rice blast disease caused by Helminthosporium oryzae devastated crops in India and caused the Bengal famine, where approximately 2 million people died.
- Other diseases such as coffee rust, sigatoka disease, downy mildew, wheat rust, and bacterial blight of rice have impacted global crop production and economies. Plant diseases continue to threaten food security around the world.
comparative anatomy of respiratory system of Reptiles, Birds and Mammals.UttamaTungkhang
This document compares and contrasts the respiratory systems of reptiles, birds, and mammals. It notes that all three use aerial respiration through lungs, but that some reptiles and birds undergo specialized adaptations related to their habitats. For example, crocodilians have a bony secondary palate for breathing underwater, while some lizards can increase stamina through buccal pumping. The document outlines key parts of the respiratory tract and how gas exchange occurs differently depending on the type of animal.
The document discusses different types of gene interactions:
- Epistasis refers to one gene affecting the expression of another gene. It modifies typical dihybrid ratios.
- Complementary gene action produces a 9:7 ratio where two dominant alleles are required to produce the phenotype.
- Inhibitory gene action produces a 13:3 ratio where a dominant gene prevents expression of another dominant gene.
- Masking gene action produces a 12:3:1 ratio where one gene masks the expression of another.
Examples of different gene interactions in traits such as seed color, flower color, and plant morphology are provided.
Nesting Habitats Birds are among a few other animals who build their own homes in the form of nests Different birds make different types of nests They build nests to stay in them and to lay eggs in and raise their babies
This document discusses the microbial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis. It notes that B. thuringiensis is a gram-positive, soil-dwelling bacteria that produces crystal proteins that are toxic to certain insect orders. The mode of action involves the insect ingesting the crystals, which are then activated and create ion channels that cause dehydration and death of the insect. The document outlines how B. thuringiensis toxins have been used in biopesticides and genetically engineered into crops via gene transfer techniques. Some advantages are that it is safe and environmentally friendly, while increasing crop resistance and productivity, but limitations include costs and risks of developing toxin resistance in insect pests.
The document discusses the three domain system of life - Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. It provides background on how Archaea were identified as a unique third domain based on differences in ribosomal RNA from other prokaryotes. Key differences between the three domains are outlined, including cellular structure, genetics, metabolism, and environments inhabited. Archaea share some similarities with both bacteria and eukaryotes but are sufficiently distinct to be placed in their own domain.
Slides about Cell Fate, Cell Potency, Differentiation, Specification, Modes of Specification, Role of Cytoplasm. Cell Interactions, Regulation in Development
The horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus is an ancient genus that has changed little in over 250 million years. It is more closely related to chelicerates than crustaceans. Its body consists of a prosoma with six pairs of legs and two types of eyes, and an opisthosoma with six pairs of appendages that aid in respiration, reproduction, and locomotion. The first pair forms a genital operculum and the remaining five pairs are modified into gills. Horseshoe crabs are long-lived for invertebrates, with males maturing between 9-11 years and females between 10-12 years.
In this slide we explain the reproduction in Bacteria. here we explain the two basic types of reproduction briefly with their types. i,e
Sexual Reproduction
Asexual reproduction
Entomopathogens such as bacteria, fungi, viruses and nematodes have potential as biological control agents against insect pests. They are safe for the environment and non-target organisms as their toxins are often specific to certain insect species. Entomopathogens can help manage pest resistance, provide alternatives to chemical pesticides, and are seen as promising for the future of commercial biopesticides. However, their use also faces constraints like short shelf life, lack of awareness, and dependence on proper application timing and techniques.
This document summarizes bioluminescence, which is the production and emission of light by living organisms. It defines bioluminescence and explains that it is caused by an enzyme-catalyzed reaction between luciferin and oxygen. Most marine animals exhibit blue-green bioluminescence. Bioluminescence involves luciferin, luciferase enzyme, and oxygen reacting to produce light. Many deep sea organisms are bioluminescent as a way to communicate or find food in the dark ocean depths. Examples of bioluminescent organisms include mushrooms, jellyfish, fireflies, and lanternfish.
