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LEDs for Lighting Professionals
The document discusses LED technology for lighting professionals. It provides an overview of LED properties compared to other lighting technologies, describes advances in LED components and systems, and explores the evolution and future of LED lighting. Key topics covered include efficacy and thermal management improvements over time, the development of integrated arrays and modules, techniques for color mixing, and standards for testing and evaluating LED performance and quality.
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LEDs for Lighting Professionals
- 1. LEDS FOR LIGHTINGPROFESSIONALS Donald G. Hirsh, Sr. Manager, Lighting Experience Center, don_hirsh@cree.com November, 2014 © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 1
- 2. N. B. •Credit(s) earned on completion of this presentation will be reported to AIA CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and non-AIA members are available upon request. • This presentation has been registered with AIA CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. _______________________________________ Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation. © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 2
- 3. Learning Objectives •At the end of this course, participants will have information to: – Compare and contrast modern LED technology with major categories of evacuated tube technologies. – Analyze evolving techniques in the design and development of SSL luminaires. – Identify recent Advances in LED component technology. – Compare categories or types of LED components. © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 3
- 4. The Agenda –What’s All the Fuss About • Review of Some General Properties of LEDs vs. Evacuated Tube Technologies • LED Typology & Technology • LED Lighting Futures – Efficacy and the future of LED Product Development – Example: The evolution of the color mixing technology platforms • TM-21 & LM-80 • Conclusions: LEDs will rule in the Medium Term (What’s In It For Me?) © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 4
- 5. Creative Destruction: HardAt Work in Your Industry Vacuum Tubes Transistors VHS DVD CRT Flat Panel Film 1940s – 1960s 1980s – 1990s Displays 1990s – 2000s Flash Memory 1990s – 2000s “Brick” phones Smart phones 1990s – 2000s Use pervasiveness price path to market … all changed © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 5
- 6. Creative Destruction: HardAt Work in Your Industry Next up … Lighting Evacuated Tubes Solid State Lighting 2007 – 2020s © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 6
- 7. What Is aLight Emitting Diode (LED)? • Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) are solid-state semiconductors that convert electrical energy directly into visible light. Packaged LED Chip © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 7
- 8. White Light fromBlue LEDs Blue + Yellow Phosphor Blue Peak Yellow Phosphor © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 8
- 9. Illumination Source Review Lighting Class LEDs Filament Fluorescent HID Source Efficacy (lm/w) 130 -200 15-25 80-100 80-130 Optical Control +++++ +++ + +++ Applicability/Adaptability +++++ ++ ++ +++ Lifetime (hrs) 104-5 103 103-4 104 Lumen Depreciation * Chromatic Stability +++++* +++++ +++ ++ Spectral Profile ++++++ +++++ +++ +++ Thermal Sensitivity ++ ++ Start-Up/Restrike μs ms s m Dimmable, Controllable Superior Good Possible Not Toxicity (Hg, Pb, Heavy Metals) + + Rugged ++++ ++ + + © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 9
- 10. The Inexorable Marchof Technology: Efficacy & Packaging $/lm, normalized (Cool White, 6500K) Annual Improvement in $/lm @ 100 LPW 43% 45% 35% 29% 45% 40% 27% Efficacy (LPW) © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 10
- 11. Evolution of Size:Different Die, Same Performance Gen 1 Gen 2 Gen 3 96% smaller than Gen 1 78% smaller than Gen 2 © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 11
- 12. Example: Flux Groupscirca 2008 © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 12
- 13. Flux Groups circa2014 © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 13
- 14. Contrasting Emission Patterns Bare HID Lamp Illustration Bare LED Component Illustration © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 14
- 15. Small Hemispheres Allowfor Precise Optical Control Bare LED Chip Package Illustration Illustration of Altered Distribution (Secondary Optic Added) © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 15