1. In vertebrates like amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, germ cells known as primordial germ cells (PGCs) migrate from their origin site to the developing gonads, or genital ridges.
2. In amphibians, PGCs form in the animal pole of the blastula and migrate through the gut epithelium to reach the developing gonads.
3. In mammals, PGCs form in the yolk sac near the hindgut and migrate through the gut and up the dorsal mesentery into the developing gonads in the genital ridges. Monoclonal antibodies are used to identify migrating PGCs in mice embryos.
Prokaryotic cells are the earliest and most primitive forms of life on Earth. They include bacteria and archaea and some are capable of photosynthesis. Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus and their DNA is located in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm. They reproduce through binary fission and can also undergo genetic recombination through conjugation, transformation, or transduction to generate variation. Prokaryotic cells play important roles in various environments and as normal flora in humans and animals.
An effort to present information on GMOs in an easy to understand manner. The presentation covers the myths about GMOs and explains how sustainable and ecological systems must replace such dangerous technology. Please feel free to download/share to build public awareness.
Earthworms use hydrostatic skeleton and antagonistic muscles to move forward by extending segments through fluid compression. Grasshoppers use strong hind legs and wing contractions to jump and fly. Fish rely on tail lashing and fins for stability and thrust in water. Birds evolved light bones and wings for lift via flapping, overcoming air resistance.
Entomology is the study of insects. Insects have three body segments - head, thorax, and abdomen. They belong to the phylum Arthropoda, whose members have jointed appendages, an exoskeleton, and segmented bodies. The major classes of arthropods are crustaceans, myriapoda, arachnids, and insects. Insects are divided into two subclasses - Apterygota, which lack wings, and Pterygota, which are winged or secondarily wingless. Important orders of insects discussed include Hemiptera, Odonata, Orthoptera, Isoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, and
Microorganisms come in many forms and play a variety of roles. They can decompose waste, perform photosynthesis, and produce useful products like ethanol and medicines. Microbes also include disease-causing pathogens. There is great diversity among microbes including viruses, bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, and protozoa. Carl Woese's three domain system classifies life based on cellular organization into Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya which includes protists, fungi, plants and animals. Microbes vary in size and shape and inhabit diverse environments.
This document discusses biocontrol agents, which are microorganisms used to control plant pathogens and diseases. It defines biological control as using organisms other than humans to reduce the impact of plant pathogens. Common biocontrol agents include species of Trichoderma, Penicillium, Bacillus, and Pseudomonas. Biological control agents are favored over chemical pesticides because they are non-toxic, not polluting, host-specific, and only affect one or a few pathogen species. The document discusses how biocontrol works and attributes of successful agents. It provides examples of commercial biocontrol products and their application methods in seed treatment, soil application, and more. Advantages are controlling disease intensity without chemicals, while disadvantages can include effects on
Probiotics should ideally be taken daily for your ideal health. What are the benefits of taking it every day, and how does it help us? Who needs to take it more than others?
Genetically modified organisms and limitationsZahra Naz
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. The production of GMOs involves identifying a gene of interest, amplifying it, and inserting it into an organism's genome. Common examples of GMOs include plants engineered for herbicide and pest resistance, golden rice with increased vitamin A, and bacteria used to produce insulin and vaccines. While GMOs may increase yields and benefit farmers, there are also concerns about their impacts on health and the environment as well as ethical issues.
Bacteriophage, or phages, are viruses that infect and replicate inside bacteria. They have either a lytic lifecycle where they cause the bacterial cell to burst and release new phages, or a lysogenic lifecycle where the phage DNA integrates into the bacterial chromosome and replicates with it without killing the cell. Phages have been studied extensively due to their ability to transfer genes between bacteria and cause conversion of bacterial properties, as well as their potential applications in typing and treating bacterial infections.
This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It begins by defining a GMO as an organism whose genetic material has been altered through genetic engineering techniques. Common types of GMOs include food crops like soybeans, corn, and canola, as well as some medicines produced through genetic engineering. The document then provides a brief history of GMO development, including the creation of the first GMO in 1973 and the commercialization of genetically engineered foods in the 1990s. It discusses both perceived benefits of GMOs, such as increased crop yields and disease resistance, as well as concerns about their environmental and health impacts. In conclusion, the document notes that the debate around GMOs centers on whether the risks outweigh the benefits.
This document defines and provides examples of different types of commensalism. Commensalism is an ecological interaction where one species benefits while the other is unaffected. It defines the key terms and discusses four main types of commensalism: inquilinism, where one species lives in or on the body of another; metabiosis, where a commensal uses remains or waste of the host; phoresy, where a commensal hitches a ride on a host for dispersal; and microbiota, groups of microbes that colonize host surfaces. Examples provided include flies laying eggs in dung balls rolled by beetles, hermit crabs using gastropod shells, nematodes hitching
1) Axes formation follows gastrulation and is controlled by specific genes that determine the structure of the body. Three main axes form - dorsal-ventral, anterior-posterior, and left-right.
2) Neurulation is the process of neural tube formation from the neural plate. Primary neurulation involves fusion of neural folds while secondary neurulation forms a hollow neural cord. The neural tube develops into the brain and spinal cord.
3) Anterior-posterior patterning in zebrafish involves an initiation phase setting up head and trunk territories, and an elaboration phase forming the trunk and tail. A balance of FGF, Wnts, and retinoic acid regulates this process.
1. The document provides information on identifying freshwater microorganisms including algae, protozoa, and other plankton through descriptions, pictures, and taxonomic classifications.
2. Key details are given for different types of algae such as green algae, desmids, diatoms, and filamentous green algae.
3. Freshwater protozoa described include flagellates, amoebas, heliozoans, and various ciliates.
4. Other freshwater plankton outlined consist of cyanobacteria, euglenoids, dinoflagellates, rotifers, hydra, flatworms, and more.
Polymorphism refers to the occurrence of different individual types, or zooids, within the same species that differ in form and function. In hydrozoans, there are commonly polyp and medusa zooids. Notable examples like Physalia, Halistemma, and Porpita exhibit complex polymorphism with specialized zooids for functions like feeding, reproduction, protection, and floating. Polymorphism allows for division of labor and specialization within colonies, conferring evolutionary advantages.
The document discusses the three domain system of life - Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. It provides background on how Archaea were identified as a unique third domain based on differences in ribosomal RNA from other prokaryotes. Key differences between the three domains are outlined, including cellular structure, genetics, metabolism, and environments inhabited. Archaea share some similarities with both bacteria and eukaryotes but are sufficiently distinct to be placed in their own domain.
Slides about Cell Fate, Cell Potency, Differentiation, Specification, Modes of Specification, Role of Cytoplasm. Cell Interactions, Regulation in Development
The horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus is an ancient genus that has changed little in over 250 million years. It is more closely related to chelicerates than crustaceans. Its body consists of a prosoma with six pairs of legs and two types of eyes, and an opisthosoma with six pairs of appendages that aid in respiration, reproduction, and locomotion. The first pair forms a genital operculum and the remaining five pairs are modified into gills. Horseshoe crabs are long-lived for invertebrates, with males maturing between 9-11 years and females between 10-12 years.
In this slide we explain the reproduction in Bacteria. here we explain the two basic types of reproduction briefly with their types. i,e
Sexual Reproduction
Asexual reproduction
Entomopathogens such as bacteria, fungi, viruses and nematodes have potential as biological control agents against insect pests. They are safe for the environment and non-target organisms as their toxins are often specific to certain insect species. Entomopathogens can help manage pest resistance, provide alternatives to chemical pesticides, and are seen as promising for the future of commercial biopesticides. However, their use also faces constraints like short shelf life, lack of awareness, and dependence on proper application timing and techniques.