- 16. Allows for DramaticallyImproved Uniformity The Prairie School, Racine, WI 2007 © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 16
- 17. Allows for DramaticallyImproved Uniformity LED HPS 141W Total System Wattage 300W 8,040 Average Delivered Lumens 20,520 57 Luminaire Efficacy (Lumens/Watt) 68 1.01fc Maintained Average Footcandles 1.96fc 0.30fc Maintained Minimum Footcandle 0.30fc 53% 2007 Energy Savings - © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 17
- 18. Seven Years ofLED & Systems Innovation 1st Generation 141 Watts (2007) Similar illumination performance from recent products 53W 82% Energy Savings 80% Price Reduction vs 2007 Product © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 18
- 19. So Many Lamps… © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 19
- 20. So Many LEDs- A Representative Components Portfolio Discretes Arrays Integrated Arrays CXA HD CXA SD • One component simplifies design and assembly • High efficacy, high lumen output Modules • High lumen density for optical control • Excellent LED-to-LED color consistency • Highest level of integration • Speed time to market • Excellent color consistency • Design flexibility • Enables lower system cost © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 20
- 21. Average Rated Lifevs. Average Useful Life © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 21
- 22. Thermal Management: Radiationvs. Conduction • LEDs Require Appropriate Thermal Management for Superior Long-Term Performance • Thermal Management Drives the Tendency to Integral Luminaire Designs L70 25,000H L70 100,000H © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 22
- 23. Comparing Representative SpectralPower Distributions Daylight Fluorescent Incan-descent LED © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 23
- 24. White CCx, CCySpace 2700K 3000K 3500K 4000K 4500K 5000K 5700K 6350K 7000K 8300K 2450K 2200K AB2 AB1 AA2 AA1 AB3 AB4 AA3 AA4 AC2 AC1 AD2 AD1 AC3 AC4 AD3 AD4 0.45 0.44 0.43 0.42 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.52 0.53 0.54 0.55 © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 24 CCy CCx
- 25. LED Production: RecipesProcess Yield, A Hypothetical Example 2700K 3000K 3500K 4000K 4500K 5B2 5B1 5A2 5A1 5B4 5A3 5A4 5B3 5C2 5C1 5C3 5C4 5D2 5D1 5D3 6B1 6A2 5D4 6A1 6B2 6A3 6A4 6B3 6B4 6C1 6C2 6C3 6C4 6D1 6D2 6D3 6D4 7A1 7A2 7B1 7B2 7A3 7A4 7B3 7B4 7C1 7C2 7C3 7C4 7D1 7D2 7D3 7D4 8A1 8A2 8B1 8A3 8A4 8B2 8B3 8B4 8C1 8C2 8C3 8C4 8D1 8D2 8D3 8D4 0.46 0.45 0.44 0.43 0.42 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.49 CCy CCx © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 25
- 26. Lighting Applications Matrix DISCRETES ARRAYS INTEGRATED ARRAYS MODULES Non-Directional A & E Bulbs, Sconces Directional MR & PAR, Spot, Track Downlight Ceiling Mount, Pendant Linear Cove, FL Retrofit, Panel Outdoor & High Bay Roadway, Industrial Portable Consumer, High End © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 26
- 27. Example Lamp andLuminaire Constructions: COB Matches HID performance with no down sides: • 50% less power • 50% less weight • Lower operating temperature • 10x longer lifetime • Instant-on/Instant restrike © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 27
- 28. LEDs Win vs.CMH Tracklight 3000K, 80CRI Matches CMH performance with no down sides: • Higher lm/W • Lower temperature • No explosion risk • 10x longer lifetime • Instant-on • Instant restrike Parameter 39W CMH COB COB System Lumens 2400 lm 3846 lm 4471 lm System Power 44 W 47 W 53 W System Efficacy 55 lm/W 82 lm/W 85 lm/W Beam Angle 15° 16° 16° CBCP 29,000 cd 25,070 cd 29,150 cd Parameter 20W CMH Modern COB System Lumens 1000 lm 1,260 lm System Power 20 W 15.6 W System Efficacy 50 lm/W 74 lm/W Beam Angle 8° 13° CBCP 13,000 cd 10,943 cd © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 28
- 29. Increasing Efficacy Leadsto Redesigns + Cost Reduction © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 29
- 30. The Future: Smaller 70W halogen flood performance at 1/4 the size High Density COB Prototype Fixture 70W Halogen PAR38FL CCT, CRI 3000K, 82 CRI 2900K, 98 CRI CBCP 2,093 cd 2,379 cd Beam Angle 40° 40° Initial Lumens 1010 lm 1381 lm System Power 14.4W (20%) 74W Optic 30 mm x 23 mm (~22%) 135 mm x 121 mm © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 30