This document summarizes bioluminescence, which is the production and emission of light by living organisms. It defines bioluminescence and explains that it is caused by an enzyme-catalyzed reaction between luciferin and oxygen. Most marine animals exhibit blue-green bioluminescence. Bioluminescence involves luciferin, luciferase enzyme, and oxygen reacting to produce light. Many deep sea organisms are bioluminescent as a way to communicate or find food in the dark ocean depths. Examples of bioluminescent organisms include mushrooms, jellyfish, fireflies, and lanternfish.
1. In vertebrates like amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, germ cells known as primordial germ cells (PGCs) migrate from their origin site to the developing gonads, or genital ridges.
2. In amphibians, PGCs form in the animal pole of the blastula and migrate through the gut epithelium to reach the developing gonads.
3. In mammals, PGCs form in the yolk sac near the hindgut and migrate through the gut and up the dorsal mesentery into the developing gonads in the genital ridges. Monoclonal antibodies are used to identify migrating PGCs in mice embryos.
Prokaryotic cells are the earliest and most primitive forms of life on Earth. They include bacteria and archaea and some are capable of photosynthesis. Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus and their DNA is located in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm. They reproduce through binary fission and can also undergo genetic recombination through conjugation, transformation, or transduction to generate variation. Prokaryotic cells play important roles in various environments and as normal flora in humans and animals.
An effort to present information on GMOs in an easy to understand manner. The presentation covers the myths about GMOs and explains how sustainable and ecological systems must replace such dangerous technology. Please feel free to download/share to build public awareness.
Earthworms use hydrostatic skeleton and antagonistic muscles to move forward by extending segments through fluid compression. Grasshoppers use strong hind legs and wing contractions to jump and fly. Fish rely on tail lashing and fins for stability and thrust in water. Birds evolved light bones and wings for lift via flapping, overcoming air resistance.
Entomology is the study of insects. Insects have three body segments - head, thorax, and abdomen. They belong to the phylum Arthropoda, whose members have jointed appendages, an exoskeleton, and segmented bodies. The major classes of arthropods are crustaceans, myriapoda, arachnids, and insects. Insects are divided into two subclasses - Apterygota, which lack wings, and Pterygota, which are winged or secondarily wingless. Important orders of insects discussed include Hemiptera, Odonata, Orthoptera, Isoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, and
Microorganisms come in many forms and play a variety of roles. They can decompose waste, perform photosynthesis, and produce useful products like ethanol and medicines. Microbes also include disease-causing pathogens. There is great diversity among microbes including viruses, bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, and protozoa. Carl Woese's three domain system classifies life based on cellular organization into Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya which includes protists, fungi, plants and animals. Microbes vary in size and shape and inhabit diverse environments.
This document discusses biocontrol agents, which are microorganisms used to control plant pathogens and diseases. It defines biological control as using organisms other than humans to reduce the impact of plant pathogens. Common biocontrol agents include species of Trichoderma, Penicillium, Bacillus, and Pseudomonas. Biological control agents are favored over chemical pesticides because they are non-toxic, not polluting, host-specific, and only affect one or a few pathogen species. The document discusses how biocontrol works and attributes of successful agents. It provides examples of commercial biocontrol products and their application methods in seed treatment, soil application, and more. Advantages are controlling disease intensity without chemicals, while disadvantages can include effects on
Probiotics should ideally be taken daily for your ideal health. What are the benefits of taking it every day, and how does it help us? Who needs to take it more than others?
Genetically modified organisms and limitationsZahra Naz
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. The production of GMOs involves identifying a gene of interest, amplifying it, and inserting it into an organism's genome. Common examples of GMOs include plants engineered for herbicide and pest resistance, golden rice with increased vitamin A, and bacteria used to produce insulin and vaccines. While GMOs may increase yields and benefit farmers, there are also concerns about their impacts on health and the environment as well as ethical issues.
Bacteriophage, or phages, are viruses that infect and replicate inside bacteria. They have either a lytic lifecycle where they cause the bacterial cell to burst and release new phages, or a lysogenic lifecycle where the phage DNA integrates into the bacterial chromosome and replicates with it without killing the cell. Phages have been studied extensively due to their ability to transfer genes between bacteria and cause conversion of bacterial properties, as well as their potential applications in typing and treating bacterial infections.
This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It begins by defining a GMO as an organism whose genetic material has been altered through genetic engineering techniques. Common types of GMOs include food crops like soybeans, corn, and canola, as well as some medicines produced through genetic engineering. The document then provides a brief history of GMO development, including the creation of the first GMO in 1973 and the commercialization of genetically engineered foods in the 1990s. It discusses both perceived benefits of GMOs, such as increased crop yields and disease resistance, as well as concerns about their environmental and health impacts. In conclusion, the document notes that the debate around GMOs centers on whether the risks outweigh the benefits.
This document defines and provides examples of different types of commensalism. Commensalism is an ecological interaction where one species benefits while the other is unaffected. It defines the key terms and discusses four main types of commensalism: inquilinism, where one species lives in or on the body of another; metabiosis, where a commensal uses remains or waste of the host; phoresy, where a commensal hitches a ride on a host for dispersal; and microbiota, groups of microbes that colonize host surfaces. Examples provided include flies laying eggs in dung balls rolled by beetles, hermit crabs using gastropod shells, nematodes hitching
1) Axes formation follows gastrulation and is controlled by specific genes that determine the structure of the body. Three main axes form - dorsal-ventral, anterior-posterior, and left-right.
2) Neurulation is the process of neural tube formation from the neural plate. Primary neurulation involves fusion of neural folds while secondary neurulation forms a hollow neural cord. The neural tube develops into the brain and spinal cord.
3) Anterior-posterior patterning in zebrafish involves an initiation phase setting up head and trunk territories, and an elaboration phase forming the trunk and tail. A balance of FGF, Wnts, and retinoic acid regulates this process.
1. The document provides information on identifying freshwater microorganisms including algae, protozoa, and other plankton through descriptions, pictures, and taxonomic classifications.
2. Key details are given for different types of algae such as green algae, desmids, diatoms, and filamentous green algae.
3. Freshwater protozoa described include flagellates, amoebas, heliozoans, and various ciliates.
4. Other freshwater plankton outlined consist of cyanobacteria, euglenoids, dinoflagellates, rotifers, hydra, flatworms, and more.
Polymorphism refers to the occurrence of different individual types, or zooids, within the same species that differ in form and function. In hydrozoans, there are commonly polyp and medusa zooids. Notable examples like Physalia, Halistemma, and Porpita exhibit complex polymorphism with specialized zooids for functions like feeding, reproduction, protection, and floating. Polymorphism allows for division of labor and specialization within colonies, conferring evolutionary advantages.
Protists are unicellular eukaryotic organisms that can be categorized into three main groups: animal-like protists, plant-like protists, and fungus-like protists. Animal-like protists include protozoans that can move on their own and feed as heterotrophs, with examples being amoebas, paramecium, and sporozoans. Plant-like protists include algae, which can be unicellular or multicellular, produce their own food via photosynthesis, and account for 70% of the Earth's oxygen production. Fungus-like protists have cell walls and reproduce via spores, with examples being water molds and slime molds
The document discusses various types of algae, including cyanobacteria, euglena, dinoflagellates, cryptomonads, and chrysophytes. It provides details on their characteristics, evolution, importance, reproduction, anatomy, locomotion, and classification. Cyanobacteria were among the first organisms to produce oxygen through photosynthesis, helping create the Earth's oxidizing atmosphere. Dinoflagellates are mainly marine plankton that can cause red tides that kill fish. Chrysophytes were once thought to be cyanobacteria but fossil evidence shows they evolved separately.
Microbiology - Algae
Algae is an informal term for a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. It is a polyphyletic grouping that includes species from multiple distinct clades.
Algae are sometimes considered plants and sometimes considered "protists" (a grab-bag category of generally distantly related organisms that are grouped on the basis of not being animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, or archaeans).