- 31. Some Heuristics ofLED Phosphor Systems Conversion Efficiency • Phosphor Systems Introduce Conversion Efficiencies, which are (Roughly) Linear and CCT Dependent – Blue-to-red is least efficient • Efficacy vs. CCT – Example: from 5000K 70 CRI to 2700K 80 CRI expect a 20-25% LPW loss, with roughly linear interpolation. • (4000K 70 CRI would be ~10% LPW loss) • Efficacy vs. CRI – Example: from 2700K CCT, 80 CRI to 2700K CCT, 90 CRI 20% LPW loss © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 31
- 32. Example SPDs ofa Modern LED Component Representative SPDs 90 CRI, Outdoor White SPD © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 32
- 33. DOE LED Roadmap We’ll get to 250 LPW in production US DOE MYPP, April 2013, p.47 Consensus: © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 33
- 34. Uses of a250LPW LED Source: 1. Trade LPW for cost; save a ton of money on luminaire first-cost 2. Trade LPW for high CRI 3. Trade LPW for CCT ANY CCT 4. Enable applications you thought impossible. Really! © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 34
- 35. The Evolution ofHigh CRI Lighting Applications © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 35
- 36. LED Standards DefineMany Aspects of Quality IES TM-21 Lumen Maintenance Projections UL 8750 LED Equipment for use in Lighting Products (Safety) IES LM-80-2008 LED Lumen Maintenance IES LM-79-2008 SSL Photometry ANSI C78.377-2008 (Chromaticity) IES RP-16 SSL Definitions © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 36
- 37. TM-21 LED LuminousStability Over Current, Temp, Time TM-21 Lifetime Report XLamp XM-L White LED I Data Set 7+ 8+ 9+ Tsp 55°C 85°C 105°C Sample Size 11 21 14 Test Duration 11,088 hrs 12,096 hrs 8,568 hrs α 1.182E-06 4.238E-06 6.627E-06 β 1.005E+00 9.999E-01 1.000E+00 Calculated Lifetime L70(11k) = 306,000 hours L70(12k) = 84,100 hours L70(9k) = 53,800 hours Reported Lifetime L70(11k) > 61,000 hours L70(12k) > 72,600 hours L70(9k) > 47,100 hours TM-21 Lifetime Report XLamp XP-G White LED I Data Set 15 16 16 Tsp 55°C 85°C 85°C Sample Size 25 25 25 Test Duration 8,568 hrs 8,568 hrs 8,568 hrs α 1.064E-06 2.174E-06 2.174E-06 β 9.913E-01 9.971E-01 9.971E-01 Calculated Lifetime L70(9k) = 327,000 hours L70(9k) = 163,000 hours L70(9k) = 163,000 hours Reported Lifetime L70(9k) > 51,400 hours L70(9k) > 51,400 hours L70(9k) > 51,400 hours Reported L70 Calculated Lifetime Reported Lifetime 2000 mA 110 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 % Luminous Flux Time (hours) 55°C (LM-80) 85°C (LM-80) 105°C (LM-80) 55°C (TM-21) 85°C (TM-21) 105°C (TM-21) Reported L70 Calculated Lifetime Reported Lifetime 1500 mA 110 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 % Luminous Flux Time (hours) 55°C (LM-80) 85°C (LM-80) 85°C (LM-80) 55°C (TM-21) 85°C (TM-21) 85°C (TM-21) © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 37
- 38. Example High PowerLED (LM-80) Data Set Current Ta (ºC) Tsp (ºC) Tj (ºC) 1500 mA 55 55 75 85 85 105 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 % Luminous Flux Time (hours) 55°C (LM-80) 85°C (LM-80) ENERGY STAR 35k ENERGY STAR 25k © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 38
- 39. Outstanding Chromatic StabilityOver Current, Temp, Time 0.008 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.000 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 Chromaticity Shift (du'v') Time (hours) XLamp XP-G White: If=1.500A, Tsp=85°C XLamp XP-G White: If=1.500A, Tsp=55°C XLamp XP-G White: If=1.000A, Tsp=105°C © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 39
- 40. What Does ThisMean? This is Superior Color Stability. 0.008 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.000 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 40 Chromaticity Shift (du'v') Time (hours) XLamp XP-G White: If=1.500A, Tsp=85°C XLamp XP-G White: If=1.500A, Tsp=55°C XLamp XP-G White: If=1.000A, Tsp=105°C
- 41. And Now ForSomething Completely Different US Dept of Energy, 2013, Color Maintenance of LEDs in Laboratory and Field Applications, PNNL-22759 © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 41
- 42. Recap: LEDs AreRestructuring A Lot of Things • Applications • Markets • Livelihoods • It’s Early Days Lighting Class LEDs Filament Fluorescent HID Source Efficacy (lm/W) 130 -200 15-25 80-100 80-130 Optical Control +++++ +++ + +++ Lifetime (hrs) 104-5 103 103-4 104 Lumen Depreciation * Chromatic Stability +++++* +++++ +++ ++ Dimmable, Controllable Superior Good Possible Not © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 42
- 43. Finis Donald G.Hirsh don_hirsh@cree.com © 2014 Cree, Inc. All rights reserved. 43