This document summarizes the key characteristics and life cycles of fungi. It describes fungi as typically small, filamentous, and lacking chlorophyll. The body is made of a mycelium of branching hyphae that can be septate or aseptate. Hyphae have various structures like rhizoids, stolons, rhizomorphs, and haustoria. Fungi reproduce asexually through fragmentation, fission, budding or spore formation. Sexual reproduction involves plasmogamy, karyogamy and meiosis. Fungi can be saprophytes, parasites or symbionts. Classification is based on reproduction characteristics.
Marine microbes play many roles in marine ecosystems and include viruses, single-celled organisms, and fungi. Phytoplankton such as diatoms and dinoflagellates contribute to primary productivity through photosynthesis, while zooplankton such as foraminifera feed on other organisms. Diatoms have glass cell walls with geometric patterns and reproduce asexually. Dinoflagellates have two flagella, come in a variety of shapes, and can reproduce sexually or asexually. Foraminifera use pseudopods to move and feed and have shells, reproducing asexually or sexually.
1. The document provides information on the study of algae being conducted by Apeksha Shrikant Kurane for her Cryptogamic Botany course.
2. It discusses the general characteristics of algae including being chlorophyll-bearing, aquatic or forming symbiotic relationships, and reproducing both asexually through spores and sexually.
3. The document covers various topics related to algae including their thallus organization from unicellular to multicellular forms, different habitats from aquatic to terrestrial, and various modes of reproduction including vegetative, asexual through spores or akinetes, and sexual reproduction.
Kingdom Protist Power Point PresentationFaneAlmazan
Protista are eukaryotic organisms that are simpler than plants and animals. They can be unicellular or multicellular and lack complex tissues. Protista are categorized into animal-like protists which include protozoa, plant-like protists such as algae, and fungus-like protists. Animal-like protists include amoebas, paramecium, trypanosomes, and plasmodium. Plant-like protists include euglena, diatoms, dinoflagellates, red, green, and brown algae. Fungus-like protists include water and downy molds and slime molds which have both fungal and amoeba
This document provides an introduction to the diversity of animal life by outlining the taxonomic classification system. It begins with the basic kingdoms (animalia, plants, fungi, etc.) and then focuses on the animal kingdom. Within animals, it describes the characteristics of several phyla, including porifera (sponges), cnidaria (jellyfish and anemones), platyhelminths (flatworms), nematoda (roundworms), annelida (segmented worms), mollusca (snails and shellfish), and arthropoda (insects and crustaceans). It emphasizes that understanding the phylum of an animal provides important insights into its anatomy and biological traits.
Brown algae are characterized by cell walls containing cellulose and alginic acid. They reproduce sexually and asexually and have an alternation of generations life cycle. Brown algae are divided into three classes based on their life cycles: isogamous, heterogamous, and oogamous. Ectocarpus is a filamentous brown alga that is a model organism. Kelps are large brown algae with a diploid sporophyte generation and haploid gametophyte. Fucus is dioecious and releases gametes using tidal movements, with sperm chemotaxing towards eggs. Brown algae are used as sources of iodine, alginate, food, and
Cells in plants gradually differentiate from meristems into permanent tissues with specialized functions. Permanent tissues can be simple, consisting of a single cell type, or complex. Simple permanent tissues include parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Parenchyma cells are living cells involved in storage and transport. Collenchyma provides support and flexibility. Sclerenchyma cells, including fibers and sclereids, provide structure and protection through thick lignified cell walls. These mature tissues perform crucial roles in plant structure and function.
1) Strategies and structuresIn Protozoans the method of movement .pdfaptelecom16999
1) Strategies and structures:
In Protozoans the method of movement is determined by the type of organism and the
surrounding environment. Protozoans mainly move by cell extension, flagella or pseudopodia
and cilia, the movement as per the presence of structure can be classified as ciliary, flagellar and
amoeboid movement.
Ciliates : Ciliates form the largest group of protozoa. These organisms vary in size and often live
in watery environments, including oceans, marshes, bays and streams. Ciliates move using tiny
cilia, which are hair-like strands that act as sensors and tiny limbs.
Flagella are longer and less numerous that cilia, they use their long tail like flagella to move.
Amoebas : In these two cytoskeleton get polymerized . This creates a vacancy and cytoplasmice
material flow to cover the vacancy created. When amoeba moves cytoplasm moves to the arm
like extension called pseudopodium. This pseudopodium extends and enlarge and hence this
push the animal body towards that respective direction.
2) A) Flagellates can live as single cells, in colonies, or as parasites.
Commonly live in niche\'s of water.
They conduct photosynthesis and have a cell wall.
They contain flagella for propulsion or to create a current to bring in food.
They can inhabit the reproductive tract, alimentary canal, tissue sites and also the blood stream,
lymph vessels and cerebrospinal canal.
B) Pseudopods : Also called as false feet , are projections that can appear and disappear from the
organism\'s body. These are used for movement and to engulf prey and digest them using
enzymes.
C) Apicomplexa : Unicellular and spore forming, most of them possess a unique form of
organelle that comprises a type of plastid called an apicoplast, and an apical complex structure.
They have apicoplast(non photosynthetic plastid) , mitochondria and nuclear genomes.
Lack of cilia, sexual reproduction, use micropores for feeding, and the production of oocysts
containing sporozoites as the infective form.
They have unique gliding capability which enables them to cross through tissues and enter and
leave their host cells. This gliding ability is made possible by the use of adhesions and small
static myosin motors.
3) Key characteristics of fungi :
Fungi are unicellular or multicellular.
Most of the fungi grow as tubular filaments called hyphae
They are haploid.
Fungus are heterotrophs (they can obtain nutrients by absorption) . They absorb food and secrete
enzymes to digest complex molecules
Propogate by spores
Asexual or sexual reproduction
They can be multinucleated
Fungi are achlorophyllous (lack of cholorphyll pigment)
Both Fungi and protists belong to same kingdom but fungi is different from protist, protists are
able to live in an anaerobic environment without oxygen but fungi need aerobic respiration to
survive.
Protists are unicellular but fungi are multicellular. Protists are autotrophic (make their own
energy) and heterotrophic (rely on outside source to get energy), but fungi a.
This document discusses the kingdom Straminipila and the phylum Oomycota. It describes the key characteristics of Straminipila including having cell walls made of cellulose and glucan. It outlines the life cycle of Oomycota, which have motile zoospores and reproduce sexually through oogamous fertilization. The document also examines several important genera of Oomycota like Pythium, which can cause diseases in plants, and Phytophthora, which are destructive plant pathogens.
This document provides information on lichens, including their structure, types, and importance. Some key points:
- Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner (algae or cyanobacteria). This dual organism is known as a thallus.
- The thallus has three main layers - a cortex, algal layer, and medulla. It can take various forms like crustose, foliose, or fruticose.
- Lichens can live in extreme environments thanks to their ability to absorb and retain water. They are classified based on their substrate like bark, rocks, or soil.
- India has a high lic
Comparison between paramecium sp and amoeba spOng Chee Kiong
The document compares the characteristics of Amoeba sp and Paramecium sp. Amoeba sp are irregularly shaped and move via pseudopodia, while Paramecium sp have a slipper-like shape and swim using cilia. Both feed via phagocytosis, with Amoeba sp engulfing food with pseudopodia and Paramecium sp sweeping food into its gullet via cilia. Both primarily reproduce asexually through binary fission, though Paramecium sp can also reproduce sexually through conjugation under unfavorable conditions.
The document discusses different types of government structures. It outlines the key features of three main types - autocracy, oligarchy, and democracy. Autocracy is rule by one person, oligarchy is rule by a small elite group, and democracy involves rule by the people through elected representatives and majoritarian rule.
The document identifies the five functions of the skeletal system and discusses organ systems. It begins by asking what will be identified today. It then defines tissues and organs. An organ is made up of different kinds of tissue and performs specific jobs. Each organ is part of an organ system, which is a group of organs that work together to perform a major function. It lists the main organ systems and discusses their importance, as understanding organ systems explains how the body functions and allows medical professionals to provide care.
1. The document defines tissue and identifies the four main types of tissues and their functions.
2. The four tissue types are connective, muscle, epithelial, and nervous tissue. Connective tissue connects and supports parts of the body. Muscle tissue contracts to allow movement. Epithelial tissue covers surfaces of the body. Nervous tissue carries signals between the brain and body.
3. Learning about the four tissue types is important because it explains how the body is structured and functions, allows doctors to treat illnesses, and is part of the district assessment.
All living things are composed of cells, which are the basic unit of life. Over time, scientists like Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, and Schwa nn observed cells and concluded that plants and animals are made up of cells. Finally, Virchow established that all cells come from other pre-existing cells, bringing the modern Cell Theory into focus.
This document is a lesson plan that teaches the difference between observing, inferring, and predicting. The lesson begins by having students define observing as using their senses to gather information. It describes inferring as making explanations or interpretations of observations based on prior knowledge, and predicting as forecasting what will happen in the future based on past experiences. Students then watch a video clip and practice writing observations, inferences, and predictions about it. The lesson concludes by having students summarize the differences between the three skills.
Alvarico\'s Science Class Back to School PresentationJoseph Alvarico
Mr. Alvarico Filipino teaches science in room C-6. He outlines several expectations for student behavior, including being on time, staying seated, using respectful language, engaging in learning, and following directions from teachers. Consequences for not meeting expectations range from warnings to detentions to suspensions. Certain disruptive items will be immediately confiscated, and classroom jobs will be assigned to promote shared responsibility for learning.
The document lists the winners of a science fair held at Oak Grove Middle School broken down by grade level, with the 6th, 7th, and 8th grade winners listed but no names or projects included, and concludes with the one-word title "The Exhibit".
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Information and Communication Technology in EducationMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 2)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐂𝐓 𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
Students will be able to explain the role and impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. They will understand how ICT tools, such as computers, the internet, and educational software, enhance learning and teaching processes. By exploring various ICT applications, students will recognize how these technologies facilitate access to information, improve communication, support collaboration, and enable personalized learning experiences.
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐭:
-Students will be able to discuss what constitutes reliable sources on the internet. They will learn to identify key characteristics of trustworthy information, such as credibility, accuracy, and authority. By examining different types of online sources, students will develop skills to evaluate the reliability of websites and content, ensuring they can distinguish between reputable information and misinformation.
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
SWOT analysis in the project Keeping the Memory @live.pptx
Leeuwenhoek's animalcules
1. Name__________________________________________ Date________________ Period_____
Leeuwenhoek’s Animalcules (Pond Water Lab)
Learning Objective
Today, I will
1. differentiate between unicellular and multicellular organisms.
2. draw unicellular and multicellular organisms.
Materials
microscope, pond water culture, eyedropper, glass slide, glass cover, cotton, Guide to Identification of
Fresh Water Microorganisms
Procedure
1. Place some cotton fibers on the middle of the glass slide. The cotton fibers will trap or slow down
the “animalcules” and make finding them and focusing easier.
2. Using an eyedropper, put a very small drop of pond water on the glass slide.
3. Now look at the drop of pond water through the microscope at 40x magnification (eyepiece x
scanning objective).
4. Once you see a living thing, follow it closely and sketch it in the circles below.
5. Refer to the Guide to Identification of Fresh Water Microorganisms to identify the organism you
just drew. Write whether it is unicellular or multicellular.
6. Draw and identify at least 3 microorganisms. You can also use 100x magnification (eyepiece x low
power objective) to observe the organisms in more detail.
Illustrations
Name__________________________________ Name__________________________________
U or M?________________________________ U or M?________________________________
2.
Name__________________________________ Name__________________________________
U or M?________________________________ U or M?________________________________
Name__________________________________ Name__________________________________
U or M?________________________________ U or M?________________________________
Closure
What is the difference between a unicellular organism and a multicellular organism?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________